Assosa University

Collage of health science

Nursing department

Tittle: To assess knowledge, attitude, practice and associated factors of blood donation among
Assosa university graduating class students in 2010/18.

Group members:
1. Amino A/rahman
2. Birhanu Ayenew
3. Lalisa Teshome

Advisors:
1. Instructor Mr.MulugataAdmasu (BSc,MPH)

2. Instructor Mr. Kemal Ahmed (BSc)

Date 24/10/2008

Assosa Ethiopia

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Acknowledgements
First of all we would like to thank Assosa University to give funds, in addition to our department of
nursing and collage of health science for giving us a chance to improve and enhance our knowledge with
research program.
We grateful to our advisor, Mr. MulugataAdmasu(BSc, MPH) and Mr. Kemal Ahmed (BSc) for their
friendly approach, assistant, and support in each and every step for this proposal development.Finally we
would like to appreciate the group members for their willingness to work with collaboration.

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Table ofContents page number

Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................... i
Abbreviations and acronyms .................................................................................................................... iv
List of table and figure ................................................................................................................................. v
Executive summery ...................................................................................................................................... vi
1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Background ................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2. Statement of The problem .......................................................................................................... 2
2. Significance Of The Study .............................................................................................................. 3
3. Literature review ................................................................................................................................ 5
3.1. Knowledge Towards Blood Donation........................................................................................ 5
3.2. Attitudes Towards Blood Donation ........................................................................................... 6
3.3. Practice Towards Blood Donation ............................................................................................. 7
3.4. Associated Factor Towards Blood Donation ............................................................................ 8
4. Objectives Of The Study................................................................................................................... 10
4.1. General Objectives .................................................................................................................... 10
4.2. Specific Objectives .................................................................................................................... 10
5. Methodology ...................................................................................................................................... 11
5.1. Study Design .............................................................................................................................. 11
5.2. Study Area And Period............................................................................................................. 11
5.3. Source Population ..................................................................................................................... 11
5.4. Study Population ....................................................................................................................... 11
5.5. Inclusion And Exclusion Criteria ............................................................................................ 11
5.5.1. Inclusion Criteria .............................................................................................................. 11
5.5.2. Exclusion Criteria ............................................................................................................. 11
5.6. Study Variables ......................................................................................................................... 11
5.6.1. Dependent Variables ......................................................................................................... 11
5.6.2. Independent Variables ...................................................................................................... 12
5.7. Sample Size Calculation, Sampling Methods & Procedures ................................................. 12
5.8. Data Collection Techniques And Tools ................................................................................... 15
5.9. Data Quality Control Measures ............................................................................................... 15
5.10. Data Processing And Analysis ............................................................................................. 15
5.11. Operational Definitions ........................................................................................................ 15

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6. Ethical Considerations...................................................................................................................... 16
7 Plan for dissemination Of Results ........................................................................................................ 16
8 Work plan ............................................................................................................................................... 16
1 Annexes .................................................................................................................................................... 17
I. Questionnaire ................................................................................................................................. 17
2 አአአአአ . ............................................................................................................................................... 24
II. አአአአ ............................................................................................................................................ 24
Reference ................................................................................................................................................... 30

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Abbreviations and acronyms

WHO – World Health Organization

BP – Blood Pressure

EDHS-Ethiopian demographic health survey

ERCS-Ethiopian Red Cross Society

HIV/ADIS – Human Immune Virus

Id No-identification number

IRB – Institutional Research Board

KAP – knowledge, Attitude and Practice

MMR- maternal mortality rate

MOH – ministry of health

NBTS - National Blood Transfusion Services

NRCS – National Red Cross Society

OR- Odd Ratio

VBD - voluntary blood donor

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Listof table and figure

Table Number Description page number

Table 5.1 sampling techniques______________________________________13

Table 8.0 work plan _________________________________________________17

Fig: 5.1 Schematic representation of sample selection among different collage ___14

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Executive summery
Background: Blood is a specialized body fluid that delivers nutrients and oxygen to cells and transports
metabolic waste products away from same cells and there is no substitute for it. It can’t be mead or
manufactured. Generous blood donors are the only source of blood for a patient that needs blood
transfusions. Donated blood can be lifesaving for persons who have lost large amounts of blood because
of serious accidents, new medical and surgical procedures, civil conflicts, and military wars as well as for
patients who have become severely anemic because of serious hematological diseases or treatments such
as cancer therapy. Therefore, availability of blood is an important concern to the society.

Despite the recommendation of WHO that all blood donation should be voluntary and non- remunerated,
replacement and paid donor are common throughout sub Saharan African countries, although in Ethiopia
,the number of volunteers is showing an increase, up to 30% of blood comes from relatives of patients.

Objective: To assess knowledge, attitude, practice and associated factors of blood donation among Assosa
university graduating class students in 2010/18.

Methods:Institutional based cross-sectional quantitative study was used to assess KAP and associated
factors towards VBD among Assosa University graduating class students in 2010/18, and data will collect
using pre-tested structured self-administered questionnaire. Stratified sampling method was used and
individual was selected by simple random sampling method within each strata.

