Module: 9

Lecture: 2
Response of single dergree freedom with general type loading function (Forcing) –
Duhamal’s Integral, Convolution/Superposition Integral

The dynamic loading resulting from blast, gust of wind or seismic forces is generally not
harmonic. In such cases the equation of motions has to be solved numerically. Solution in exact
form can be obtain only for some idealized loading conditions.

F(t )

t
 d

Consider an undamped, SDF system subject to a disturbing force F (t ) which is a

function of time. The solution of problem can be obtained by the superposition of individual
results. We shall first consider the effect of a single response subjected to a force F ( ) . From
impulse momentum equation i.e. m x  F  d , the impulse acting on the mass will result in a
F   d
sudden change in its velocity equal to x  without an appreciable change in
m
displacement.

Under free vibration we found that undamped spring-mass system with initial
conditions x0  and x (0) :

x 0
xt   sin n t  x0  cos n t
n

The displacement at any time t with initial velocity can be written as

x 0 F  sin n t
xt   sin n t  d
n m n

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Having obtained the displacement under the effect of an impulse load, we may consider the
displacement after application of the impulse given by the above equation except the increase of
t we must put t    , then
F  sin n t    d
xt  
m n

 Total displacement due to the arbitrary load applied to the SDF can be written as

Duhamal's integral
F  
t
xt    sin n t    d Convolution integral
0
m n
Green's Function

When damping is present we can start with the free vibration equation, with
x0   0 and displacement with single impulse:

x 0  e    n t
xt   sin 1   2 n t
n 1   2

Total displacement if damping is considered

t
1
x t   e
  n  t   
F   sin[n 1   2  t   ] d
m n 1   2
0

The above expression can be used directly for computing the response of SDF system of
any forcing function provided the integral is to be evaluated.

Prob. 1

F    F0
Rectangular pulse

td t

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 t  td free vibration part
t  td forced vibtation part
t
1
xt    F  sin  t   d
m n
n
0
t
1

m n  F sin  t   d
0
0 n

t
1  F0 
  cos n t    
m  n  n 0
1
 1  cos n t 
m n 2


F0
k
1  cos n t 
For t  td , the free vibration response can be obtained after substituting velocity
displacement at t  td

xtd
xt   xtd cos t  t d n  sin n t  t d 
n
t  td t  td

xt   1  cos n t  xt d   0 1  cos n td 

F0 F
k k
x t   x t d  
F0 F0
n sin n t n sin n td
k k
t  t d the response can be written as
x
xt   x0 cos n t  0 sin n t
n
F0
 1  cos n td cos n t  td   F0 sin n td sin n t  td 
k k

F0
cos n t  td   cos n t   simplifing
k
Displacement at any time t
Dynamic Load Factor (DLF) 
 F 
Static displacement  xst  0 
 k 
 1  cos n t t  td
 cos n t  t d   cos n t d t  td

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For t  1
1
xt   sin n t  td  d  cos n t  td  0
F0 F0
 m
1

0 n m n


F0
cos n t  1  cos n t 
k
Prob. 2

F0

td

For first ramp function

t
t 
xt   sin n t    d
F0

m n  F  t
0
0
d 

F0 t cos n t 
    t  td
k  td n td 

For the second ramp function starting at td the solution can be written by inspection of the
above equation as

F0  t  td cos n t  td  
xt      
k  td n t d 

By superposition of these two equations the response for t  td becomes

F0  cos n t cos n t  td  
xt   1   
k  n t d n t d 

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