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4. Calc Stresses at e
Note: No flexural stress at N.A.
ye = 0 in
σe = P/A + Mye/I
= 1.07/1 + 1.88(0)/0.0833
Given: Above state = 1.07 k/in2 (c)
Determine: Normal and shear stresses at yqde = c/2 = 0.5/2 = 0.250 in
d, e, & f Aqe = bc = 1(0.500) = 0.500 in2
Qe = Aqeyqe = (0.5)(0.25) = 0.125 in3
1. Calc Section Properties τ = VQe/(It) = 0.537(0.125)/[0.833(1)]
A = bd = 1.00 in2 = 0.807 k/in2
I = bd3/12 = 14/12 = 0.0833 in4
c = d/2 = ½ = 0.500 in 5. Calc Stresses at f
Note: Axial load causes compression;
2. Draw FBD flexure causes tension. Let tension be (+)
θ = tan-1(6/12) = 26.6˚ and compression be (–).
∑Fy: 1.2sinθ – V = 0 yf = 0.500 in
V = 1.2sinθ = 0.537 k σf = P/A + Myf/I
∑Fx: P – 1.2cosθ = 0 = –1.07/1 + 1.88*(0.5)/0.0833
P = 1.2cosθ = 1.07 k = +10.2 k/in2 (t)
M = 3.50(1.2sinθ) = 3.50(0.537) Qf = 0 (no cross-section beyond)
= 1.88 k-in τf = VQ/(It) = 0.537(0)/[0.0833(1)]
= 0 k/in2
Examples 19 ENGR 240 Fall 2016
Qa = Aqa*yqa = 1.8*(2.4)*(1.2)
= 5.18 in3
P causes compression at a
Vx causes shear only at a
Vz causes tension only at a
σa = -P/A + MxZ/Ix
Given: Above loading = -50/8.64 + 24*(0.900)/2.33
= +3.48 k/in2 (t)
Determine: Normal and shear stresses τ = VxQa/(Ixt) = 6*(5.18)/[16.6*(1.80)]
at a, b & c = 1.04 k/in2
Qb = Aqb*yqb = 1.8*(1.2)*(1.8)
= 3.89 in3
P causes compression at b
Vx causes shear & tension at b
Vz causes tension only at b
2. Calc Section Properties σb = -P/A + Mzx/Iz + Myz/Ix
A = bd = 1.8*(4.8) = 8.64 k/in2 = -50/8.64 + 60*(1.2)/16.6
Ix = 4.8*(1.8)3/12 = 2.33 in4 + 24*(0.900)/2.33
Iz = 1.8*(4.8)3/12 = 16.6 in4 = +7.82 k/in2 (t)
τ = VxQb/(Izt) = 6*(3.89)/[16.6*(1.80)]
3. Stresses at Point A = 0.781 k/in2
x = 0.00 in from CL
y = +0.900 in from CL
Examples 19 ENGR 240 Fall 2016
1. Draw FBD at H
σAVG = σx/2 = 0.375/2 = 0.188 k/in2
R = [σAVG2 + τ2]1/2
= [(0.188)2 + (0.125)2]1/2
= 0.225 k/in2
σMAX = σAVG + R = 0.188 + 0.225
= 0.412 k/in2
P = 24.0 k
Examples 19 ENGR 240 Fall 2016
Determine:
a) Principle stress at k
b) Maximum shear stress at k
Ak = 1(4) = 4
yk = 2.5 in
1. Forces & Moments at k
Qk = Akyk = 4(2.5) = 10.0 in3
P = 24.0 k
τky = VyQk/(IE) = 3(10)/[72(4)] = 0.104 k/in2
Vx = 2.00 k
τkx = 0.00 k/in2
Vy = 3.00 k
τk = τT + τky + τkx = 0.104 k/in2
Mx = Vx(15-4) = 33.0 k-in
OR
My = Vx(15) = 2(15) = 30.0 k-in
τk = 3V(1-y2/c2)/(2A)
= 3(3)[1 – (2)2/(3)2]/[2(24)]
= 0.104 k/in2
2. Section Properties
A = 4(6) = 24.0 in2
6.
