VIRUS ○ Litman respiratory

syncytial virus
Naked ● Rhabdoviridae
● Capsomere ○ Rabies virus
● No envelope ● Bornaviridae
● Filoviridae
Helical virus ○ Ebola virus
○ Marburg virus
● Orthomyxoviridae
DNA VIRUSES ○ Influenza virus types A-C
- Poxviridae ● Bunyaviridae
- Asfarviridae ● Coronoviridae
○ Human coronavirus
Nonenveloped (respiratory and
○ Parvovirus gastrointestinal infections)
● ss DNA ● Flaviviridae
○ Papovavirus ○ Encephalitis virus
● ds DNA Noneveloped
○ Adenovirus ● Picornavirus
● ds DNA ○ ss RNA
○ Iridovirus ● Reovirus
● ds DNA ○ ds RNA

Enveloped Enveloped (All ss RNA)

○ Hepadnavirus ● Togavirus
● Paritally ds DNA ● Rhabdovirus
○ Poxvirus ● Orthomyxovirus
● ds DNA ● Bunyavirus
○ Herpesvirus ● Coronavirus
● ds DNA ● Arenavirus
● Retrovirus
RNA Viruses ● Paramyxovirus
● Reoviridae
● Birnaviridae
● Paramyxoviridae
○ Parainfluenxa virus
○ Mumps virus
○ Measles virus
 ■ Characteristics:
PROTOZOANS Intestinal amebae
● Ciliophora ■ Disease:
○ Balantidium coli Amoebiasis,
● Apicomplexa Amoebic dysentery,
○ Coccidia Amoebic colitis
■ Isospora belli ■ Infective Stage:
■ Toxoplasma gondii Cyst
■ Sarcocystis spp. ■ Mode of Trans.:
■ Cryptosporidium Food/Water
parvum ■ Diagnosis: Fecal
■ Pneumocystis carinii Microscopic
○ Piroplasma Analysis
■ Plasmodium ■ Treat:
falciparum Metronidazole,
■ Plasmodium vivax Paramomycin
■ Plasmodium ○ Entamoeba coli
malariae ○ Endolimax nana
■ Plasmodium ovale ○ Iodanoeba buetschlii
■ Babesia microti ○ Naeglaria fowleri
● Kinetoplastida
○ Trypansoma gambiense Giardia Lamblia
○ Trypansosoma rhodesiense ● Common Name: Intestinal
○ Trypanosama cruzi parasitic flagellate
○ Leishmania spp. ● Scientific Name: Giardia lamblia
● Other Falgellates ● Taxonomic group: Excavata
○ Chilimastix mesnili ● Characteristics: Flagellated
○ Giardia lambdli ● Disease: Giardiasis
○ Trichomonas vaginalis ● Infective stage: Cyst
● Sarcodina ● Mode of Transmission:
○ Entamoeba histolytica Water/Food
■ Common name: ● Diagnosis: Stool examination
Amoeba ● Treatment: Metronidazole,
■ Scientific Name: Tinidazole, Quinacrine, or
Entamoeba Paromomycin
histolytica
■ Taxonomic group: Ciliophora
Amoeboza ● Balantidium coli
 ○ Common Name: Pathogenic ■ Sporogenic stage
Ciliate ● Female
○ Scientific Name: anopheles
Balantidium coli mosquito
○ Taxonomic group: inoculates
Chromalveolata sporozoites
○ Characteristics: Ciliated into the
○ Disease: Balantidiasis or human host
Balantidial dysentery ■ Hepatic Stage
○ Infective stage: Cyst ● Infect liver
○ Transm: Water/Food cells into
○ Diag: Fecal Analysis mature
○ Treat: Tetracycline, schizonts
Metronidazole, Iodoquinol ■ Blood stage
● Merozoites
Apicomplexa infect RBC
● Plasmodium ● Asexual
○ Plasmodium falciparum multiplication
○ Plasmodium ovale in the
○ Plasmodium vivax erythrocytes
○ Plasmodium malariae ● Some
○ Plasmodium knowlesi differentiate
○ Common name: Malaria into male and
parasite female
○ Scientific name: gametocytes
Plasmodium ○ Symptoms
○ Taxonomic group: ■ Fever, chills,
Chromalveolata sweating,
○ Characteristics: 3 Phases headaches. Muscle
in life cycle pain
○ Disease: malaria ■ Severe complication
○ Infective stage: Sporozoites (cerebral malaria,
○ Mode of transmission: anemia, kidney
Anopheles sp. failure - may result
○ Diagnosis: Blood smear in death)
○ Treatment: Chloroquine,
Artemesin
○ Plasmodium species
Specie Older Newer
ver ver

