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Allison Powell

Professor Hughes

Eng Comp II

17 March , 2019

Annotated Bibliography

Boileau, Bernard. “A review of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents”

Dialogues in clinical neuroscience vol. 13,4 (2011): 401-11.

This article, written by Bernard Boileau, MD, and published in Dialogues in Clinical

Neuroscience vol. 13.4 (2011), reviews recent literature on the symptoms, epidemiology,

and treatment and prognosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in the pediatric

population. OCD is a persistent disorder that does not go away on its own. Nearly half of

children with OCD still have the disorder as adults. Early action is needed in treating

OCD and it is typically a green on that the best treatment option includes cognitive-

behavioral therapy (CBT) along with family-based therapeutic interventions. More

research is continually being done but one thing that will likely remain consistently true

is that an integrated therapeutic approach is the most effective treatment opinion for

pediatric OCD. The purpose of the article is to inform professionals in the field of

psychology of past, current and potential future research of pediatric OCD.The author

Bernard Boileau, MD, is certified to write about the topic and cites many credible sources

and statistics.
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Brasic, James Robert. “Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.” Medscape, 27 Nov. 2018,

emedicine.medscape.com/article/1826591-overview.

This article, by James Robert Brasic, MD, gives a full background, description of

etiology, epidemiology, prognosis, presentation, and treatment of pediatric obsessive-

compulsive disorder. Successful treatment of pediatric OCD includes a structured use of

SSRIs. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is the therapy option most recommended for the

pediatric population. CBT involves rewiring the brain’s processes by confronting

anxiety-invoking stimuli in a controlled setting and resisting the urge to give in to the

compulsions.

The purpose of this article is to provide information about OCD in the pediatric

population. The audience is most likely medical professions, those in the field of

psychology, as well as those interested in the general public.

The author, James Robert Brasic, MD, is certified to write on the subject and cites many

credible references. There is no bias and only facts are presented.

I will use this information to explain what CBT is and why it is a good treatment option

for children with OCD.

Freeman, Jennifer B et al. “Cognitive behavioral treatment for young children with obsessive-

compulsive disorder” Biological psychiatry vol. 61,3 (2007): 337-43.

CBT is recommended as the starting point for pediatric OCD treatment. It can also be

supplemented with a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) medication depending on the

severity of the OCD symptoms. However, for very young children, few medications are

approved and the effects of some drugs on young children are not well understood. To
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limit negative consequences of drugs, psychosocial treatments would be an ideal

treatment for younger children with OCD.

This study is a quantitative review of literature regarding cognitive-behavioral therapy

(CBT) as a treatment option for childhood OCD, pointing out gaps previous findings and

prompting further research on the topic. The audience is intended to be professionals in

psychology, and clinicians who are treating young children with OCD. The information

presented is unbiased and presents facts, citing many credible sources.

I can use information from this article to explain the special care that should be given

when thinking about the treatment of OCD in young children.

Mantz, Sharlene C., and Maree J. Abbott. “Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Paediatric and

Adult Samples: Nature, Treatment and Cognitive Processes A Review of the Theoretical and

Empirical Literature.” Behaviour Change, vol. 34, no. 1, Apr. 2017, pp. 1–34. EBSCOhost,

doi:10.1017/bec.2017.6.

The appraisal model of obsessive-compulsive disorder suggests that six key appraisal

domains contribute to the etiology and maintenance of OCD symptoms. Correlational

research indicates that modifying cognitive appraisals may reduce OCD symptoms.

The presentation of OCD in children is similar to OCD in adults and the diagnostic

criteria is the same. Children may have less self-awareness of their disordered thinking.

Many children engage in age-appropriate obsessive-compulsive behavior and the key to

diagnosis of OCD is the persistency of the disordered thinking and behavior that is

inconsistent with normal developmental stages. Typical onset for childhood OCD is

around 10 years of age, with diagnosis typically occurring 2.5 years after onset. OCD is
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more common in males than in females in childhood. Individual, group, and family CBT

are empirically recognized as effective treatments for OCD in children. Treatment with

serotonin reuptake inhibitors is also recognized as a useful treatment option, although, it

is recommended that it is used in combination with CBT for best results.

