2-INTRODUCTION Foundation ENGG PDF

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SYLLABUS of FOUNDATION
ENGINEERING
Soil Exploration
Shallow Foundations
Deep Foundations

Earthen Dams
SYLLABUS of FOUNDATION
ENGINEERING
Soil Exploration
Importance of soil exploration and planning of soil
exploration program. Soil exploration methods:
probing, test pits, auger boring, wash boring,
percussion and rotary drilling and geophysical
methods. Disturbed and undisturbed soil

sampling. Soil samplers. Insitu tests: standard
penetration test (SPT), cone penetration test
(CPT), plate load test and field vane shear test.
Bore hole logs and subsoil exploration report.
Foundations
Definition, purpose and types of and general
requirements of foundations. Depth of

footings. Selection of foundation type.
Shallow Foundations
Definition of bearing capacity. Methods of
determining bearing capacity. Presumptive
values of bearing capacity. Terzaghi and

Meyerhof’s theories of bearing capacity and
design of isolated, combined and strip
footings. Settlement of shallow foundations
and their remedial measures.
Deep Foundations
Introduction to deep foundations. Types of

piles. Load carrying capacity of piles. Group

action. Settlement. Negative skin friction. Pile
load test. Cassion and well foundations.
Earthen Dams
Types of earthen dams, components and their
functions. General design considerations and

typical cross- section.
Foundations on difficult soils
Intoduction to relevant softwares.
Principles of
Engineering
by Braja M.
Foundation
Text
Das
Mechanics &
Foundations
Reference
by Muni
Budhu
Soil
Foundation
and Design
by Joseph E. Bowles
Reference
Analysis
Foundation
by Donald
Reference
P. Coduto
Design
Definition
Foundation is a part of the structure that
supports the structural weight and transmits

the load to underlying soil or rock.(Foundation
includes foundation structure and soil
influenced by the structural load.)

Types of Foundations
Shallow Foundations versus Deep
Foundations
Foundations
Shallow Deep
Foundations Foundations

Spread Mat Driven Drilled Auger Cast
Footings Foundations Piles Shafts Piles
Foundations
Shallow Footings
Spread Footing

Mat Footing Combined Footing
Deep Foundation
Shoes, Snow shoes, and stilts are much like
the different types of footings of a structure
A Shoe make contact with a firm
surface (spread footings)

C. Stilts (pile footings)
reach firm surface
B. Snow shoes spread weight
over a large surface (raft footing).
Parts of a Foundation
A foundation (substructure) can
be divided into three parts
Bearing surface.
Footing.
Upright supports.
The bearing surface is the

earth upon which the
foundation rests. It may be soil
or bedrock. The bearing surface
may be far below the surface of
a swamp, river, or ocean.
The footing is the flat part of the foundation.
It spreads the load of the structure above it.

Upright support. They may be walls or
piers (masonry column) that rise above the
footing. They form the rest of the structure.

This part will be done
by the Structural
Foundation System
Engineer
Every civil engineering structure such as :
Buildings
Bridges.
Highway pavement ,and
Railway track
Will have a superstructure and

substructure(Foundations)
Super structure transmits the load.
Sub structure receives and transmits the
load to underlying soil or rock.
The foundation engineer’s aim is that no

component of the structure and foundation
should experience of any kind of distress.
Geotechnical design parameters:
- Bearing capacity
- Settlement

What is Foundation Engineering?

The art of selecting, designing, and constructing
structural support systems based on scientific
principles of soils and engineering mechanics
incorporating accumulated experience with

such applications.
What is the current
state-of-the-art?
In spite of the many advances in foundation
engineering it is still an art mostly supported
by empirical techniques.

Why mostly empirical?
We do not fully understand the

behavior of foundations.
Knowledge of subsurface conditions

are always limited.
What do I have to know to be a
good Foundation Engineer?
Geology
Geophysics
Subsurface Exploration
Laboratory Testing

Soil Mechanics
Structural Engineering
Construction Engineering
Uncertainties
Soils:
Not a manufactured material

High degree of variability
Material characterization done based
on a small sample
Complex behavior (non-linear;

anisotropic)
Rationalism vs. Empiricism
Factors of Safety
Who is responsible for
uncertainties?
You (the Foundation Engineer).

Always use presence, common sense
engineering, and experience first, before
blindly following analysis and test results.

What is analysis good for?
It is good to confirm that a

precedent solution can be safely
applied to your site.

What makes a good
Economical
Buildable
Reliable
Durable
foundation?
Safe
Is it my job to be concerned of
costs?
Yes. As a professional engineer, it is your

obligation to balance “costs and
uncertainties

The Final Question
In Foundation Engineering, there are

many “if’
if’s” and “but’
but’s”. What do I do
when I am in doubt?
1. When in doubt go wide.
2. When in doubt go deep.

