Rectangular to Polar

1.) 4 + j11  A  
A = √(42 + 112 )
= 11.7047
11
 = tan−1 ( ) + 0
4
= 70.0169
A   = 11.7047  70.0169

2.) 21 - j26  A  
A = √(212 + ( -262 ))
= 33.4215
−26
 = tan−1 ( ) + 360
21
= 308.9275
A   = 33.4215  308.9275

3.) -13 – j31  A  

A = √((−132 ) + (−312 ))
= 33.6155
−31
 = tan−1 ( ) + 180
−13
= 247.2490
A   = 33.6155  247.2490

4.) -23 + j12  A  

A = √((−232 ) + 122 )
= 25.9422
12
 = tan−1 ( ) + 180
−23
= 152.4472
A   = 25.9422  152.4472

5.) -43 – j27  A  

 A = √((−432 ) + (−272 ))
= 50.7740
−27
 = tan−1 ( ) + 180
−43
= 212.1250
A   = 50.7740  212.1250

6.) 247 + j143  A  

A = √(2472 + 1432 )
= 285.4085
143
 = tan−1 ( )+0
247
= 30.0686
A   = 285.4085  30.0686

7.) 386 - j294  A  

A = √(3862 + (−2942 ))
= 485.2134
−294
 = tan−1 ( ) + 360
386
= 322.7050
A   = 485.2134  322.7050

8.) -563 – j721  A  

A = √((−5632 ) + (−7212 ))
= 914.7732
−721
 = tan−1 ( ) + 180
−563
= 232.0151
A   = 914.7732  232.0151

9.) -685 + j512  A  

A = √((−6852 ) + 5122 )
= 855.2011
 512
 = tan−1 ( ) + 180
−685
= 143.2239
A   = 855.2011  143.2239

10.) 895 + j1543  A  

A = √(8952 + 15432 )
= 1783.7808
1543
 = tan−1 ( )+0
895
= 59.8846
A   = 1783.7808  59.8846

27 33
11.) +j A
8 4
27 33
A= √(( )2 ) + ( )2 ))
8 4
= 8.9136
33

 = tan −1
( 4
27 )+0
8

= 67.7510
A   = 8.9136  67.7510

11 31
12.) -j A
21 4
11 2 31
A = √(( ) ) + (− )2 ))
21 4
= 7.7677
31
−
 = tan −1
( 4
11 ) + 360
21

= 273.8667
A   = 7.7677  273.8667

97 189
13.) - -j A
23 45
97 2 189 2
A = √(− ( ) ) + (− ) ))
23 45
 = 5.9520
189
−
 = tan −1
( 45
97 ) + 180
−
23

= 224.8816
A   = 5.9520  224.8816

486 382
14.) - +j A
34 42
486 2 382
A = √(− (
34
) ) + ( 42 )2 )
= 16.9424
382

 = tan −1
( 42
486 ) + 180
−
34

= 147.5317
A   = 16.9424  147.5317

599 478
15.) - +j A
65 62
599 2 478
A = √(− (
65
) ) + ( 62 )2 )
= 12.0151
478

 = tan −1
( 62
599 ) + 180
−
65

= 140.0838
A   = 12.0151  140.0838
Addition/Subtraction (Rectangular Form)
1.) ( 3 + j5 ) + ( 2 + j8 )
= ( 3 + 2 ) + ( j5 + j8 )
= 5 + j13

2.) ( 4 + j4 ) + ( 11 + j7 )
= ( 4 + 11 ) + ( j4 + j7 )
= 15 + j11

3.) ( 21 + j12 ) + ( 31 + j23 )

= ( 21 + 31 ) + ( j12 + j23 )
= 52 + j35

4.) ( 27 + j38 ) - ( 13 + j16 )

= 27 + j38 – 13 – j16
= ( 27 - 13) + ( j38 - j16)
= 14 + j22

5.) ( 45 + j23 ) - ( 85 + j42 )

= 45 + j23 – 85 – j42
= ( 45 - 85) + ( j23 - j42)
= -40 – j19

6.) ( 113 + j90 ) + ( 182 + j56 )

= ( 113 + 182 ) + ( j90 + j56 )
= 295 + j146

7.) ( 355 + j95 ) + ( 297 + j123 )

= ( 355 + 297 ) + ( j95 + j123 )
= 530 + j142
8.) ( 1655 + j395 ) + ( 1597 + j723 )
= ( 1655 + 1597 ) + ( j395 + j723 )
= 3252 + j1118

9.) ( 259 + j102 ) - ( 194+ j96 )

= 259 + j102 – 194 – j96
= ( 259 - 194) + ( j102 – j96)
= 65 + j6

10.) ( 5394 + j359 ) - ( 7846+ j742 )

= 5394 + j359 – 7846 – j742
= ( 5394 - 7846) + ( j359 – j742)
= -2452 – j383

7 9
11.) ( + j ) + ( 25 + j34 )
8 13
7 9
= ( + 25 ) + ( j + j34 )
8 13
𝟐𝟎𝟕 𝟒𝟓𝟏
= +j
𝟖 𝟏𝟑

29 45 43 40
12.) ( +j )+( +j )
12 16 32 54
29 43 45 40
=( + )+(j +j )
12 32 16 54
𝟑𝟔𝟏 𝟏𝟓𝟑𝟓
= +j
𝟗𝟔 𝟒𝟑𝟐