The authors, Sharlene C. Mantz and Maree J. Abbott, are credible researchers form the

Clinical Psychology Unit, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, New South

Wales, Australia. This report was published recently, in 2017, and is intended to present

relationships between current research findings and to provoke more research into the

correlations found.

I will use this information to explain some characteristics of the disorder that are unique

to the pediatric population. I will also use it to support the claim that CBT is the most

recommended treatment option.

McGuire, Joseph F., et al. “A Meta‐analysis of Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Medication for

Child Obsessive–compulsive Disorder: Moderators of Treatment Efficacy, Response, and

Remission.” Depression and Anxiety, vol. 32, no. 8, Aug. 2015, pp. 580–593.

EBSCOhost, doi:10.1002/da.22389.

This 2015 meta-Analysis by Joseph F. McGuire, M.A. with University of South Florida

examines the treatment efficacy, response, and remission for youth diagnosed with

obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and serotonin

reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) are both known to be effective in treating childhood OCD.

CBT is often recommended as the first treatment option when treating pediatric OCD. In

more severe cases, a combination of CBT and SRIs has demonstrated to be an effective
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treatment route. CBT has been shown to produce large treatment effects, response, and

symptom remission, while SRIs have demonstrated lower effects, response, and

symptoms remission than CBT alone. Higher therapeutic contact and lower attrition rates

are two of the most important factors in treatment success.

The author’s purpose is to provide background information of current and previous OCD

research along with the research outline and outcomes of a research study on the topic.

This is a scholarly source without bias, written to provide information and to encourage

further research and analysis. The author is credible and the study has been reviewed. The

source is an official research study with reliable data and background information from

credible sources.

I will use this information to answer my questions about some of the factors that

contribute to and decrease treatment efficacy.

“Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Groundbreaking Research Finds CBT Alone and in

Combination with Medication Promising for Children with OCD.” The Brown University

Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology Update, no. 11, 2004, p. 1. EBSCOhost,

sinclair.ohionet.org:80/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&d

b=edsgea&AN=edsgcl.126159357&site=eds-live.

This is an article from a 2004 publication in Brown University Child &Adolescent

Psychopharmacology Update, providing new information on the treatment of childhood

OCD using cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) alone and in combination with

medication. CBT alone or in combination with a selective seraronin reuptake inhibitor

(SSRI) is recommended as the first step in treating OCD in children. According to the
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Pediatric OCD Treatment Study (POTS), cognitive-Behavioral therapy alone is more

effective that SSRIs alone. However, the highest success-rate is seen following treatment

with both CBT and SSRIs.

The author’s purpose is to share recent findings in child and adolescent

psychopharmacology. The audience is most likely students and professionals in the field

of psychology and psychopharmacology. I will use the information from this source to

explain that the best treatment option has been proven to be a combination of both CBT

and SSRIs.

Shoenfelt, Jennifer L and Christina G Weston. “Managing obsessive compulsive disorder: in

children and adolescents” Psychiatry (Edgmont (Pa. : Township)) vol. 4,5 (2007): 47-53.

This article, written by Jennifer L. Shoenfelt, M.D., and Christina G. Weston, M.D., of

the Department of Psychiatry, Wright State, University, is a case study reporting the

treatment of a child with obsessive-compulsive disorder. It is currently recommended that

psychotherapy such as cognitive-behavioral therapy be used as the first line of treatment

for childhood OCD. Medications are recommended in combination with

psychotherapeutic methods in more severe cases. It is important that the developmental

level of the child being treating is considered when developing a psychotherapeutic

treatment plan. Although medications may offer a quick fix, psychotherapy is a crucial

element in achieving long-lasting benefits. The purpose of this article is to report the

findings of a case study. It is most likely intended for an audience of students and

professionals in the field of psychology and psychiatry. The authors, members of the

Department of Psychiatry at Wright State University, are credible and many credible
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sources are cited to report their research findings. I will use this information to answer

my questions about the efficacy of treatment in relation to the child’s cognitive abilities.

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