3. When in doubt grout (ground modify).
Eiffel Tower, Paris, France,
built in 1887-1889
Leaning Tower, Pisa, Italy
Built 1173-1350
Palacio de las Bellas
Artes, Mexico City
Built 1932-1934

Tower of Latino
Americana, Mexico City
Built in 1956
44 stories; 597-ft
Performance Requirements
Design Loads
Allowable Stress Design vs LRFD

Performance Requirements
Strength Requirements
Serviceability Requirements
Total Settlement

Differential Settlement
Constructability Requirements
Economic Requirements
Strength Requirements
Foundation
soil must be
strong
enough to
support
imposed
loads …..

Failure of a Bridge Foundation
Serviceability Requirements
Settlement must
be within
acceptable limits
…..

Total vs. Differential Settlement
Geotechnical Aspects
Determining the type of foundation for the structure,

including the depth and dimensions
Calculating the potential settlement of the foundation
Determining the expansion potential

Investigating the stability of slopes and their effect on

adjacent foundations
Investigating the possibility of foundation movement
due to seismic forces, which would also include the
possibility of liquefaction
Performing studies and tests to determine the potential
for deterioration of the foundations
Evaluating possible soil treatment to increase the

foundation bearing capacity
Determining design parameters for retaining wall
foundations
Providing recommendations for dewatering and
drainage of excavations needed for the construction of

the foundation
Investigating ground water and seepage problems and
developing mitigation measures during foundation

construction
Site preparation, including compaction specifications
and density testing during grading
Underpinning and field testing of foundations

General Requirements for
Foundation Engineering Projects
Knowledge of the general topography of the site

The location of buried utilities
The geology of the proposed site
The previous history and use of the site
Any special features such as the possibility of

earthquakes or climate factors such as flooding ,
seasonal swelling and shrinkage, permafrost, or soil
erosion
The availability and quality of local construction materials
For maritime or river structures, information on tidal ranges
and river levels, velocity of tidal and river currents, and other
hydrographic and meteorological data
A detailed record of the soil and rock strata and ground water
conditions within the zones affected by foundation bearing

pressure and construction operations
Results of laboratory tests on soil and
rock samples appropriate to the
particular foundation design or

construction problems
Results of chemical analyses on soil and

ground water to determine possible

deleterious of foundation structures
Preliminary Information and Planning
the Work
Project Location
Basic information on the location of the project is
required. The location of the project can be compared
with known geological hazards such as active faults,
landslides, or deposits prone to liquefaction.

Type of Project
It is important to obtain as much information about the
project as possible.
Such information could include the type of structure and use,
size of the structure including the number of stories, type of
construction and floor systems, preliminary foundation type,

and estimated structural loadings.
Scope of work
The scope of the work must be determined, which includes

subsurface exploration and laboratory testing to determine

the feasibility of the project, the preparation of foundation
design parameters, and compaction testing during the grading
of the site in order to prepare the building pad for foundation
construction.
After the preliminary information is obtained, the next
step is to plan the foundation investigation work.
For minor project, the planning effort may be minimal,

but for large-scale projects, the plan could be quite
extensive and could change as the design and
construction progresses.

The planning effort could include the following:
Budget and scheduling considerations

Selection of a team of professionals of relevant fields
(such as geotechnical engineer, engineering geologist,
structural engineer, hydro geologist and the like)that will
work on the project

Preliminary subsurface exploration plan, such as number
, location, and depth of borings
Document collection
Laboratory testing requirements

Types of engineering analyses
that will be required for the design
of the foundation.

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Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

Downloaded from : 09ce.blogspot.com

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

requirements of foundations. Depth of

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

Introduction to deep foundations. Types of

piles. Load carrying capacity of piles. Group

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

supports the structural weight and transmits

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

be divided into three parts

The bearing surface is the

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

It spreads the load of the structure above it.

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

The foundation engineer’s aim is that no

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

What is Foundation Engineering?

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

We do not fully understand the

Knowledge of subsurface conditions

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

Not a manufactured material

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

You (the Foundation Engineer).

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

It is good to confirm that a

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

Yes. As a professional engineer, it is your

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

In Foundation Engineering, there are

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

Allowable Stress Design vs LRFD

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

Determining the type of foundation for the structure,

Determining the expansion potential

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

Evaluating possible soil treatment to increase the

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

developing mitigation measures during foundation

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

Knowledge of the general topography of the site

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

particular foundation design or

Results of chemical analyses on soil and

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

construction and floor systems, preliminary foundation type,

The scope of the work must be determined, which includes

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

step is to plan the foundation investigation work.

For minor project, the planning effort may be minimal,