265 421 593 140

13.) ( +j )+( +j )
57 23 27 48
265 593 421 140
=( + )+(j +j )
57 27 23 48
𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟖𝟓𝟕
= +j
𝟓𝟏𝟑 𝟐𝟕𝟔

465 85
14.) ( 387 + j )-( + j226 )
12 43
465 85
= 387 + j – – j226
12 43
 85 465
= ( 387 - )+(j – j226)
43 12
𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟓𝟔 𝟕𝟒𝟗
= –j
𝟒𝟑 𝟒

114 411 826 239

15.) ( +j )-( +j )
31 21 12 13
114 411 826 239
= +j – –j
31 21 12 13
114 826 411 239
=( - )+(j -j )
31 12 21 13
𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟏𝟗 𝟏𝟎𝟖
=- +j
𝟏𝟖𝟔 𝟗𝟏
Multiplication of Matrix by Constant
2 5 7
1.) 2 [1 1 3]
9 6 4
(2)(2) (2)(5) (2)(7)
= [(2)(1) (2)(1) (2)(3)]
(2)(9) (2)(6) (2)(4)
𝟒 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟒
=[ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟔]
𝟏𝟖 𝟏𝟐 𝟖

7 3 −9
2.) 5 [−8 4 5]
2 −7 1
(5)(7) (5)(3) (5)(−9)
= [(5)(−8) (5)(4) (5)(5) ]
(5)(2) (5)(−7) (5)(1)
𝟑𝟓 𝟏𝟓 −𝟒𝟓
= [−𝟒𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟓 ]
𝟏𝟎 −𝟑𝟓 𝟓

9 −6 −3
3.) -3 [ 7 8 4]
−1 7 −5
(−3)(9) (−3)(−6) (−3)(−3)
= [ (−3)(7) (−3)(8) (−3)(4) ]
(−3)(−1) (−3)(7) (−3)(−5)
−𝟐𝟕 𝟏𝟖 𝟗
= [−𝟐𝟏 −𝟐𝟒 −𝟏𝟐]
𝟑 −𝟐𝟏 𝟏𝟓

11 −25 −31
4.) 7 [−23 21 12 ]
26 13 4
(7)(11) (7)(−25) (7)(−31)
= [(7)(−23) (7)(21) (7)(12) ]
(7)(26) (7)(13) (7)(4)
 𝟕𝟕 −𝟏𝟕𝟓 −𝟐𝟏𝟕
= [−𝟏𝟔𝟏 𝟏𝟒𝟕 𝟖𝟒 ]
𝟏𝟖𝟐 𝟗𝟏 𝟐𝟖

21 12 −16
5.) 9 [31 −17 −6 ]
11 −23 18
(9)(21) (9)() (9)(−16)
= [(9)(31) (9)(−17) (9)(−6) ]
(9)(11) (9)(−23) (9)(18)
𝟏𝟖𝟗 𝟏𝟎𝟖 −𝟏𝟒𝟒
= [𝟐𝟕𝟗 −𝟏𝟓𝟑 −𝟓𝟒 ]
𝟗𝟗 −𝟐𝟎𝟕 𝟏𝟔𝟐

45 34 72
6.) 24 [23 65 43]
52 41 56
(24)(45) (24)(34) (24)(72)
= [(24)(23) (24)(65) (24)(43)]
(24)(52) (24)(41) (24)(56)
𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟎 𝟖𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖
= [ 𝟓𝟓𝟐 𝟏𝟓𝟔𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟐]
𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟖 𝟗𝟖𝟒 𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟒

−81 93 86
7.) 31 [−52 −80 99]
88 94 59
(31)(−81) (31)(93) (31)(86)
= [(31)(−52) (31)(−80) (31)(99)]
(31)(88) (31)(94) (31)(59)
−𝟐𝟓𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟖𝟖𝟑 𝟐𝟔𝟔𝟔
= [−𝟏𝟔𝟏𝟐 −𝟐𝟒𝟖𝟎 𝟑𝟎𝟔𝟗]
𝟐𝟕𝟐𝟖 𝟐𝟗𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟗

114 411 1226

8.) 11 [ 812 −923 −114]
−1231 1221 −913
 (11)(114) (11)(411) (11)(1226)
= [ (11)(812) (11)(−923) (11)(−114)]
(11)(−1231) (11)(1221) (11)(−913)
𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟒 𝟒𝟓𝟐𝟏 𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟖𝟔
= [ 𝟖𝟗𝟑𝟐 −𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟑 −𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟒 ]
−𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟒𝟏 𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟑𝟏 −𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟑

−254 538 945

9.) -65 [ 864 −328 1362 ]
−1863 −628 −741
(−65)(−254) (−65)(538) (−65)(945)
= [ (−65)(864) (−65)(−328) (−65)(1362) ]
(−65)(−1863) (−65)(−628) (−65)(−741)
𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝟒𝟗𝟕𝟎 −𝟔𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟓
= [−𝟓𝟔𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝟐𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟎 −𝟖𝟖𝟓𝟑𝟎]
𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟓 𝟒𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟎 𝟒𝟖𝟏𝟔𝟓

