PAPR Reduction in OFDM System by Using PTS With
Companding
P Akhila Mandlareddy Mounika
IV Yr. B.Tech E.C.E III Yr. B.Tech E.C.E
Ashoka Institute of Engineering and Ashoka Institute of Engineering and
Technology Technology,Hyderabad
akhilapeddagoni@gmail.com mounikamandalreddy123@gmail.
com
ABSTRACT
The efficiency of high power amplifiers (HPA)
is improved by many peaks-to- average power
ratio (PAPR) reduction Techniques. The
probabilistic methods scramble the signal by
computing with phase factors. Partial transmit
Sequence (PTS) is one of the techniques which
reduces PAPR. The computational complexity
of PTS can be reduced by using cost function Qs
for each OFDM symbol. The symbols with Qn ≥
threshold are considered as the signal with
lowest PAPR. To promote the lowest PAPR a μ-
law and A- law companding is used without
amplifying the complexity.
Keywords — Companding, OFDM, PAPR, PTS
I. Introduction
HIGH-DATA-RATE transmission over mobile
or wireless channels is required by many
applications. However, the symbol duration
reduces with the increase of the data rate, and
dispersive fading of the wireless channels will
cause more severe intersymbol interference (ISI)
if single-carrier modulation, such as in time-
division multiple access (TDMA) or Global
System for Mobile Communications (GSM), is
still used. From [1], to reduce the effect of ISI,
the symbol duration must be much larger than
the delay spread of wireless channels. In
orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
(OFDM) [2]–[4], the entire channel is divided
into many narrow-band subchannels,1 which are
M Ravi
Assistant Professor
Dept., of Electronics &
Communication Engg.
Ashoka Institute of Engineering and
Technology,Hyderabad
mogili.rv@gmail.com
transmitted in parallel to maintain high-data rate
transmission and, at the same time, to increase
the symbol duration to combat ISI. OFDM is a
Special form of multicarrier (MC) that dates
back to 1960s. The concept of MC transmission
was first explicitly proposed by Chang [5] in
1966. A detailed description of MC can also be
found in [6] and [7]. Before Chang, Doelz et al.
[8] had implemented a special MC system for a
single-sideband voice channel in 1957, and
Holsinger [9] had implicitly introduced the MC
system in his dissertation at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology in 1964. In 1971,
Weinstein and Ebert [3] proposed time-limited
MC transmission, which is what we call OFDM
today. The implementation of MC systems with
equalization was investigated by Hirosaki et al.
[10] and [11] and Peled and Ruiz [12].
Zimmerman and Kirsch published one of the
earliest papers in the application of MC in HF
radio in 1967. More materials on the HF
application of MC can be found in and the
references therein. The capacity of OFDM was
investigated. In 1985, Cimini first applied
OFDM in mobile wireless communications.
The application of MC over mobile radio FM
channels. Bingham studied the performance and
complexity of MC modulation and concluded
that the time for MC has come. The application
of original OFDM, clustered OFDM, and MC
code-division multiple accesses (CDMA) in
mobile wireless systems can be found in. The
flexibility of OFDM provides opportunities to
use advanced techniques, such as adaptive
loading, transmit diversity, and receiver
diversity, to improve transmission efficiency.
Shannon’s classical paper in 1948 suggested that
the highest data rate can be achieved for
frequency-selective channels by using an MC
system with an infinitely dense set of sub
channels and adapting transmission powers and
data rates according to the signal-to-noise ratio
(SNR) at different sub channels.
Based on his theory, a water-filling principle has
been derived. Coefficient and his group have
extensively investigated OFDM with
performance optimization for asymmetric digital
subscriber line, which they more often called
discrete multiple tone (DMT). Some of their
earlier inventions on practical loading
algorithms for OFDM or DMT systems were in.
More results on this topic can be found in. The
capacity of a wireless system can significantly
be improved if multiple transmit and receive
antennas are used to form multiple-input–
multiple-output (MIMO) channels. It is proved
in that, compared with a single input–single-
output (SISO) system, a MIMO system can
improve the capacity by a factor of the minimum
number of transmit and receive antennas for flat
fading or narrow-band channels. For wideband
transmission, it is natural to combine OFDM
with space–time coding (STC) or spatial–
temporal processing to deal with frequency
selectivity of wireless channels and to obtain
diversity and/or capacity gains. Therefore,
MIMO-OFDM has widely been used in various
wireless systems and standards.
II. Literature Survey:
[1] Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
(OFDM) effectively mitigates inter symbol
interference (ISI) caused by the delay spread of
wireless channels. Therefore, it has been used in
many wireless systems and adopted by various
standards. In this paper, we present a
comprehensive survey on OFDM for wireless
communications. We address basic OFDM and
related modulations, as well as techniques to
improve the performance of OFDM for wireless
communications, including channel estimation
and signal detection, time- and frequency-offset
estimation and correction, peak-to-average
power ratio reduction, and multiple-input–
multiple-output (MIMO) techniques. We also
describe the applications of OFDM in current
systems and standards.