Keywords:Blood donation, Voluntary blood donation (VBD) Knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP),
associated factors, healthscience students, Benishangul Gumuz, AssosaUniversity

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1. Introduction
1.1.Background

Blood is a specialized body fluid that delivers nutrients and oxygen to cells and transports metabolic
waste products away from same cells [1] And there no substitute for it.it can’t be mead or manufactured.
Generous blood donors are the only source of blood for a patient that needs blood transfusions [2]. It
remains the only source of replacement therapy in cases of its loss and as well as for other components
and blood donation is the process in which a volunteer who is a healthy person has his blood voluntarily
drawn for transfusion to the needy [3]. It is an act that can save the lives of thousands because of no
substitutes for it [4] and blood Transfusion became the 1st step in the resuscitation of victims of road
accidents and war injuries [3].

Safe blood is blood that does not contain any viruses, parasites, drugs, alcohol, chemical substances, or
other extraneous factors that might cause harm, danger or disease to the recipient. People who donate
blood should be in good health and should not suffer or have suffered from any serious illnesses. The
recipient should not be harmed by receiving blood; the donor should not be put at risk by giving blood
[5].
Donated blood can be lifesaving for persons who have lost large amounts of blood because of serious
accidents, new medical and surgical procedures, civil conflicts, and military wars as well as for patients
who have become severely anemic because of serious hematological diseases or treatments such as cancer
therapy. Therefore, availability of blood is an important concern to the society [3].

The majority of transfusions are prescribed for the treatment of complications during pregnancy and
childbirth, severe childhood anemia, trauma and the management of congenital blood disorders.
Hemorrhage, for example, accounts for over 25% of the 530 000 maternal deaths each year; 99% of these
are in the developing world. [6]

Over the last three decades, the source of blood has shifted dramatically from imported blood to locally
recruited blood donors [7].Currently; the sources of donated blood are involuntary donors (as a
replacement for their relative’s and friend’s needs), voluntary unpaid donors, and paid donors.

Globally, higher rates of transfusion-transmitted infections have been documented among paid donors
[8].Therefore, they are trying to reduce it as much as they can in many countries. In fact, the World

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Health Organization and the Council of Europe recommend that blood and blood components should only
be collected from voluntary, unpaid repeat donors who can assist blood bank to manage blood supplies
and schedule transfusion smoothly [9].

Patients who require transfusion as part of their clinical management have the right to expect that
sufficient blood will be available to meet their needs and to receive the safest blood possible. However,
many patients still die or suffer unnecessarily because they do not have access to safe blood transfusion.
The timely availability of safe blood and blood products is essential in all health facilities in which
transfusion is performed, but in many developing and transitional countries there is a widespread shortfall
between blood requirements and blood supplies’ performed [8].

1.2.Statement of The problem

About 234 million major operations are performed worldwide every year, with 63 million people
undergoing surgery for traumatic injuries, 31 million more for treating cancers and another 10 million for
pregnancy-related complications for all of those procedures, blood transfusion is mandatory [10].

Even though, the demands of blood for patient management has been growing dramatically due to
sophisticated and advancement of clinical medicine, the demand and supply have yet not balanced; the
demand is elevated [11].

In countries where diagnostic facilities and treatment options are more limited, the majority of
transfusions are prescribed for the treatment of complications during pregnancy and childbirth, severe
childhood anemia, trauma and the management of congenital blood disorders. Hemorrhage, for example,
accounts for over 25% of the 530 000 maternal deaths each year; 99% of these are in the developing
world. Access to safe blood could help to prevent up to one quarter of maternal deaths each year and
blood transfusion has been identified as one of the eight life-saving functions that should be available in a
first-referral level healthcare facility providing comprehensive emergency obstetric and newborn care [6].

Children are particularly vulnerable to shortages of blood in malarious areas because of their high
requirement for transfusion arising from severe life-threatening anemia resulting from malaria, often
exacerbated by malnutrition. In 2008, 109 countries were endemic for malaria, 45 within the WHO
African region. In 2006, there were an estimated 247 million malaria cases among 3.3 billion people at
risk, causing nearly a million deaths; 91% of malaria deaths were in Africa and 85% were of children
under five years of age [1]. Road traffic accidents kill 1.2 million people and injure or disable between 20
million and 50 million more a year, a large proportion of who require transfusion during the first 24 hours
of treatment; 90% of deaths occur in developing and transitional countries. Road traffic injuries are

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predicted to become the third largest contributor to the global burden of disease by 2020, with an
anticipated increase of 65% in road traffic deaths globally and 80% in low and medium HDI countries
[12].

The timely availability of blood at emergency health care facilities is one of the determinants of patient
survival. About 300 000 infants are born each year with thalassemia and sickle-cell disease and need
regular blood transfusion [10]. While the prevalence of these disorders of hemoglobin is unknown, there
is a high requirement for regular transfusion in affected regions, particularly the Mediterranean region,
Asia and North Africa [13].

Despite the recommendation of WHO that all blood donation should be voluntary and non- remunerated,
replacement and paid donor are common throughout sub Saharan African countries [11], although in
Ethiopia ,the number of volunteers is showing an increase, up to 30% of blood comes from relatives of
patients [14].