Ix = bd3/12 = 4(6)3/12 = 72.0 in4
Iy = db3/12 = 6(4)3/12 = 32.0 in4
3. FBD
𝜎𝜎𝑧𝑧 −𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦
σp = (σz +σy)/2 ± � 2
+ 𝜏𝜏𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧
2
Vx = 0
Mx = 2.5(600) = 1500 lb-in 4. Point K
𝜎𝜎𝑧𝑧 −𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 2
R = �� 2
� + 𝜏𝜏𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧
2
= [(2.49)2 + (16.5)2]1/2
= 16.7 k/in2
σMAX = σAVG + R = –2.49 + 16.9
= 14.4 k/in2
σMAX = σAVG – R = –2.49 – 16.9
= -19.4 k/in2
τMAX = R = 16.7 k/in2
Examples 21 ENGR 240 Fall 2016
Beam Deflection by c1 = 0
Integration EIy’ = Mox
1. Knowns:
@ x = 0, y = 0
@ x = 0, θ = 0
2. Draw FBD
Determine:
∑MJ: –M + Mo = 0 a) Equation of elastic curve AB
M = Mo b) Slope at A
c) Slope at B
3. Integrate & Substitute
EIy” = Mo 1. Knowns
EIy’ = Mox + c1 @ x = 0, y = 0
@ x = L, y = 0
Use slope boundary conditions.
0 = Mo(0) +c1
Examples 21 ENGR 240 Fall 2016
2. Calc Reactions
∑MA: –wL(L/2) + RB(L) 6. Slope at A
– 2w(L/2)(1.25L) = 0 θA = (0.125wLx2 – 0.167wx3)/(EI)
RBL = wL2/2 + 1.25wL2 = [0.125wL(0)2
RB = 1.75wL – 0.167w(0)3]/(EI) = 0
∑Fy: RA – wL + 1.75wL – 2w(L/2) = 0
RA = 0.25wL 7. Slope at B
θB = [0.125wL(L)2 – 0.167w(L)3]/(EI)
3. Draw FBD = –0.042wL3/(EI) ↓
Since there are 2 distinct loading regions,
2 FBD’s required. Example III (Problem 9.12)
c2 = –0.167MoL2
y = {[0.5Mox2 – 0.333Mox3]/L
– 0.167MoL2x}/(EI)
Simplify:
y = Mo(Lx2/2 – x3/3 – L2x/6)/(EI)
y’ = Mo(Lx – x2 – L2/6)/(EIL)
Examples 22 ENGR 240 Fall 2016
1. Recognize – indeterminate
2. Knowns:
At x = 0: y = 0; θ = 0
At x = L: y = 0 ∑MCUT: -MA + M + P(x–L/2) – Rax = 0
M = MA – P(x–L/2) + RAx
3. Reactions
∑MA: MA – PL/2 + RBL = 0 8. Integrate & integrate
MA = PL/2 – RBL EIy” = MA – P(x – L/2) + RAx
∑Fy: RA – P + RB = 0 = MA – Px + PL/2 + RAx
RA = P – RB EIy’ = MAx – Px2/2 + PLx/2
+ RAx2/2 +c1
4. Draw FBD for 0 ≤ x ≤ L/2 EI = MAx2/2 – Px3/6 + PLx2/4
Make cut in first half. + RAx3/6 + c1x + c2
5. Moment Equation
M = MA + RAx – wx2/2
= – wL2/12 + wLx/2 – wx2/2
Examples 22 ENGR 240 Fall 2016
6. Moment Diagram
Examples 23 ENGR 240 Fall 2016
Monologue: Superposition
• Common Sense – Don’t Let the Deflection @ C
Engineering Workplace Destroy It Δc = yc = yc1 + yc2 = -7PL3/486EI
• Good Engineering + (-8)*PL3/(486EI)
• I’m Good, Very Knowledgeable & = -15PL3/(486EI)
Can Beat Up Most Others = -5PL3/(162EI)
• Wayne County Failure – Tale of 3 Slope @ A
Disciplines θA = θA1 + θA2
= -5PL2/(81EI) – 4PL2/(81EI)
Example I (Problem 9.70) = -9PL2/(81EI)
= -PL2/(9EI)
Determine
a) Deflection at C
b) Slope at A
Determine: Slope & Deflection at C
Effects of load at B: Case 5 Appendix D
a = L/3, b = 2L/3, x = 2L/3 Effects of Load at B: Case 1 Appendix D
For x>a, replace x by L-x & interchange θB1 = -P(L/2)2/(2EI) = -PL2/(8EI)
a&b yB1 = -P(L/2)3/[3EI] = -PL3/(24EI)
y = Pb[x3-(L2-b2)*x]/[6EIL] Assume BC remains straight.