534 −857 6254

10.) 112 [−1633 726 −679]
897 −453 3561
(112)(534) (112)(−857) (112)(6254)
= [(112)(−1633) (112)(726) (112)(−679)]
(112)(897) (112)(−453) (112)(3561)
𝟓𝟗𝟖𝟎𝟖 −𝟗𝟓𝟗𝟖𝟒 𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟒𝟖
= [−𝟏𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟖𝟏𝟑𝟏𝟐 −𝟕𝟔𝟎𝟒𝟖]
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟔𝟒 −𝟓𝟎𝟕𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟗𝟖𝟖𝟑𝟐

3 12 31
4 18 4
8 11 23
11.) 21 32 21 13
1 4 26
[2 11 31]
3 12 31
(21)( ) (21)( ) (21)( )
4 18 4
8 11 23
= (21)(32) (21)(21) (21)(13)
1 4 26
[ (21)(2) (21)( ) (21)( )]
11 31
 𝟔𝟑 𝟔𝟓𝟏
𝟏𝟒
𝟒 𝟒
𝟐𝟏 𝟒𝟖𝟑
= 𝟏𝟏
𝟒 𝟏𝟑
𝟐𝟏 𝟖𝟒 𝟓𝟒𝟔
[𝟐 𝟏𝟏 𝟑𝟏 ]

12 34 65
−
23 8 32
32 47 54
12.) 143 − 8 − −
11 36
25 23 72
[ − ]
31 5 13
12 34 65
(21)( ) (21)(− ) (21)( )
23 8 32
32 47 54
= (21)(− 8 ) (21)(− 11) (21)(− 36)
25 23 72
[ (21)(31) (21)(− )
5
(21)( ) ]
13
𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟔 −𝟐𝟒𝟑𝟏 𝟗𝟐𝟗𝟓
𝟐𝟑 𝟒 𝟑𝟐
𝟒𝟐𝟗
= −𝟓𝟕𝟐 −𝟔𝟏𝟏 −
𝟐
𝟑𝟓𝟕𝟓 𝟑𝟐𝟖𝟗
[ − 𝟕𝟗𝟐 ]
𝟑𝟏 𝟓

11 4 52
4 21 9
3 43 26 34
13.) 7 31 56
8
33 75 13
[23 6 8]
3 11 3 4 3 52
(8) ( 4 ) (8) (21) (8) ( 9 )
3 43 3 26 3 34
= ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
8 7 8 31 8 56
3 33 3 75 3 13
[(8) (23) (8) ( 6 ) (8) ( 8 )]
𝟑𝟑 𝟏 𝟏𝟑
𝟑𝟐 𝟏𝟒 𝟔
𝟏𝟐𝟗 𝟑𝟗 𝟓𝟏
= 𝟓𝟔 𝟏𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟐𝟒
𝟗𝟗 𝟕𝟓 𝟑𝟗
[𝟏𝟖𝟒 𝟏𝟔 𝟔𝟒 ]
 33 86 65
−
25 7 87
45 35 67 32
14.) −
78 62 32 9
43 13 39
[56 − − ]
45 83
45 33 45 86 45 65
(78) (25) (78) (− 7 ) (78) (87)
45 35 45 67 45 32
= ( ) ( ) ( ) (− ) (78) ( 9 )
78 62 78 32
45 43 45 13 45 39
[(78) (56) (78) (− 45) (78) (− 83)]
𝟗𝟗 𝟔𝟒𝟓 𝟐𝟓
−
𝟏𝟑𝟎 𝟗𝟏 𝟓𝟖
𝟓𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝟖𝟎
= −
𝟏𝟔𝟏𝟐 𝟖𝟑𝟐 𝟑𝟗
𝟔𝟒𝟓 𝟏 𝟒𝟓
[𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟔 − −
𝟔 𝟏𝟔𝟔]

13 37 16
8 55 7
215 56 27 86
15.) 82 43 3
112
33 9 56
[45 8 54]
215 13 215 37 215 16
(112) ( 8 ) (112) (55) (112) ( 7 )
215 56 215 27 215 86
= ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
112 82 112 43 112 3
215 33 215 9 215 56
[(112) (45) (112) (8) (112) (54)]
𝟐𝟕𝟗𝟓 𝟏𝟓𝟗𝟏 𝟐𝟏𝟓
𝟖𝟗𝟔 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟐 𝟒𝟗
𝟐𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟑𝟓 𝟗𝟐𝟒𝟓
=
𝟏𝟔𝟒 𝟏𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟔𝟖
𝟒𝟕𝟑 𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟓 𝟐𝟏𝟓
[ 𝟑𝟑𝟔 𝟖𝟗𝟔 𝟏𝟎𝟖 ]
Normal Method-DIFFICULT
7 10
4
2 31
12 13
1.) 26
18 28
19 11
[0 23 16 ]
7 10
4
2 31 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 1 0 0
12 13
= 26 x [𝑑 𝑒 𝑓] = [0 1 0]
18 28
19 11 𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 0 0 1
[0 23 16 ]

7 10 7 10 7 10
4𝑎 + 𝑑 + 𝑔 = 1 4𝑏 + 𝑒 + ℎ = 0 4𝑐 + 𝑓 + 𝑖 = 0
2 31 2 31 2 31
12 13 12 13 12 13
𝑎 + 𝑑 + 26𝑔 = 0 𝑏 + 𝑒 + 26ℎ = 1 𝑐 + 𝑓 + 26𝑖 = 0
18 28 18 28 18 28
19 11 19 11 19 11
[ 0 + 23
𝑑 +
16
𝑔 = 0 0 +
23
𝑒 +
16
ℎ = 0 0 +
23
𝑓 +
16
𝑖 = 1 ]