Ethiopia is the second-most populous country of Africa after Nigeria with an estimated population of 84
million and this makes Ethiopia the 14th most populous country in the world [15]; a country with high
MMR of 412 /100,000 [16] and high motor vehicle accident (ranks 12th in the world) [17] and with a
larger non-immune population for malaria. When you compare from 2011 and 2016 EDHS report,
children age 6-59 months ,women age 15-49 , and men ,the prevalence of anemia where significantly
increased from 44% to 57%, 17% to 24% and 11% to 17% respectively [18].

The Ethiopian Red Cross Society (ERCS) has been the pioneer organization in developing blood banking
services in the country. According to ERCS, the country’s blood demand is estimated to be 200, 000 units
per year. However, only 87,000 units of blood were collected in 71 % of them were collected from Addis
Ababa. This figure indicates severe shortage of blood supply affecting the vast majority of the nation’s
population (about 96 %) residing outside the capital city including Benishangul Gumuz region [19, 20].

2. Significance Of The Study

Since blood transfusion is one of the lifesaving medical procedures, and at the same time University
students are expected to be more aware than the general population should take the lead to create
awareness on blood donations among the population. They also constitute a potential pool of eligible
voluntary donors and motivators, so, keeping in view of the significance of blood donation and
transfusion is important and this study was conducted to assess the Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, and

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Associated Factors towards blood donation among graduating class students would be helpful to identify
the gaps and implement appropriate strategies among responsible sectors.

Ethiopia’s current blood supply is low compared to the demand, Ensuring adequate blood supply would
be vital for the health care system. This can only be achieved by securing sustainable voluntary blood
donors within the community including university student.
And there is no research done on blood donations and associated factor both published and un- published
available in our settings. Therefore, this research would help to fill the existing gaps and used for both
governmental and non-governmental organization, who want to involve on blood donation and also it
used for other researcher’s as base line data.

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3. Literature review
3.1.Knowledge Towards Blood Donation

The study on KAP of blood donation among bachelor level students of health and non-health science
colleges in India; the result shows that, the knowledge of respondent about the presence of artificial
blood. Majority 40(63%) of health science student respond “no artificial blood” i.e. has good knowledge
about artificial blood but majority 88(59.9%) of non-health students think that there is artificial blood
available [21].

A Study conducted on a total of 177 bachelor level students in Nepal, theresult revealed that, knowledge
about blood and blood donation, the students’ average score was 32.01%. About 68.93% of the students
said that diseases can be transmitted by blood transfusion. Most students (n 78) could list only one
disease. HIV-AIDS and hepatitis were the most frequently mentioned diseases. Knowledge about criteria
for eligible donor was about 56.12%. Knowledge about conditions when an otherwise eligible donor
should not donate was 37.1%. Knowledge about long-term risks for the blood donor was 23.82%,
indicating an overall misconception about risks to the donor [22].

A cross sectional study was conducted on 384(206 males and 178 females) students of Addis Ababa
University, college of health sciences and medicine in Ethiopia.The study showed that among the
respondents 121(83.7%) and 63(16.4%) of respondents have high and low level of knowledge
respectively. Among the respondents 14.3% and 9.6% didn’t know the age and weight limit required for
blood donation respectively. Similarly, more than half (59.1%) and (8.6%) of respondents didn’t know
the minimum time interval between two blood donations and the maximum amount of blood to be
donated respectively [28].

A study in Samara University College of health science regular under graduate students rivals that, among
the study participants of 351, 54% of respondent having adequate knowledge and 319(94.1%)had
information about blood donation, 305(90%)of the respondents had knowledge of source of blood for
donation, 79.6% and 44.2% of the respondents did not know the age and weight limit required for blood
donation respectively and also from total participant less than half (45.4%) of individuals did not know
the volume of blood donated at each donation and Slightly greater than half (50.2%) of the participants
were not aware whether hepatitis C virus (HCV) could be potentially transmitted through blood
transfusions although 96% and 67.1% of the respondents are quite aware that HIV and HBV could be
transmitted through blood transfusion respectively [23].

From Community based cross-sectional study was conducted among adults in Debre-Markos town in
2015, from a total of 772 respondent, 436 (56.5 %) of them scored mean and above indicates have

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knowledgeable about blood donation and All of the respondents were heard about blood donation at least
once. About 415 (53.8 %) and 480 (62.2 %) of them knew that people can donate once in three months,
and blood donation can be started at 18 years of age, respectively and also 609 (78.9 %) of respondents
knew that blood donation is beneficial for the donor’s health [24].

Community based cross-sectional study was conducted in Gondar town, Ethiopia, in 2015 from the total
study participants 768, 436 (56.8%) had adequate knowledge towards blood donation and majority 704
(91.8%) of the study participants heard the idea of blood donation previously. About 678 (88.3%) of
study participants thought that the importance of blood donation is to save life, while 24 (3.1%) of them
believed that it is to get health assurance [25].