= Pa[(L-x)3-(L2-a2) θC1 = θB1 = -PL2/(8EI)
*(L-x)]/[6EIL] yC1 = yB1 - L θB1/2
yc = P(L/3){[L-L/3]3-(L2-L2/a) = -PL3/(24EI) – PL3/(16EI)
*(L-2L/3)}/[6EIL] = -5PL3/(48EI)
= -7PL3/(486EI)
θA1 = -Pb(L2-b2)/[6EIL]
Case 1 Appendix D
yC1 = -RCLCD3/(3EI)
= -0.533*(12)3/[3*(5900)]
= -0.052 in
Effect of Movement at C
θA2 = yc/LAC = -0.052/18
= -0.00289 rad
yB2 = ayc/L = 12*(-0.052)/18
= -0.0347 in
Superposition
θA = θA1 + θA2
= -0.00217 + (-0.00289)
= -0.00506 rad cw
yB = yB1 + yB2
= -0.013 + (-0.0347)
= -0.0477 in ↓
Examples 24 ENGR 240 Fall 2016
1. Draw FBD
2. Sum Forces
∑Fy = -FB – FC = 0
FC = -FB
-kyc = -(-kyB)
yc = -yB
x = Lsinθ
3. Calc Deflections
For small angles,
sin θ = θ
tan θ = θ
cos θ = 1
δ = -lsinθ Determine:
a) Steel critical load
4. Sum Moments b) Req’d “d” for same critical load
FB & FC for a couple c) Aluminum strut weight as a
MF = kasinθ/2 (acosθ) percentage of steel strut weight
P & P’ for a couple
MP = Pδ 1. Calc Steel Strut Critical Load
∑M: MF – MP = 0 Moment of Inertia, I = bd3/12
MF = MP = 0.54/12 = 0.00521 in4
ka cosθ*sinθ/2 = Plsinθ
2 For simply supported:
ka2cosθ/2 = Pl PCR = π2EI/L2
Since AD is horizontal as shown = π2*(29000)*(0.00521)/(48)2
θ = 0 therefore cosθ = 1 = 0.647 k
ka2/2 = Pl
PCR = ka2/2l 2. Calc Aluminum Strut Size
Let PCRS = PCRA
0.647 = π2EAIA/L2
Example III (Problem 10.12) IA = 0.647*(48)2/[ π2(10100)]
= 0.015 in4
4
dreq = √12𝐼𝐼 = 4�12(0.015) = 0.651 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
Given:
Steel strut
Es = 29000 k/in2
γs = 0.490 k/ft3
Aluminum strut Given:
EA = 10100 k/in2 Vertical Brace
γs = 0.170 k/ft3 Effective length, kL = 12.0ft
Examples 24 ENGR 240 Fall 2016
2L4x3x1/4
Es = 29000 k/in2
Safety Factor, Ω = 2.50
1. Section Properties
From Appendix C (Single Angle)
A = 1.69 in2
Ixo = 2.77 in4
Iyo = 1.36 in4
𝑦𝑦� = 1.24 in
𝑥𝑥̅ = 0.736 in
Monologue:
• Dates
• Don’t be an “It can’t be done”
engineer
Determine:
a) Factor of safety with respect to
buckling
b) Diameter required of each of the
other arrangements for the same
factor of safety