7 10 7 10 7 10
4𝑎 + 𝑑 + 𝑔 = 1 4𝑏 + 𝑒 + ℎ = 0 4𝑐 + 𝑓 + 𝑖 = 0 1
[ 2 31 2 31 2 31 ]1
12 13 12 13 12 13
𝑎 + 𝑑 + 26𝑔 = 0 𝑏 + 𝑒 + 26ℎ = 1 𝑐 + 𝑓 + 26𝑖 = 0 4
18 28 18 28 18 28

8 7 20 12 8 7 20 8 7 20
𝑎+ 𝑑+ 𝑔= 𝑏+ 𝑒+ ℎ= 0 𝑐+ 𝑓+ 𝑖= 0
3 3 93 18 3 3 93 3 3 93
8 13 8 13 8 13
𝑎+ 𝑑 + 104𝑔 = 0 𝑏+ 𝑒 + 104ℎ = 4 𝑐+ 𝑓 + 104𝑖 = 0
3 7 3 7 3 7

10 9652 12 10 9652 10 9652

0+ 𝑑− 𝑔= 0+ 𝑒− ℎ = −4 0 + 𝑓− 𝑖=0
21 93 18 21 93 21 93
 10 9652 12 10 9652 10 9652 19
𝑑− 𝑔= 𝑒− ℎ = −4 𝑓− 𝑖=0
[ 21 93 18 21 93 21 93 ] 23
19 11 19 11 19 11 10
𝑑 + 𝑔 = 0 𝑒 + ℎ = 0 𝑓 + 𝑖 = 1
23 16 23 16 23 16 21

190 183388 38 190 183388 76 190 183388

𝑑− 𝑔= 𝑒− ℎ= 𝑓− 𝑖= 0
483 2139 69 483 2139 23 483 2139
190 55 190 55 190 55 10
𝑑+ 𝑔=0 𝑒+ ℎ=0 𝑓+ 𝑖=
483 168 483 168 483 168 21

30926829 38 30926829 76 30926829 10

− 𝑔= − ℎ= − 𝑖= −
359 352 69 359 352 23 359 352 21
𝑔 = −0.06399 ℎ = −0.03839 𝑖 = 0.00553

19 11
𝑑 + 𝑔 = 0
23 16
19 11
𝑑 =− (−0.06399)
23 16
11
− (−0.06399)
𝑑= 16
19
23
𝑑 = 0.00533
Sign Pattern-EASY TO AVERAGE
2 6
1.) [ ]
9 8
= (2)(8) + (-6)(9)
= 16 - 54
= -38

92 65
2.) [ ]
73 87
= (92)( 87) + (-65)(73)
= 8 004 – 4 745
= 3 259

6 9 2
3.) [8 4 7]
5 7 3
= (6) [(4)(3) – (7)(7)] – (9) [(8)(3) – (5)(7)] + (2) [(8)(7) – (5)(4)]
= (6) [12 - 49] – (9) [24 - 35] + (2) [56 - 20]
= (6) [-37] – (9) [-11] + (2) [36]
= -222 + 99 + 72
= -51

23 −87 28
4.) [−9 54 −17]
51 −67 31
= (23) [(54)(31) – (-67)(-17)] – (-87) [(-9)(31) – (51)(-17)] + (28) [(-9)(-
67) – (51)(54)]
= (23) [1 674 - 1 139] + (87) [-279 + 867] + (28) [603 - 2 754]
= (23) [535] + (87) [588] + (28) [-2 151]
= 12 305 + 51 156 – 60 228
= 3 233
 32 −99 68
5.) [ 65 −72 57 ]
−57 83 −84
= (32) [(-72)(-84) – (83)(57)] – (-99) [(65)(-84) – (-57)(57)] + (68)
[(65)(83) – (-57)(-72)]
= (32) [6 048 - 4 731] + (99) [-5 460 + 3 249] + (68) [5 395 - 4 104]
= (32) [1 317] + (99) [-2 211] + (68) [1 291]
= 42 144 – 218 889 + 87 788
= -88 957

114 105 411

6.) [282 312 187]
212 378 123
= (114) [(312)(123) – (378)(187)] – (105) [(282)(123) – (212)(187)] +
(411) [(282)(378) – (212)(312)]
= (114) [38 376 - 70 686] – (105) [34 686 - 39 644] + (411) [106 596 -
66 144]
= (114) [-32 310] – (105) [-4 958] + (411) [40 452]
= -3 683 340 + 520 590 + 16 625 772
= 13 463 022

−597 −354 −628

7.) [ 693 −768 243 ]
147 −699 165
= (-597) [(-768)(165) – (-699)(243)] – (-354) [(693)(165) – (147)(243)]
+ (-628) [(693)(-699) – (147)(-768)]
= (-597) [-126 720 + 169 857] + (354) [114 345 - 35 721] - (628) [-484
407 + 112 896]
= (-597) [43 137] + (354) [78 624] - (628) [-371 511]
= -25 752 789 + 27 832 896 + 233 308 908
= 235 389 015
 −798 482 −672
8.) [ 254 1154 395 ]
−967 674 −893
= (-798) [(1154)(-893) – (674)(395)] – (482) [(254)(-893) – (-967)(395)]
+ (-672) [(254)(674) – (-967)(1154)]
= (-798) [-1 030 522 - 266 230] – (482) [- 226 822 + 381 965] – (672)
[171 196 + 1 115 918]
= (-798) [-1 296 752] – (482) [155 143] – (672) [1 287 114]
= 1 034 808 096 – 74 778 926 – 864 940 608
= 95 088 562