3.2.Attitudes Towards Blood Donation

A descriptive study conducted on 216 universitystudents. The attitude of respondents towards barrier to
donate blood was 37% fear of needles, 35% fearful of donating blood and 7.5% fear of knowing their
HIV/AIDS status. The other barriers to blood donation were waiting time (51%), inflexible opening hours
(19%), and attitude of blood staffers (30%). Among the participants 41% were encouraged by family
,28% friends,15.5% lecturers and 15.5% health care workers The study showed that only 23% have
donated blood in the past and 172(86%) of them have donated for family and friends felled by elective
surgery and accident 57.5% and57% respectively. Among those who have donated blood 70% were male
and 19.6% were females and had donated in less than 6 months. Of blood donors, 78% of males had
donated blood at 6 months ago compared to 86.o%of females. Regarding to the frequency of donation,
10% had donated for once,8.5% two times, 1% three times, 1.5% four times, and 2.5% at least five times
[16].

From cross sectional study was conducted on 384students of AAU, college of health sciences and
medicine in Ethiopia revealed that 68%of the participants had favorable attitude and 32% had unfavorable
attitude towards BD. All of the participants had willing to donate in the future. More than one third of
students76.6%, 34.6% and 59.1% of respondents believed that blood donation makes weak, cause anemia
and reduce immunity respectively [28].

A study in Samara University College of health science regular under graduate student’s rivals that,
among the study participants of 351, among the overall respondents 93.5% said blood donation is good
habit, whereas 6.5% thinks badly. Furthermore 82.9% of the respondents replied that they are willing to
donate blood voluntarily in the future. Similarly, 92.3% of individuals responded as voluntary blood
donation is the best source of blood donation. Majority (72.6%) of respondents think that relatives of

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patient should be asked for blood donation. The overall attitude of individuals towards voluntary blood
donation was assessed by summing up the correct answers of individual questions. In this study it was
observed that 65.8% of respondents: 61.0%–71.0%) had favorable attitude towards VBD. The remaining
segment had unfavorable attitude towards Voluntary blood donation [23].

From institutionbased cross-sectional study in Tikur-Anbessa Specialized Hospital among health workers
in 2015 the result showedthat; Two hundred and ninety (98.3%) respondents said blood donation is good.
Voluntary donation was accepted as the best source of donor by 222(75.3%), replacement donors by
26(8.8%), remunerated (paid) by 3(1.0%), self-donor by 38(12.9%) and the remaining had no knowledge
of it. One hundred fifty five (52.5%) said something happen to a donor, 45(15.3%), 217(73.6%) & 33
(11.2%) stated that a donor might contract infection, become temporary weak and fall sick respectively.
From the total respondents 225(76.3%) said that the patient relatives should be asked to donate blood.
Two hundred seventy one (91.9%) stated that as they encourage their families and relatives to donate and
266(90.2%) were volunteer to be reminded or called up on to donate [26].

Among Gondar town blood donation study in 2015, from the total study participants 768; more than three
fourths, 630 (82%), of the respondents had good attitude towards blood donation. Nearly all, 741 (96.5%),
of the participants thought that blood donation is important [25].

From study of KAP and associated factor among adults population of Debre-Markos town in 2016, from
a total of 772 respondents, 598 (77.5 %) of them showed willingness to donate blood in the future. from
this 571(95.4 %) of them wanted to donate blood as voluntary donor and, the rest 25 (4.3 %) and 2 (0.3
%) of them as replacement and paid donors, respectively Regarding the composite measure of attitude,
about 403 (52.2 %) of the respondents had favorable attitude towards blood donation [24].

3.3.Practice Towards Blood Donation

A cross-sectional study was conducted at King Abdul-Aziz Medical City (KAMC) in Saudi Arabia with a
total of 350 sample population the result showed that more than half of them (52.4%) mentioned that
blood donation did not think in their minds and 45% mentioned that they had no time for donation while
41.3% mentioned that they had difficulty in accessing blood donation center. More than one-third of them
(37.6%) reported that they had fear of needle or seeing blood and 25.9% mentioned that blood donation
procedure is a painful experience [27].
A cross sectional study was conducted on 384students of Addis Ababa University, college of health
sciences and medicine. The study showed that among the participants only 90(23.4%) have ever donated
blood. Out of the participants who were donated blood 38(42.2%) of them were a regular donor.

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Regarding what motivates them for blood donation74% were motivated by moral duty,23.3%were
motivated for maintaining once health and the remaining 6.6% were motivated while accompanying
others. Among those who didn’t ever donated blood lack of information by 68.4%.Beingnot asked by
66.7%, fear by 56% was mentioned as reasons for not donating a blood [28].

A study in Samara University College of health science regular under graduate student’s rivals that,
among the study participants of 351,252 (32.6%) has ever donated blood at least once in their life time
and the remaining 522 (67.4%) never exercised any blood donation practice so far. Moreover, only 121
(15.6%) of the respondents reported to have had blood donated based on voluntarism; whereas about 120
(47.6) of the donors went to donate for their relatives or friends who needed blood. Remuneration donors
accounted for 1 (0.39%) of the blood donors. 20 (7.93%) of the overall donors are regular blood donors.
However, the proportion of regular blood donors among the study participants was only 2.6%.More than
two thirds 536 (69.2%) of the participants were willing to donate blood in the future if they are called
upon or reminded to do so and 198 (25.6%) of the respondents would not like to give blood in future. The
remaining 40 (5.17%) of the respondents were not sure if they could donate blood in future [24].