5. Arrangement #4
3. A36 Option
Short Column Limit, λE
= 4.71*[E/σy]1/2
Examples 26 ENGR 240 Fall 2016
Given: = 0.0267P
Effective Length, Le = 8.50 ft Eccentric Moment, M = Pe = 0.5P
Elastic Modulus, Ew = 440 k/in2 Actual Flexural Stress, σb_ACT
Allowable Compression Stress, σc = Mc/Ix = 0.5P*(3.75)/176
= 1180 lb/in2 = 0.0106P
Lumber Compression Factor, cc = 0.8 UC = σc_ACT/σc_ALL + σb_ACT/σb_ALL
Allowable Flexural Stress, σb_ALL ≤ 1.00
= 1300 lb/in2
0.0267P/0.681 + 0.0106P/1.30
1. Section Properties ≤ 1.00
Width, b = 5.00 in Let UC = 1.00 & Solve for P
Depth, d = 7.50 in
P = 21.1 k
Extreme Fiber Distance, c = d/2
= 7.5/2 = 3.75 in 4. e = 1.00 in Combined Stresses
Area, A = bd = 5*(7.5) = 37.5 in2 Eccentric Moment, M = Pe = 1P = P
Strong Axis Moment of Inertia, Ix
Actual Flexural Stress, σb_ACT
= bd3/12 = 5*(7.5)3/12
= Mc/Ix = P*(3.75)/176
= 176 in4
= 0.0213P
Wood Slenderness Ratio, λw = Le/b
UC = 0.0267P/0.681 + 0.0213P/1.30
= 8.5*(12)/5 = 20.4
≤ 1.0
P = 18.0 k
2. Allowable Compression Stress
Elastic Compression Stress, σce
Example III
= 0.822E/λ2
= 0.822*(440)/(20.4)2
= 0.869 k/in2
Compression Stress Ratio, σce/σc
= 0.869/1.18 = 0.736
η = (1 + σce/σc)/(2*cc)
= (1 +0.736)/[2*(8)] = 1.08
Cp = η + [η2 – σ`ce/(2*σc)]1/2
= 1.08 + [1.082 – 0.736/0.8]1/2
= 0.577
Given:
Allowable Compression Stress,
σc_ALL = σc*Cp = 1.18*(0.577) Effective Length, Le = 24.0 ft
= 0.681 k/in2 Elastic Modulus, Es = 29000 k/in2
Yield Stress, σy = 50.0 k/in2
3. e = 0.500 in Combined Stresses
Allowable Bending Stress,
Actual Compression Stress, σc_ACT
= P/A = P/37.5 k/in2 σb_ALL = 30.0 k/in2
Examples 26 ENGR 240 Fall 2016
2. Stresses
Compression Stress, σC_ALL
= 0.877π2*E*ry2/(Ω*λ2)
= 0.877π2
*(29000)ry2/[1.67*2882]
= 1.81ry2 k/in2
Moment, M = P*e = 120*(8) = 960 k-in
Flexural Stress, σb_ALL = M/Sx
= 960/Sx
Axial Stress, σc_ACT = P/A = 120/A
UC = σc_ACT/σc_ALL + σb_ACT/σb_ALL
≤ 1.00
(120/A)/1.81ry2 + (960/Sx)/30
≤ 1.00
66.2/(Ary2) + 32/Sx ≤ 1.00
**remember
r = [Iy/A]1/2, therefore
r 2 A = Iy
66.2/Iy + 32/Sx ≤ 1.00