PRACTICAL RESEARCH I 1ST QUARTER SECOND SEMESTER SY 18-19

6. Summarize the gathered data from various sources. May use graph such
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURELITERATURE as table and other presentation formats.

-An oral or written record of man’s significant experiences that are artistically STANDARDS TRADITIONAL REVIEW SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
conveyed in a prosaic manner. Purpose To have a thorough and To meet a certain objective
Essay, novel, journal, story or bibliography clear understanding of based on specific research
-Recorded or preserved world perceptions of man are expressed directly or the field questions
indirectly. Scope Comprehensive, wide Restricted focus
Direct expressions – books, periodicals and online reading materials. picture
Indirect expressions - inferences or reflections of his surroundings that are Review design Indefinite plan, permits Viewable process and
not written or spoken at all. creative and exploratory paper trail
plan
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Choice of Purposeful selection by Prepared standards for
-An analysis of man’s written or spoken knowledge of the world. studies the reviewer studies selection
-Representations of man’s thinking about the world to determine the Nature of Inquiry-based techniques Wide and thorough search
connection of research with what people already know about it. studies involving several studies for all studies
-Fusing the world understanding with the authors’ world perceptions enables Quality Reviewers’ views Assessment checklists
you to get a good analysis of existing written works that are related to the appraisal
research study. Summary Narrative Graphical and short
summary answer
PURPOSES OF REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
STRUCTURE OF THE RRL
 To obtain background knowledge of research.
 To relate study to the current condition or situation of the world. -indicates the organizational pattern or order of the components of the
 To show the capacity of research work to introduce new knowledge. summary of the RRL results
 To expand, prove, or disprove the findings of previous research studies. Traditional Review
 To increase understanding of the underlying theories, principles, or - resembles that of an essay where series of united sentences presents
concepts of the research. the RRL results
 To explain technical terms involved in research study.
 To highlight the significance of work with the kind of evidences gathered Systematic Review
to support the conclusion of the research. - based on the research questions
 To avoid repeating previous research studies.
 To recommend the necessity of further research on a certain topic. Three Elements
1. Introduction to explain the organizational method of literature review.
2. Headings and subheadings to indicate the right placement of supporting
STYLES OR APPROACHED OF RRL statement.
3. Summary to concisely restate the main point.
Traditional Review of Literature
-to summarize present forms of knowledge on a specific subject
-aim to give an expanded or new understanding of an existing work Sources of Related Literature
-prone to subjectivity because it necessarily descriptive, interpretative,  Previous Studies
evaluative and methodically unclear or uncertain  Encyclopedia of Educational research
-with freedom and flexible  Books
-no particular method  Internet sites and resources (websites. Email, journals, e bokss)
 Dictionaries

Types of Traditional Review Literature

Bases for a Good Review of Related Literature
1. Conceptual Review  The review material must be current.
- analysis of concepts or ideas o give meaning to some national or  Literature and studies reviewed must be relevant to the study.
world issues  Findings or result of reviewed study should be objective and free of
2. Critical Review biases.
- focuses on theories or hypotheses and examines meanings and  Reviewed materials related to the current study should be enough to
results of their applications to situations establish a strong and viable trending of result.
3. State of the Art Review
- makes the researcher deal with the latest research studies on the THE PROCESS OF REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
subject
4. Expert Review Stages of the Process of review of related literature
- encourages a well-known expert to do the RRL because of the I. Search for the Literature
influence of a certain ideology, paradigm, or belief on him/her II. Reading the Source Material
5. Scoping Review III. Writing the review
- prepares a situation for a future research work in the form of
project making about community development, government policies and Stage I: Search for the Literature
health services , among others.
 The stage of review of related literature which time is required in looking
for sources of knowledge, data or information to answer the research
STYLES OR APPROACHES OF RRL questions or to support the assumptions about the research topic.
 Three Basic Types of Literature Sources
Systematic Review of Literature • General References
-methodical style of RRL that involves sequential acts - directs the location of other sources.
-Ensures objectivity • Primary Sources
- directly report or present a person’s own experiences.
Steps of Systematic Review of Literature • Secondary Sources
1. Have a clear understanding of the research question. - report or describe other people’s experiences or worldviews.
2. Plan the manner of obtaining the data. - internet, books, peer-reviewed articles in journals, published literary
3. Do the Literature search. reviews of a field.
4. Using a certain standard, determine which data, studies, or sources of
knowledge are valuable or not to warrant the reasonableness if the  Method of Sources of data
decision to take some data and junk the rest. • Manually
5. Determine the methodological soundness of the research studies. Use a - getting hold of the printed form of the material
checklist or a certain set of criteria. • Electronically
- computer or online reading of the sources of knowledge.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH I
- Regardless of which method use, all throughout the literature search,
your mind must be focused on the essence and purposes of the library
because most of the data to obtain.
 Pointers in searching for the best sources of information or data
a) Choose previous research findings that are closely related to your
research.
b) Give more weight to studies done by people possessing expertise or
authority in the field of knowledge to which the research studies belong.
c) Consider sources of knowledge that refer more to primary data than to
secondary data.
d) Prefer getting information from peer-reviewed materials than from
general reading materials.
Stage 2: Reading the Source Material
 Reading and understanding, or making the materials meaningful.
 Understanding the sources of knowledge with HOTS, think
interpretatively through ways of inferential thinking: predicting,
generalizing, concluding, and assuming
 You should have an ability to criticize, evaluate, apply and create things
about the article
 It permits to modify, construct, or reconstruct ideas based on a certain
principle, theory, pattern, method or theme underlying your research.
Stage 3: Writing the Review
1ST QUARTER SECOND SEMESTER SY 18-19
• Also, additionally, again, similarly, a similar opinion, however,
conversely, on the other hand, nevertheless, a contrasting opinion, a
different approach
 Active verbs
• Analyze, argues, assess, assert, assume, claim, compare, contrast,
conclude, criticize, debate, defend, define, demonstrate, discuss,
distinguish, differentiate, evaluate, examine, emphasize, expand,
explain, exhibit, identify, illustrate, imply, indicate, judge, justify, narrate,
outline, persuade, propose, question, relate to, report, review, suggest,
summarize.
SYNTHESIZES INFORMATION FROM RELEVANT LITERATURE
Synthesis
To synthesize is to combine two or more elements to form a new whole.
In the literature review, the “elements” are the findings of the literature you
gather and read; the “new whole” is the conclusion you draw from those
findings.
 Purpose
◦ Synthesize to draw conclusions about the findings in the
literature so that you can identify how the literature addresses
your research question.
 Process
◦ Gather literature that addresses your research question
◦ Review literature and take notes: describe, summarize,
analyze, and identify key concepts
◦ Synthesize literature: compare & contrast, critically evaluate,
interpret, so that you can draw conclusion