Community based cross-sectional study was conducted in Gondar town, Ethiopia, in 2015 from the total
study participants 768; Less than one-quarter, 141 (18.4%), of the respondents had an experience of blood
donation, while the rest of the participants, 627 (81.6%), never donated blood before. from donors 86
(61%) were voluntary donors, while the rest 39% of them were replacement donors. The major reasons
mentioned for not donating blood among non-donors were perception of not being fitted to donate blood
(21.2%), lack of information on where, when, and how to donate blood (17%), fear of being anemic after
blood donation (12.6%), and fear of health risk after donation (12.3%) [25].

A cross-sectional study was conducted, among adults in DebreMarkos town in 2016, from a total of 772
respondents, the practice of blood donation was found to be 124(16.1 %) and of these, 79 (63.7 %) and 36
(29 %) of them were donated once, and twice, respectively. However, only6 (4.8 %) of them were regular
donors. Among those whoever donated blood, majority 79 (63.7 %) of them were voluntary donors and,
the remaining 45 (36.3 %) were donated to a friend or relative in need of blood [24].
Loo

3.4.Associated Factor Towards Blood Donation

A cross-sectional study was conducted at King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC) in Saudi Arabia with a
total of 350 sample population; Most of them (81.4%) agreed that one day off is a motivational factor for

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donation and 79.1% of them agreed that mobile blood donation caravans in public areas (malls, plazas,
and streets) are a good motivational factor for donating blood. Only 39.3% reported that media encourage
people to donate blood very well, 31.5% agreed with token gifts, and 18.9% agreed with paying money as
motivating factors for blood donation [19].

Among 384students of Addis Ababa University, college of health sciences and medicine, study revealed
that there is significant association of level of blood donation with year of study and department of
respondents. Increased year of study and being students in the department of medicine and nursing
increased the odds of level of knowledge of respondents on blood donation [28].

A study in Samara University College of health science regular under graduate student’s rivals that,
among the study participants of 351,the main reasons for not donating blood by the non-donors were; not
approach/asked to donate, need to donate in future for relatives or friends and fear of knowing my status
with proportion of 40.9%, 17.8% and 9.9% respectively. 4.9% of the non-donors pointed out that the
reason for not [23]

Community based cross-sectional study was conducted in Gondar town, Ethiopia, in 2015 from the total
study participants 768;age, occupation, marital status, educational status, and self-perceived health status
were significantly associated with adequate knowledge about blood donation at thesame time marital
status, religion, and self-perceiver health status were significantly associated with attitude of the
participants, and also age, sex, religion, marital status, and self-perceived health status were statistically
associated with blood donation practice of the respondents, In addition, we had tried to assess the
correlation between knowledge, attitude, and practice scores of the study participants. Knowledge and
attitude scores of the participants achieved significant but weak positive correlation. Similarly, knowledge
and practice scores of the participants had shown statistically significant positive correlation, even though
it is weak .Moreover, the attitude and practice scores of the participants had fair positive correlation [25]

A study in Samara University College of health science regular under graduate students rivals that, among
the study participants of 351: sex, ethnicity, residence, and mass media exposure did not show
significance association towards VBD practice and were subsequently deleted from multivariate
regression analysis model.On blood donation practice revealed a statistical significant association with
department. Nurses were 1.881 times more likely to practice blood donation than health officers [AOR
(95% CI): 1.881(1.002, 3.532)]. From religion towards VBD being protestant and others did not show a
significant association with blood donation practice. But being Muslim was found to be less likely to
practice than Orthodox [23].

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4. Objectives Of The Study

4.1.General Objectives

To assess knowledge, attitude, practice and associated factors of blood donation among Assosa university
graduating class students in 2010/18.

4.2.Specific Objectives

1. To determine the knowledge of blood donation

2. To determine the attitude of blood donation

3. To determine the practice of blood donation

4. To identify factors associated with Knowledge, Attitude and practice of blood donation

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5. Methodology
5.1.Study Design
Institution based cross sectional study design will be used to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice and
associated factors towards voluntary blood donation among graduating class students of Assosa
University in 2010/18.
5.2.Study Area And Period

Assosa city was founded in 1936. It is the capital city of Benishangul Gumuz regional state that is located
about 666 km western of Addis Ababa (the capital city of Ethiopia), 96 km from ethio_sudan border, and
230 km from Ethiopian millennium Renaissance Dam. It has a town administration municipality and 4
kebele, one hospital, and one preparatory. Assosa University is the only university within Benishangul
Gumuz region and founded in 2004/2011. There is 7 faculties and 1 school of law and having 36
departments under the university in academic year of 2010/18GC.

5.3.Source Population
The source population of this study will be all graduating class students of Assosa University in 2010/18.
5.4.Study Population

The study population will be selected regular graduating class students who are attending in the university
during data collection period.

5.5.Inclusion And Exclusion Criteria

5.5.1. Inclusion Criteria

All graduating class student, that are regular students and available in time of data collection period will
be included.

5.5.2. Exclusion Criteria

Both those graduating class students not available in time of data collection period and students who are
critically ill on the days of data collection period will be excluded.And also group members of this
research will be excluded in this research.
5.6.Study Variables
5.6.1. Dependent Variables

Knowledge, attitude, and practice of blood donation among graduating class students will be the
dependent variable.