In this paper, we have briefly described OFDM
for wireless communications. We start with the
basic principle of OFDM and techniques to deal
with impairments in wireless systems, including
channel estimation, timing- and frequency-offset
estimation, ICI mitigation, and PAPR reduction.
Then, we introduced related modulation and
access schemes, such as OFDM, SC-FDE, EST-
based modulation, MC-CDMA, and OFDMA.
We have also summarized the MIMO techniques for
OFDM and the wireless applications of OFDM.
[2] The objective of this survey is to provide the
readers and practitioners in the industry with a
broader understanding of the high peak-to-
average power ratio (PAPR) problem in
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM) systems and generate a taxonomy of
the available solutions to mitigate the problem.
Beginning with a description of OFDM systems,
the survey describes the most commonly
encountered impediment of OFDM systems, the
PAPR problem and consequent impact on power
amplifiers leading to nonlinear distortion. The
survey clearly defines the metrics based on
which the performance of PAPR reduction
schemes can be evaluated. Taxonomy of PAPR
reduction schemes classifies them into signal
distortion, multiple signaling and probabilistic,
and coding techniques with further classification
within each category. We also provide
complexity analyses for a few PAPR reduction
methods to demonstrate the differences in
complexity requirements between different
methods. Moreover, the paper provides insights
into the transmitted power constraint by showing
the possibility of satisfying the constraint
without added complexity by the use of
companding transforms with suitably chosen
companding parameters. The rapid growth in
multimedia-based applications has triggered an
insatiable thirst for high data rates and hence
increased demand on OFDM-based wireless
systems that can support high data rates and high
mobility. As the data rates and mobility
supported by the OFDM system increase, the
number of subcarriers also increases, which in
turn leads to high PAPR. As future OFDM-
based systems may push the number of
subcarriers up to meet the higher data rates and
mobility demands, there will be also a need to
mitigate the high PAPR that arises, which will
likely spur new research activities. The authors
believe that this survey will serve as a valuable
pedagogical resource for understanding the
current research contributions in the area of
PAPR reduction in OFDM systems, the different
techniques that are available for designers and
their trade-offs towards developing more
efficient and practical solutions, especially for
future research in PAPR reduction schemes for
high data rate OFDM systems.
[3] The authors propose a very effective and
flexible peak power reduction scheme for
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM) with almost vanishing redundancy.
This new method works with arbitrary numbers
of subcarriers and unconstrained signal sets. The
core of the proposal is to combine partial
transmit sequences (PTS) to minimize the peak-
to-average power ratio distortion.
III. Proposed method:
3.1 OFDM:
OFDM is a form of multicarrier modulation. An
OFDM signal consists of a number of closely
spaced modulated carriers. When modulation of
any form - voice, data, etc. is applied to a
carrier, then sidebands spread out either side. It
is necessary for a receiver to be able to receive
the whole signal to be able to successfully
demodulate the data.
1 𝑛=1 𝑗2𝜋𝑔𝑘 𝑡
𝑥(𝑡) = ∑ 𝑋𝑘 𝑒 𝐿 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘
𝑁 𝑛=0
= 0,1, … . . 𝑁𝐿 − 1
As a result when signals are transmitted close to
one another they must be spaced so that the
receiver can separate them using a filter and
there must be a guard band between them. This
is not the case with OFDM. Although the
sidebands from each carrier overlap, they can
still be received without the interference that
might be expected because they are orthogonal
to each another. This is achieved by having the
carrier spacing equal to the reciprocal of the
symbol period.
3.2 PAPR:
The PAPR is the relation between the maximum
power of a sample in a given OFDM transmit
symbol divided by the average power of that
OFDM symbol. In simple terms, PAPR is the
ratio of peak power to the average power of a
signal. It is expressed in the units of dB. PAPR
occurs when in a multicarrier system the
different sub-carriers are out of phase with each
other. At each instant they are different with
respect to each other at different phase values.
When all the points achieve the maximum value
simultaneously; this will cause the output
envelope to suddenly shoot up which causes a
‘peak’ in the output envelope.