−1 684 321 −382

9.) [ 683 −583 4 671]
3 861 −893 987
= (-1 684) [(-583)(987) – (-893)(4 671)] – (321) [(683)(987) – (3 861)(4
671)] + (-382) [(683)(-893) – (3 861)(-583)]
= (-1 684) [-575 421 + 4 171 203] – (321) [674 121 – 18 034 731] -
(382) [-609 919 + 2 250 963]
= (-1 684) [3 595 782] – (321) [-17 360 610] – (382) [1 641 044]
= - 6 055 296 888 + 5 572 755 810 – 626 878 808
= -1 109 419 886

397 −781 645

10.) [−1 152 −3 872 −2 715]
2 258 −2 764 1 175
= (397) [(-3 872)(1 175) – (-2 764)(-2 715)] – (-781) [(-1 152)(1 175) –
(2 258)(-2 715)] + (645) [(-1 152)(-2 764) – (2 258)(-3 872)]
= (397) [-4 549 600 - 7 504 260] + (781) [-1 353 600 + 6 130 470] +
(645) [3 184 128 + 8 742 976]
= (397) [-12 053 860] + (781) [4 776 870] + (645) [11 927 104]
= -4 785 382 420 + 3 730 735 470 + 7 692 982 080
= 6 638 335 130
 Adjoint of Matrix – EASY

7 5 3
1.) .) A = [9 4 2]
0 8 1

|𝐴| = [ (7)(4)(1) + (5)(2)(0) + (3)(9)(8) ] – [ (0)(4)(3) + (8)(2)(7) +

(1)(9)(5) ]
|𝐴| = [ 28 + 0 + 216 ] – [ 0 + 112 + 45 ]
|𝐴| = 87

7 9 0
𝑇
𝐴 = [ 5 4 8]
3 2 1

4 8 5 8 5 4
+[ ] −[ ] +[ ]
2 1 3 1 3 2
Adj. A = − [9 0
] +[
7 0
] −[
7 9
]
2 1 3 1 3 2
9 0 7 0 7 9
+
[ 4[ ] −[ ] +[ ]
8 5 8 5 4]

=
+[(4)(1) − (2)(8)] −[(5)(1) − (3)(8)] +[(5)(2) − (3)(4)]
[−[(9)(1) − (2)(0)] +[(7)(1) − (3)(0)] −[(7)(2) − (3)(9)]]
+[(9)(8) − (4)(0)] −[(7)(8) − (5)(0)] +[(7)(4) − (5)(9)]

+[(4) − (16)] −[(5) − (24)] +[ (10) − (12)]

= [ −[(9) − (0)] +[(7) − (0)] −[(14) − (27)] ]
+[(72) − (0)] −[(56) − (0)] +[(28) − (45)]
 +[−12] −[−19] +[−2]
Adj. A = [ −[9] +[7] −[−13]]
+[72] −[56] +[−17]

−12 19 −2
Adj. A = [ −9 7 13 ]
72 −56 −17

𝐴𝑑𝑗.𝐴
𝐴−1 = |𝐴|

−12 19 −2
[ −9 7 13 ]
72 −56 −17
=
87

𝟒 𝟏𝟗 𝟐
− −
𝟐𝟗 𝟖𝟕 𝟖𝟕
−𝟏 𝟑 𝟕 𝟏𝟑
𝑨 = − 𝟐𝟗 𝟖𝟕 𝟖𝟕
𝟐𝟒 𝟓𝟔 𝟏𝟕
[ − −
𝟐𝟗 𝟖𝟕 𝟖𝟕]
 7 3 6
2.) A = [4 2 8]
1 5 9

|𝐴| = [ (7)(2)(9) + (3)(8)(1) + (6)(4)(5) ] – [ (1)(2)(6) + (5)(8)(7) +

(9)(4)(3) ]
|𝐴| = [ 126 + 24 + 120 ] – [ 12 + 280 + 108 ]
|𝐴| = -130

7 4 1
𝑇
𝐴 = [ 3 2 5]
6 8 9

2 5 3 5 4 2
+[ ] −[ ] +[ ]
8 9 6 9 1 5
7 4
Adj. A = − [4 1
] +[
7 1
] −[ ]
8 9 6 9 6 8
4 1 7 1 7 4
[+ [2 5
] −[
3 5
] +[
3 2]
]

=
+[(2)(9) − (8)(5)] −[(3)(9) − (6)(5)] +[(4)(5) − (1)(2)]
[−[(4)(9) − (8)(1)] +[(7)(9) − (6)(1)] −[(7)(8) − (6)(4)]]
+[(4)(5) − (2)(1)] −[(7)(5) − (3)(1)] +[(7)(2) − (3)(4)]

+[(18) − (40)] −[(27) − (30)] +[ (20) − (2)]

= [ −[(36) − (8)] +[(63) − (6)] −[(56) − (24)] ]
+[(20) − (2)] −[(35) − (3)] +[(14) − (12)]

+[−22] −[−3] +[18]