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5.6.2. Independent Variables

Socio demographic characteristics such as Age, Sex, Religion, department, residence and use of social
Medias of graduating class students towards blood donation will be the independent variable

5.7.Sample Size Calculation, Sampling Methods & Procedures

The study subjects will be selected using stratified sampling method and the sample will be stratified
based on their faculty/ collage and from each strata, sample will be draw by using simple random
sampling technique based on students identification number (ID NO). Single population proportion
formula is used to determine the sample size.The proportion for this study will be taken from previous
studyconducted in samara university using knowledge level is 54%, attitude 65.8%, and practice
24.5%%, at α=0.05(5%), 95% confidence level (Zα/2=1.96) and absolute precision or margin of error to
be 5% (d = 0.05). To increase the power of the study the proportion which gives the maximum sample
size from the above one was used for the study. That means,P=54% therefore, the minimum sample size
was calculated using single proportion estimate.

𝒛𝟐 𝒂⁄𝟐∗𝒑(𝟏−𝒑)
𝒏 =
𝒘𝟐

Where: - α= confidence interval=95%

p=best estimate of population proportion (68%)
w=maximum acceptable difference=5%
n=minimum required sample size
Zα/2 =value under standard normal table for the
given value of confidence level=1.96
(𝟏.𝟗𝟔)𝟐∗𝟎.𝟓𝟒(𝟏−𝟎.𝟓𝟒)
n= , =382
(𝟎.𝟎𝟓)𝟐

Since the study population is less than 10,000 (1802), by using correction factor and considering 10%
non-response rate.
𝑛
𝑛𝑓 = 1+𝑛 , 382/1+382/1802 +10% of non-response rate, Nf= 315+31(10% of non-response rate.),
𝑁

nf= 346 this is the final sample size.

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Table: 5.0 sampling techniques

Ser. No Faculty / collage Noof Proportion No of students

graduating from total to be taken
students

1 Engineering collage 553 30.69% 106

2 Health science collage 52 2.88% 10

3 Computing and informatics science 137 7.60% 26

collage

4 Agricultural and natural resource 260 14.43% 50

management collage

5 Business and economics collage 288 15.98% 55

6 Socialscience and humanity collage 248 13.76% 48

7 Natural and computational since collage 224 12.43% 43

8 School of law 40 2.22% 8

Total 1802 17.20% 346

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Assosa University

Graduating class students’ in 2018

Health Computin Agricultur Business Social Natural

al and science and School of
Engineeri science g and and
natural and computatio law
ng collage collage Informatic Economics
resource humanity nal since
s science managem collage collage collage
ent
collage
collage
Sample will be proportionally allocate

106 10 26 50 55 48 43 8

Loo
346

Fig: 5.1 Schematic representation of sample selection among different collage

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5.8.Data Collection Techniques And Tools

Data will be collect by using self-administered questionnaire which obtained from other published journal
articles. However, to meet the objectives of the study as well as taking into the local context, the
questionnaire will be adapt and modify slightly in line with the local context. It will designed in the way
that to collect information about all the relevant variables. The data collection questionnaire had four
parts; the first part involved question used to gather information about socio-demographic characteristics,
the second part are committed to explore knowledge of students about blood donation, the third part is
focuses on to measure attitude of students towards blood donation and the final part is focus on the
practice of blood donation among graduating class students.

5.9.Data Quality Control Measures

The data quality will be maintained by using several methods. First Questionnaire will be adapt and
modify carefullyafter obtained from published journal articles and the Questionnaire will be prepared in
English and translate to Amharic version to increase data quality and checked thoroughly for its
completeness, objective and variable based by group members and through consultation of our advisers.
Per-test will be conducted on 10% from total sample size on PollyProfessional technique college students
before distributed to respondents. And Supervision will be conducted by two advisers from starting to
final result. And also group member phone no will be write on questioner paper in order to contact from
respondents in case of any ambiguous occur and finally data will be also checked for consistency and
completeness before analysis.

5.10. Data Processing And Analysis

The collected data will be checked for its completeness, consistency and accuracy before analysis. The
data will be presented by using table, pie chart and bar graph after analysis. Thedata will beentered with
EPI data to reduce error and SPSS for data analysis. The association of the independent variable with
thecategoricaloutcomevariable will measure bycalculating odds ratio with 𝑃 value and 95% confidence
interval using bi-variant and multivariate logistic regression.

5.11. Operational Definitions

Knowledge: from the major questions on knowledge part, each those who have answered above the 50th
percentile of the score were considered to be having adequate knowledge. The rest were categorized as
insufficient knowledge. According to WHO’s criteria.

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Attitude: Respondents who answered above the mean range correctly will be considered as favorable
attitude. Those individuals who gave a correct answer below the mean range will be considered as
unfavorable attitude towards blood donation.According to WHO’s criteria

Practice: individuals experienced blood donation activity at least once in their life time will be
considered as having practice.According to WHO’s criteria

Voluntary donors: those individuals who donate blood without receiving payment nor a replacement for
family or friends, but only for internally generated sense of altruism or community responsibility.

6. Ethical Considerations

Ethical clearance will obtained from ethical commute of Assosa University, College of health science and
nursing department. In addition to that, after explaining about the purpose, the possible benefit of the
study and participation will be on voluntarily basis,verbal consent will obtained from all study subjects
which will assure that each respondent before proceeding. And

alsothe confidentiality will maintain in each level of the response in this study.