𝑚𝑎𝑥 |𝑥[𝑛]|2
𝑃𝐴𝑃𝑅(𝑥[𝑛]) =
0 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 𝑁 − 1 𝐸[|𝑥[𝑛]|2 ]
 𝑃𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 value. The practically used value of “A” is 87.6
𝑃𝐴𝑃𝑅{𝑥(𝑡)} =
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 low level inputs the characteristics is linearly
segmented and for high level inputs the
Due to presence of large number of characteristics is logarithmic segmented.
independently modulated subcarriers in an
OFDM system, the peak value of the system can ii. μ - law companding:
be very high as compared to the average of the
In μ - law companding, as shown in Fig. 2 the
whole system. This ratio of the peak to average
characteristics is linear when μ=0 (no
power value is termed as Peak-to-Average
compression) which is uniform quantization. μ -
Power Ratio. In LTE system, OFDM signal
law has non-zero value and it has mid tread at
PAPR is approx. 12dB.
the origin point. The practically used value of μ
3.3. Partial Transmit Sequence is 255.

The data symbols are separated by V disjoint The μ-law compressor characteristic is defined
sub blocks. These sub blocks continuous time as:
OFDM signal is computed with weighting factor
|𝑥|
𝑏𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑗𝜃𝑖 for i = 0 ...V-1. log (1 + 𝜇 𝑉 )
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑉 𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝑥)
log(1 + 𝜇)
The symbols with optimum PAPR are selected.
Where V: peak amplitude of signal
B. Reduced Complexity Partial Transmit
Sequence x: instantaneous amplitude if input signal
The OFDM PTS signal is: In this method the reduced complexity is
combined with linear companding techniques as
𝑥𝑝𝑡𝑠 = ∑𝑉𝑣=1 𝑏𝑣 𝑥𝑣,𝑠 for 𝑏𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑗𝜃𝑖 with ‘s’
follows:
samples
• As shown in Fig. 3 the data signal is divided
The power of above equation:
into V disjoint sub blocks
𝑉 2
2
|𝑥𝑝𝑡𝑠 | = |∑ 𝑏𝑣 𝑥𝑣,𝑠 | • find 𝑥𝑣 = 𝐼𝐹𝐹𝑇{𝑋𝑣 }
𝑣=1
𝑉 𝑉
= (∑ 𝑏𝑣 𝑥𝑣,𝑠 ) (∑ 𝑏𝑣 𝑥𝑣,𝑠 ) • compute, Q={𝑄_0, 𝑄_1, … … . . 𝑄_(𝑁 − 1) }𝑇
𝑣=1 𝑣=1
2
=∑
𝑉 2
|𝑥𝑣,𝑠 | + ∑
𝑉
∑
𝑉
(𝑏𝑣1 𝑥𝑣1,𝑠 ) (𝑏𝑣2 𝑥𝑣2,𝑠 ) 𝑄𝑠 = ∑𝑣−1
𝑣=1|𝑥𝑣,𝑠 | 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑠 ≤ 𝑁 − 1
𝑣=1 𝑣=1 𝑣=1
𝑣2≠𝑣1
∅𝑠
• tabulate 𝑄𝑠 ≥ as a set (T)
Qs is the sum of power of samples at time s in V 𝑉
∅𝑠
subblocks. Samples with 𝑄𝑠 ≥ 𝑣
is processed in • Signals of the samples s ϵ T are used to
each symbol for calculating PAPR (∅𝑠 minimum compute optimum signal for PAPR
power).
• The computed optimum signal of samples s ϵ T
3.4 Companding Techniques is again computed by A-law or μ-law
companders
i. A - law companding:
• The companded OFDM signal PAPR is
A-law has non-zero value and it has mid riser at
calculated.
the origin point. Hence it contains non-zero
 Fig. 1 Reduced complexity PTS with companding OFDM system

IV. Results

Fig. 2 comparison of PAPR for Reduced complexity PTS with companding OFDM system

Fig. 3 PAPR of Reduced complexity PTS(γ=0.8000)
with companding OFDM system
Fig. 4 PAPR of Reduced complexity PTS(γ=0.5000)
with companding OFDM system
For the reduced complexity PTS with
companding scheme for different values of
threshold the PAPR is calculated. The PAPR for
γ= 0.8000, threshold = 0.24 of reduced
complexity PTS is 9.0dB, reduced complexity
PTS with A-law for A=90 is 5dB and μ-law for
μ = 255 is 6.2dB as shown in Fig. 3 For γ=
0.5000 PAPR for reduced complexity PTS is
8.0dB, reduced complexity PTS with A-law is
4.2dB and μ-law is 5.6dB as shown in Fig. 6 For
γ= 0.1000 PAPR for reduced complexity PTS is
5.9dB, reduced complexity PTS with Alaw is
3.8dB and μ-law is 4.2dB as shown in Fig. 5.
Fig. 5 PAPR of Reduced complexity PTS(γ=0.1000)
with companding OFDM system
V. CONCLUSION
In reduced complexity PTS OFDM system [8],
the PAPR is reduced compared with
conventional PTS. Using this method, the
computational complexity is reduced based on
the cost function 􀜳􀜳 by summing the samples
of the time symbols ‘s’in V disjoint sub blocks.
As the γ decreases, the PAPR decreases. The
reduced complexity PTS with compading
OFDM system further increases the efficiency of
high power amplifiers by reducing the PAPR to
lower values. For better efficiency, y=1.000 is
considered.
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