Adj. A = [ −[28] +[57] −[32]]
+[−1] −[32] +[2]
 −22 3 18
Adj. A = [−28 57 −32]
−1 −32 2

𝐴𝑑𝑗.𝐴
𝐴−1 = |𝐴|

−22 3 18
[−28 57 −32]
−1 −32 2
=
−130

𝟏𝟏 𝟑 𝟗
− −
𝟔𝟓 𝟏𝟑𝟎 𝟔𝟓
𝟏𝟒 𝟓𝟕 𝟏𝟔
𝑨−𝟏 = −
𝟔𝟓 𝟏𝟑𝟎 𝟔𝟓
𝟏 𝟏𝟔 𝟏
[𝟏𝟑𝟎 −
𝟔𝟓 𝟔𝟓]
 4 7 12
3.) A = [16 11 6 ]
8 5 13

|𝐴| = [ (4)(11)(13) + (7)(6)(8) + (12)(16)(5) ] – [ (8)(11)(12) + (5)(6)(4) +

(13)(16)(7) ]
|𝐴| = [ 572 + 336 + 960 ] – [ 1056 + 120 + 1456 ]
|𝐴| = -764

4 16 8
𝑇
𝐴 = [ 7 11 5 ]
12 6 13

11 5 7 5 7 11
+[ ] −[ ] +[ ]
6 13 12 13 12 6
16 8 4 8 4 16
Adj. A = − [ ] +[ ] −[ ]
6 13 12 13 12 6
16 8 4 8 4 16
[ + [11 5
] −[
7 5
] +[ ]
7 11 ]

=
+[(11)(13) − (6)(5)] −[(7)(13) − (12)(5)] +[(7)(6) − (12)(11)]
[−[(16)(13) − (6)(8)] +[(4)(13) − (12)(8)] −[(4)(6) − (12)(16)]]
+[(16)(5) − (11)(8)] −[(4)(5) − (7)(8)] +[(4)(11) − (7)(16)]

+[(143) − (30)] −[(91) − (60)] +[ (42) − (132)]

= [−[(208) − (48)] +[(52) − (96)] −[(24) − (192)] ]
+[(80) − (88)] −[(20) − (56)] +[(44) − (112)]

+[113] −[31] +[−90]

= [−[160] +[−44] −[−168]]
+[−8] −[−36] +[−68]

113 −31 −90

Adj. A = [−160 −44 168 ]
−8 36 −68
 𝐴𝑑𝑗.𝐴
𝐴−1 = |𝐴|

113 −31 −90

[−160 −44 168 ]
−8 36 −68
=
−764

𝟏𝟏𝟑 𝟑𝟏 𝟒𝟓
−
𝟕𝟔𝟒 𝟕𝟔𝟒 𝟑𝟖𝟐
−𝟏 𝟒𝟎 𝟏𝟏 𝟒𝟐
𝑨 = −
𝟏𝟗𝟏 𝟕𝟔𝟒 𝟏𝟗𝟏
𝟐 𝟗 𝟏𝟕
[ − ]
𝟏𝟗𝟏 𝟏𝟗𝟏 𝟏𝟗𝟏
 18 8 13
4.) A = [ 3 4 2]
11 7 16

|𝐴| = [ (18)(4)(16) + (8)(2)(11) + (13)(3)(7) ] – [ (11)(4)(13) + (7)(2)(18)

+ (16)(3)(8) ]
|𝐴| = [ 1152 + 176 + 273 ] – [ 572 + 252 + 384 ]
|𝐴| = 393

18 3 11
𝑇
𝐴 =[8 4 7]
13 2 16

4 7 8 7 8 4
+[ ] −[ ] +[ ]
2 16 13 16 13 2
3 11 18 11 18 3
Adj. A = − [ ] +[ ] −[ ]
2 16 13 16 13 2
3 11 18 11 18 3
[+ [4 7
] −[
8 7
] +[
8 4]
]

=
+[(4)(16) − (2)(7)] −[(8)(16) − (13)(7)] +[(8)(2) − (13)(4)]
[−[(3)(16) − (2)(11)] +[(18)(16) − (13)(11)] −[(18)(2) − (13)(3)]]
+[(3)(7) − (4)(11)] −[(18)(7) − (8)(11)] +[(18)(4) − (8)(3)]

+[(64) − (14)] −[(128) − (91)] +[ (16) − (52)]

= [−[(48) − (22)] +[(288) − (143)] −[(36) − (39)] ]
+[(21) − (44)] −[(126) − (88)] +[(72) − (24)]

+[50] −[37] +[−36]

= [ −[26] +[145] −[−3] ]
+[−23] −[38] +[48]

50 −37 −36
Adj. A = [−26 145 3 ]
−23 −38 48
 𝐴𝑑𝑗.𝐴
𝐴−1 = |𝐴|

50 −37 −36
[−26 145 3 ]
−23 −38 48
=
393

𝟓𝟎 𝟑𝟕 𝟏𝟐
− −
𝟑𝟗𝟑 𝟑𝟗𝟑 𝟏𝟑𝟏
−𝟏 𝟐𝟔 𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝟏
𝑨 = − −
𝟑𝟗𝟑 𝟑𝟗𝟑 𝟏𝟑𝟏
𝟐𝟑 𝟑𝟖 𝟏𝟔
[− 𝟑𝟗𝟑 − 𝟑𝟗𝟑 𝟏𝟑𝟏 ]
 4 17 8
5.) A = [11 31 18]
7 25 5

|𝐴| = [ (4)(31)(5) + (17)(18)(7) + (8)(11)(25) ] – [ (7)(31)(8) +

(25)(18)(4) + (5)(11)(17) ]
|𝐴| = [ 620 + 2142 + 2200 ] – [ 1736 + 1800 + 935 ]
|𝐴| = 491

4 11 7
𝑇
𝐴 = [17 31 25]
8 18 5

31 25 17 25 17 31
+[ ] −[ ] +[ ]
18 5 8 5 8 18
4 7
Adj. A = − [11 7
] +[ ] −[
4 11
]
18 5 8 5 8 18
11 7 4 7 4 11
[+ [31 25
] −[
17 25
] +[
17 31 ]
]