7 Plan for dissemination OfResults

The study result will be presented to Assosa University, Faculty of health science, Department of nursing
through presentation and documents will be disseminated to all responsible bodies in the study area
including Benishangul Gumuz regional blood bank.

8 Work plan

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No Major Activities The time period from December to Jun month in 2010/18Gc

December January February March April May Jun

1 Topic selection

2 Proposal writing
and Questionnaire
development
3 Proposal submission

4 pre test

5 Data collection

6 Data checking,
entry, & analysis
7 writing result

8 Final defense

Table 8.0 work plan

1 Annexes
I. Questionnaire
This questionnaire is prepared to assess the knowledge, attitude, practice and associated factors of
blood donation among Assosa University graduating class students in 2010/18, and this questioners
having four (4) parts, socio demographic, knowledge, attitude, and practice of blood donation related
question∙ We hope that the result of this study will show the status of blood donation in this institution.

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Based on such a result and comments from the researchers the problems will be solved accordingly. We
would like to request you to answer questions carefully and honestly. The confidentiality will be kept.
NB: - no need of writing your name on the questionnaire.
-There might be a need to choice more than one answer for some questions.
-please read each questions carefully and show your answer by circling the choice to your answer and
writing for blank spaces.
If there is any problem or confusion to answer the questioners please call to group members of this
research for clarification.

Name student phone no

Amino A/aman 09-39-20-77-57

BirhanuAyenew 09-47-43-76-98

LalisaTesome 09-42-09-59-01

Part I: Socio demographic questions

Sr. No Questions Response or category

1 Age ……………year

2 Sex Male

Female

3 Department ____________________

5 Religion Orthodox

Muslim

Catholic

Protestant

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Others please specify _____________

6 Where are you come /Residence Urban

Rural

7 Are you use social media Yes

No , If say no, pass question No 8

8 Which type of social media Internet

Television
Radio
Newspaper
Others please specify _____________
Part II: knowledge on blood donation
1 Do you know common blood groups? Yes
No
2 Were you gate Information about blood donation Internet
Television
Radio
Newspaper
School/class room/
Others please specify _______________
3 Do you know your blood group? Yes
No

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4 What is your blood group? A+

A-
B+
B–
AB+
AB-
O+
O-
5 Regular Voluntary blood donors have medical Yes
benefit? No
6 Is human blood manufactured artificially in the Yes
laboratory? No
7 Can a person be infected by giving bloodfor Yes
transfusion? No, if say no pass No 8
8 What disease are transmissible by blood HIV (human immune virus)
transfuse? hepatitis virus
Syphilis
Malaria
Others please specify _____________
9 How often individual donate/ Time interval Weekly
between two donations/ Monthly
Three monthly
Six monthly
Annually
Don’t know
10 Who should donate blood? Men
Women
Young<18yrs
Old>60yrs
Vulnerable group
Healthy
Diseased
11 Who are not eligible for blood donation Who have Infectious disease patients

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Pregnant and lactating women

History of major surgery in past year
History of blood transfusion
Intra venous drug users
12 How match volume of blood is collected during <500mls
each donation? 500-1000mls
Don’t know
13 What is the duration of blood donation process? 20 min
20-60min
don’t know

PART III: attitude on blood donation

1 What do you think about blood It is Good

donation? It is Bad
No idea
2 What do you think about the best Voluntary donor
source of blood donation? replacement donor
remunerated donor
self-donor
don’t know
3 Can something harmful happen to a Yes
blood donor during or after blood No
donation? I don’t know
4 What can happen to a blood donor Contract infection
during or after donation? temporary weakness
fall sick
Others please specify _____________
5 For which one you donate if you give a For friend or relative needed
chance Voluntarily to all
Remunerated (paid)
Others please specify _________________________
6 Do you encourage relatives or friends Yes

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to donate blood? No

7 If say no on No 6 what is your reason? ___________________________________________

_______________
PART IV: Practice of blood donation
1 Have you ever donated blood? Yes
No , If you say no go to No 4
2 How many times donate blood? Only ones
2 times
3 times
4 times
>4 times
Regular
3 What motivates your donation? A friend or relative needed blood
Voluntarily
Remunerated (paid)
To know my screen status
Others please specify ________________________
4 How do you feel donating blood? Satisfaction
Depression
Others please specify _______________________
5 what is your Reasons didn’t donate blood Didn’t think of it
( answered only by non – donors ) Lack of opportunity
Lack of time
Unfit to donate
Fear of needle
Fear of knowing my status
Religion forbid it
Donated blood may be sold
No remunerations(payment)
Others please specify ________________________
6 can you donate blood in the future if gat Ye
the chance to donate No

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Thank you for your participation!