Falcipar
um

Vivax

Ovale

vivax

● Quiaño was here

● I <3 Diño-san

HELMINTHS
Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
● Order Cestoda (Tapeworms)
○ Scolex
○ Proglottids
● Order Trematode (Flukes)
Phylum Nematoda (Roundworms)
Trematode
● Schistosoma japonicum (Human
Blood Fluke)
○ Intermediate host:
Oncomelania so. (Snail)
○ Source: Water (Cercaria)
○ Disease: Schistosomiasis
○ Definitive Host: Blood
(Human)
● Paragonimus westermani
(Oriental Lung Fluke)
○ Intermediate Host:
Freshwater Snails,
Freshwater crab or
crayfish
○ Source: Freshwater
crab/crayfish
(Metacercariae)
○ Disease: Paragonimiasis
○ Definitive Host: Lung
(Human)
● Fasciola hepatica (Common Liver
Fluke), Fasciola gigantica (Giant
Liver Fluke)
○ Intermediate Host: Family
Lymnaeidae (Snails)
○ Source: Water plants
(Cercaria)
○ Disease: Fascioliasis
○ Definitive Host: Liver
(Human)
● Clonorchis sinensis (Chinese Liver
Fluke)
○ Intermediate Host:
Freshwater snail,
freshwater fish (Carp)
○ Source: Freshwater fish
(Metacercaria)
○ Disease: Clonorchiasis
○ Definitive Host (Organ):
Liver (Human)
● Treatment: Praziquantel
Clonorchis (10-25 mmm)
Paragonimus (7-16 mm)
Fasciola (?? mm)
Cestodes
● Taenia solium (Pork Tapeworm)
○ Intermediate Host: Pigs
and other mammals
○ Source: Undercooked pork
(Cysticercus)
○ Disease: Taeniasis
○ Definitive Host: Human
Small intestine
● Taenia saginata (Beef Tapeworm)
○ Intermediate Host: Cattle
 ○ Source: Undercooked beef
(Cysticercus)
○ Disease: Taeniasis
○ Definitive Host: Human
small intestine
● Hymenolepis diminuta (Rat
Tapeworm)
○ Intermediate Host:
Arthropod (fleas,
lepidoptera and coleoptera)
○ Source: Ingested Insect
(Cysticercus)
○ Disease: Hymenolepiasis
○ Definitive Host: Rats
Human Small intestine
● Diphyllobothrium latum (Broad
Fish Tapeworm)
○ Intermediate Host:
Crustaceans (Copepod),
Small fish (Minnow)
○ Source: Undercooked fish
(Plerocercoid)
○ Disease: Diphyllobothriasis
○ Definitive Host: Human
small intestine
● Diphylidium caninum (Flea or
Cucumber Tapeworm)
○ Intermediate Host: Fleas
(Ctenocephalides spp.) and
chewing lice
○ Source: Flea/Louse
(Cysticercoid)
○ Disease: Dipylidiasis
○ Definitive Host: Canines,
Felines, Children Small
intestine
● Treatment: Praziquantel
Nematodes
● Common name: Roundworm
● Pinworm
○ D-shaped
○ Get it by ingesting eggs
● Whipworm
○ Football
● Ascaris
○ Bumps outer side
● Hookworm
● Strongyloides
Soil-Mediated Helminthiasis
● Hookworms
○ Ancylostoma duodenale
○ Necator americanus
● Strongyloides stercoralis
● Ascaris lumbricoides
● Trichuris trichiura
Cestode
● Ancylostoma caninum,
Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator
americanus (Hookworm)
○ Intermediate host: None
○ Source: Soil (Filariform
Larvae)
○ Disease: Larva migrans,
Hookworm disease,
Necatoriasis
○ Definitive host: Dog,
Human small intestine
● Strongyloides stercoralis
○ Intermediate host: None
○ Source: Soil (Filariform
Larvae)
○ Disease: Strongyloidiasis
 ○ Definitive host: Human
small intestine
● Ascaris lumbricoides (Large
Round worm)
○ Intermediate host: None
○ Source: Soil (Egg)
○ Disease: Ascariasis
○ Definitive Host: Human
small intestine
● Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm)
○ Intermediate host: None
○ Source: Soil (Egg)
○ Disease: Trichiriasis
○ Definitve host: Human
small intestine
● Treatment: Mebendazole
Helminth infection acquired through GI
tract
● Trichinella spiralis (Pork Worm)
○ Disease Trichinosis
○ Circulates between rats and
pigs
○ Affects muscles
○ Completes cycle in rats and
pigs
○ Transmission: Raw meat
ingestion (pork)
○ Infective stage: Larvae in
cyst
○ Definitive and
Intermediate: Humans
○ Treatment: Thiabendazol
● Enterobias vermicularis (Pin
Worm)
○ Female emerges to perianal
region and lays some
10,000-15,000 eggs
○ Cause pruritis (itching)
○ Disease: Enterobiasis
○ Infective stage: Eggs
○ Intermediate Host: None
○ Diagnostic exam: Scotch
tape swab
○ Treatment: Mebendazole
● Capillaria philippinensis
○ First described in 1962 in
the Philippines
○ Disease: Capillariasis
○ Infective Stage: Eggs from
raw or undercooked fish
○ Intermediate Host: Fish
○ Definitve Host: Birds
○ Treatment: Abendazole or
Mebendazole
ARTHROPODS
● Varies in form of metamorphic
development
Ectoparasitism: Familt Culicidae
● Only females bite, but both sexes
feed on nectar and juices
● Important genera
○ Anopheles
○ Ades
○ Culex
Ectoparasitism: Order Anoplura
● Referred as “sucking lice”
● Pediculis humanus capitis
○ Called the “head louse”
● Haematopinus suis
○ Louse of swine
Ectoparasitism: Order Acarina
● Includes the majority of mites and
ticks
● Scabies
○ “Galis-aso” is caused by
Sarcoptes scabiei
○ Contagious skin infection