 Deal of idea connection and organization to form an overall

understanding of the material by paraphrasing or summarizing it. You STANDARD STYLES IN REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE, CITATION
may change the arrangement of ideas, structures of the language, and OR REFERENCES
the format of the text using appropriate organizational techniques of
comparison-contrast, chronological order, spatial relationship, inductive- Cardinal Principle in Research
deductive order or translational devices. Acknowledging or recognizing the owners to appreciate their
 Writing review based on the focus, them, or theory underlying the contribution
research, you are free to fuse your opinions with the author’s ideas.  Methods
• Acknowledgement
 ArgumentativeReview - Beginning portion of the work that identifies individual who have contributed
This form examines literature selectively in order to support or something for the production of the paper
refute an argument, deeply imbedded assumption, or philosophical problem • References or Bibliography
already established in the literature. The purpose is to develop a body of - A complete list of all reading materials from where the borrowed ideas
literature that establishes a contrarian viewpoint. Given the value-laden came from
nature of some social science research [e.g., educational reform; immigration • Citation or In-text Citation
control], argumentative approaches to analyzing the literature can be a - References within the main body of the text
legitimate and important form of discourse. However, note that they can also
introduce problems of bias when they are used to make summary claims of
the sort found in systematic reviews.
 Serial Abstract Purposes of Citation
Every paragraph merely consist of one article. This is a source-by-
source literature writing that fails to link, compare, and contrast series of 1. To give importance and respect to other people for what they know about
articles based on a theory or a theme around which the research questions the field
revolve. 2. To give authority, validity, and credibility to other people’s claims,
• Stringing Method or Dump - string together a range of work into two or conclusions, and arguments
three paragraph but without actually developing the material, describing 3. To prove your broad and extensive reading of authentic and relevant
the context or comparing or contrasting the findings. This format is used materials about you topic
specifically when several references support a statement or when a topic 4. To help readers find or contact the sources of ideas easily
or issue has been explored by a number of authors. This mere 5. To permit readers to check the accuracy of your work
description, transfer or listing of writer’s ideas that is devoid of or not 6. To save yourself from plagiarism
reflective of your thinking.
Patterns of Citation
• Juxtaposing - a literary technique in which two or more ideas, places,
characters and their actions are placed side by side in a narrative or a  Summary
poem for the purpose of developing comparisons and contrasts. It - Shortened version of the original text that is expressed in your own
is a human quality to comprehend one thing easily by comparing it to language
another. Dealing with studies with respect to each other is the ways of  Paraphrase
proving the extent of the validity of the findings of previous studies vis-à- - Explaining the text in own words
vis the recent one.  Short Direct Quotation
-Only a part of the author’s sentence, or several sentences not exceeding 40
 Bibliographical list begins with the author’s name in chronological order. words. It is necessary to give the number of the page where the readers can
Χ Aquino (2015) said find the copied words
Χ Roxas (2016) stated  Long Direct Quotation or Extract
Χ Perez (2017 wrote - Athor’s exact words numbering from 40 up to 100 words. Placed at the
Better article openings manifesting critical thinking through analysis center of the page with no indentation, the copied lines look like they
comparison and contrast of ideas and findings are as follows compose a stanza of a poem
 One early work by (Castro, 2017) proves that …. -Two basic method of referencing APA (American Psychological Association)
 Another study on the topic by (Torres, 2017) maintains that …… and MLA (Modern Language Association)
 The Latest study by (Gomez, 2018) reveals that…..  Tense Verbs for reporting
 A research study by (Rivera, 2017) explains that… -active verse are effective words to use in reporting author’s ideas.

Link or Express Authors’ ideas Plagiarism

 Transitional Devices
PRACTICAL RESEARCH I 1ST QUARTER SECOND SEMESTER SY 18-19
An act of quoting or copying the exact words of the writer and
passing the quoted words off as your own words. The leading act of
plagiarism is using the words of the original text in expressing your
understanding of the reading material.
The right way to avoid plagiarism is to express the borrowed
ideas on your own words.