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2 አአአአአ .
II. መመመመ
አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ አአአአአአአአአአአአ 2010/18 አ∙ አ∙
አአአአአአአአአአአ አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ, አአአአአ,
አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ (4)
አአአአ አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ አ አአአአአ , አአአአአ,
አአአአአአአአአአአአአ. አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ
አአአአ. አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ
አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ.አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ አአአአአአአአአ
አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ አአአአአአአአአአአአ
አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ.
- አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ.
- አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ አ
-ጥጥጥ አአአአጥጥጥጥጥጥጥጥጥ ጥጥጥ
ጥጥጥጥጥጥጥጥጥ ጥጥ ጥጥጥጥጥጥጥጥጥጥጥጥጥጥጥጥጥጥጥጥጥጥጥጥጥጥጥጥጥጥጥጥጥ
አአአአ∕አ አአ አአአአአአ

አአአ አ / አአአ 09-39-20-77-57

አአአአ አአአአ 09-47- 43-76-98
አአአ አአአ 09-42-09-59-01

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መመመ 1 መመመመመመመ መመመመመመመመመመ
!
Sr. N O መመመ አአአአአአአአአ

1 አአአ __________አአአ

2 አአ አአአ

አአ

3 አአ/አአአ ____________________

5 አአአአአ አአአአአአ

አአአአ

አአአአ

አአአአአአአ

አአአአአአአ_________________________________________

6 አአአአአአአ አአአአ

አአአአ

7 አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ አአአ

አአአ ,አአአ አአአ አአአአ, አአአአአአ 8አ አአአ

8 አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ
አአአአአአአ
አአአአአ
አአአ
አአአ
አአአአአአአ__________________________________
መመመመመመመመመመመመመመመመመመመመ
1 አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ አአ
አአአአ/አ? አአአ , አአአ አአአአአአአ , አአአአአአ 2አ አአአ
2 አአአአ አአአአአአአአአአአአአ አአአአአአአ
አአአአአ
አአአ
አአአ

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አአአአአአአአ
አአአአአአአ_________________________________________

3 አአአአአአአአአአአአአ? አአ ___
አአአ ___,አአአ አአአአአአአ , አአአአአአ 4አ አአአ

4 አአአአአአአአአአአአአ? A + (አአአአ )
A -(አአአአአ)
B + (አአአአ)
B - (አአአአአ)
AB + (አአአአአ)
AB- (አአአአአአ)
O + (አአአአ)
O- (አአአአአ)
5 አአአአአአአአ አአአአአአአአአ አአ
አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ አአአ
አአ ?
6 አአአአአአአአአአአአአአ አአ
(libratory) አአአአአአአአ? አአአ
7 አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ አአ
አአአአአአ? አአአ ,አአአ አአአአአአአ , አአአአአአ 8አ አአአ.
8 አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ አአ.አአ.አአአአ
አአ? አአአአአአአ
አአአ አአአ
አአ አአአ
አአአአአአአ _________________________
9 አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ አአአአአአአ
አአአአአአአአአአአ አአአአአ
አአአአአ
አአአአአአ
አአአአአ
አአአአአ

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10 አአአአአአአአአአአአአ? አአአአ
አአአ
አአአ<18 አአአ
አአአአአ> 60አአአ
አአአአአአአ
አአአ
አአአአአአአአ
11 አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ አአአአአአአአአአአአ
አአ አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ
አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ
አአአአአአአአአአአአ
አአአአአአአአአአአአአአ
12 አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ <500 አ.አ
አአአአአአአአአአአአ? 500-1000 አ.አ
አአአአአአ
13 አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ 20 አአአ
አአአአአአአ? 20-60 አአአ
አአአአአአ

አአአ III: አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ

1 አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ? አአ አአ
አአአ አአ
አአአአአአአአአአ
2 አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ አአአአአአአአአአ
አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ አአአአአአአአአአአ
አአአአ/አአአአአአ/አአአ
አአአአአአአአ
አአአአአ
3 አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ አአአ
አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ አአአአአ
አአአአአአአአ? አአአአአአአ
4 አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ አአአአአአአአ

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አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ? አአአአአአአአአአአአ
አአአአአአአአአአአ
አአአአአአአ ____________________
5 አአአአአአአአአአአአአአ? አአአአአአአ አአአአ አአአ
አአአአአአአ አአአአ
አአአአአአአአአአ
አአአአአአአ _____________________________________
6 አአአአአ አአአአአ አአአአአአአአ አአ
አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ ? አአአአአ

7 አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
አአአ IV: አአአአአአአአአአ
1 አአአአአአአአአአአ? አአ
አአአ, አአአ አአአ አአአአ, አአአአአአ 2,3,4አ አአአ.
2 አአአአአአአ አአአአአአአ አአአአአ
2 አአ
3 አአ
4 አአ
> 4 አአአአአአ
3 አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ? አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ
አአአአአአአ
አአአአአ
አአአአአአአአአአአ
አአአአአአአ __________________________
4 አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ? አአአአ
አአአአ
አአአአአአአ ________________________
5 አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ አአአአአአአአአ
አአ አአአአአአአአአአ
አአአአአአ
አአአአአአአአአአአ
አአአአአአአአ
አአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአአ

28 | P a g e
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አአአአአአአአአአአአአ
አአአአአአአአአአአአአአ
አአአአአአአአአአ
አአአአአአአ ___________________________
6 አአአአአአአአአአአአ አአአአአአአአአአአአ አአአአአአ
አአ? አአአአአ

መመመመመመመመመመመመመመ!

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