=
+[(31)(5) − (18)(25)] −[(17)(5) − (8)(25)] +[(17)(18) − (8)(31)]
[ −[(11)(5) − (18)(7)] +[(4)(5) − (8)(7)] −[(4)(18) − (8)(11)] ]
+[(11)(25) − (31)(7)] −[(4)(25) − (17)(7)] +[(4)(31) − (17)(11)]

+[(155) − (450)] −[(85) − (200)] +[ (306) − (248)]

= [ −[(55) − (126)] +[(20) − (56)] −[(72) − (88)] ]
+[(275) − (217)] −[(100) − (119)] +[(124) − (187)]

+[−295] −[−115] +[58]

= [ −[−71] +[−36] −[−16]]
+[58] −[−19] +[−63]

−295 115 58
Adj. A = [ 71 −36 16 ]
58 19 −63
 𝐴𝑑𝑗.𝐴
𝐴−1 = |𝐴|

−295 115 58
[ 71 −36 16 ]
58 19 −63
=
491

𝟐𝟗𝟓 𝟏𝟏𝟓 𝟓𝟖
−
𝟒𝟗𝟏 𝟒𝟗𝟏 𝟒𝟗𝟏
−𝟏 𝟕𝟏 𝟑𝟔 𝟏𝟔
𝑨 = −
𝟒𝟗𝟏 𝟒𝟗𝟏 𝟒𝟗𝟏
𝟓𝟖 𝟏𝟗 𝟔𝟑
[ −
𝟒𝟗𝟏 𝟒𝟗𝟏 𝟒𝟗𝟏]
 Cofactor Expansion – AVERAGE
32 54 33
1.) D= [53 43 57] @ row 1
45 23 65
43 57 53 57
D= (−1)1+1 [ ] (32) + (−1)1+2 [ ] (54) +
23 65 45 65
53 43
(−1)1+3 [ ] (33)
45 23
D= (−1)2 [(43)(65) − (23)(57)] (32) + (−1)3 [(53)(65) − (45)(57)]
(54) + (−1)4 [(53)(23) − (45)(43)] (33)

D= (1)[ 2795 − 1311 ] (32) + (−1)[ 3445 − 2565 ] (54) +

(1)[ 1219 − 1935 ] (33)

D= (1)[ 1484] (32) + (−1)[ 880 ] (54) + (1)[−716 ] (33)

D= 47 488 + (−47 520) + (−23 628)

D= −𝟐𝟑 𝟔𝟔𝟎

75 49 68
2.) D= [89 90 73] @ row 1
39 84 58
90 73 89 73
D= (−1)1+1 [ ] (75) + (−1)1+2 [ ] (49) +
84 58 39 58
89 90
(−1)1+3 [ ] (68)
39 84
D= (−1)2 [(90)(58) − (84)(73)] (75) + (−1)3 [(89)(58) − (39)(73)]
(49) + (−1)4 [(89)(84) − (39)(90)] (68)

D= (1)[ 5220 − 6132 ] (75) + (−1)[ 5162 − 2847 ] (49) +

(1)[ 7476 − 3510 ] (68)

D= (1)[−912 ] (75) + (−1)[ 2315 ] (49) + (1)[ 3966 ] (68)

D= (−68 400) + (−113 435) + 269 688

D= 𝟖𝟕 𝟖𝟓𝟑

189 94 162
3.) D= [175 133 106] @ row 1
194 89 191
133 106 175 106
D= (−1)1+1 [ ] (189) + (−1)1+2 [ ] (94) +
89 191 194 191
175 133
(−1)1+3 [ ] (162)
194 89
D= (−1)2 [(133)(191) − (89)(106)] (189) + (−1)3 [(175)(191) −
(194)(106)] (94) + (−1)4 [(175)(89) − (194)(133)] (162)

D= (1)[ 25 403 − 9434 ] (189) + (−1)[ 33 425 − 20 564 ] (94) +

(1)[ 15 575 − 25 802] (162)

D= (1)[ 15 969] (189) + (−1)[ 12 861 ] (94) + (1)[−10 227] (162)

D= 3 018 141 + (−1 208 934) + (−1 656 774)

D= 𝟏𝟓𝟐 𝟒𝟑𝟑

376 585 744

4.) D= [684 893 906] @ row 1
798 691 582
893 906 684 906
D= (−1)1+1 [ ] (376) + (−1)1+2 [ ] (585) +
691 582 798 582
684 893
(−1)1+3 [ ] (744)
798 691
D= (−1)2 [(893)(582) − (691)(906)] (376) + (−1)3 [(684)(582) −
(798)(906)] (585) + (−1)4 [(684)(691) − (798)(893)] (744)
D= (1)[ 519 726 − 626 046 ] (376) + (−1)[ 398 088 − 722 988 ]
(585) + (1)[ 472 644 − 712 614] (744)

D= (1)[−106 320] (376) + (−1)[−324 900 ] (585) + (1)[−239 970]

(744)

D= (−39 976 320) + 190 066 500 + (−178 537 680)

D= −𝟐𝟖 𝟒𝟒𝟕 𝟓𝟎𝟎

721 3 821 5 482

5.) D= [6 719 8 943 890 ] @ row 1
999 3 521 2 671
8 943 890 6 719 890
D= (−1)1+1 [ ] (721) + (−1)1+2 [ ] (3 821) +
3 521 2 671 999 2 671
6 719 8 943
(−1)1+3 [ ] (5 482)
999 3 521
D= (−1)2 [(8 943)(2 671) − (3 521)(890)] (721) + (−1)3
[(6 719)(2 671) − (999)(890)] (3 821) + (−1)4 [(6 719)(3 521) −
(999)(8 943)] (5 482)

D= (1)[ 23 886 753 − 3 133 690 ] (721) + (−1)[ 17 946 449 −

889 110 ] (3 821) + (1)[ 23 657 599 − 8 934 057] (5 482)

D= (1)[20 753 063] (721) + (−1)[17 057 339 ] (3 821) +

(1)[14 723 542] (5 482)

D= (1.496295842 𝑥 1010 ) + (−6.517609232 𝑥 1010 ) +

(8.071445724 𝑥 1010 )

D= 𝟑. 𝟎𝟓𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟑𝟑𝟓 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎
 Laplace Method – EASY

9 8 7
1.) D = [6 5 4] @ row 1 and 2
3 2 1

9 8 9 7
D= (−1)1+2+1+2 [ ] (1) + (−1)1+2+1+3 [ ] (2) + (−1)1+2+2+3
6 5 6 4
8 7
[ ] (3)
5 4

D = (−1)6 [(9)(5) − (6)(8)] (1) + (−1)7 [(9)(4) − (6)(7)] (2) +

(−1)8 [(8)(4) − (5)(7)] (3)

D = (1) [45 − 48] (1) + (-1) [36 − 42] (2) + (1) [32 − 35] (3)

D = (1) [−3] (1) + (-1) [−6] (2) + (1) [−3] (3)

D = (-3) + 12 + (-9)

D=0

5 1 4
2.) D = [7 9 8] @ row 1 and 2
6 3 2

5 1 5 4
D= (−1)1+2+1+2 [ ] (2) + (−1)1+2+1+3 [ ] (3) + (−1)1+2+2+3
7 9 7 8
1 4
[ ] (6)
9 8

D = (−1)6 [(5)(9) − (7)(1)] (2) + (−1)7 [(5)(8) − (7)(4)] (3) +

(−1)8 [(1)(8) − (9)(4)] (6)

D = (1) [45 − 7] (2) + (-1) [40 − 28] (3) + (1) [8 − 36] (6)
 D = (1) [38] (2) + (-1) [12] (3) + (1) [−28] (6)

D = 76 + (-36) + (-168)

D = -128

4 8 5
3.) D = [ 9 11 3 ] @ row 1 and 2
13 7 12

4 8 4 5
D= (−1)1+2+1+2 [ ] (12) + (−1)1+2+1+3 [ ] (7) +
9 11 9 3
8 5
(−1)1+2+2+3 [ ] (13)
11 3

D = (−1)6 [(4)(11) − (9)(8)] (12) + (−1)7 [(4)(3) − (9)(5)] (7) +

(−1)8 [(8)(3) − (11)(5)] (13)

D = (1) [44 − 72] (12) + (-1) [12 − 45] (7) + (1) [24 − 55] (13)

D = (1) [−28] (12) + (-1) [−33] (7) + (1) [−31] (13)

D = (-336) + 231 + (-403)

D = -508

12 19 16
4.) D = [14 17 13] @ row 1 and 2
15 18 11

12 19 12 16
D= (−1)1+2+1+2 [ ] (11) + (−1)1+2+1+3 [ ] (18) +
14 17 14 13
19 16
(−1)1+2+2+3 [ ] (15)
17 13
 D = (−1)6 [(12)(17) − (14)(19)] (11) + (−1)7 [(12)(13) −
(14)(16)] (18) + (−1)8 [(19)(13) − (17)(16)] (15)

D = (1) [204 − 266] (11) + (-1) [156 − 224] (18) + (1) [247 − 272]
(15)

D = (1) [−62] (11) + (-1) [−68] (18) + (1) [−25] (15)

D = (-682) + 1224 + (-375)

D = 167

25 18 11
5.) D = [16 31 21] @ row 1 and 2
28 26 23

25 18 25 11
D= (−1)1+2+1+2 [ ] (23) + (−1)1+2+1+3 [ ] (26) +
16 31 16 21
18 11
(−1)1+2+2+3 [ ] (28)
31 21

D = (−1)6 [(25)(31) − (16)(18)] (23) + (−1)7 [(25)(21) −

(16)(11)] (26) + (−1)8 [(18)(21) − (31)(11)] (28)

D = (1) [775 − 288] (23) + (-1) [525 − 176] (26) + (1) [378 − 341]
(28)

D = (1) [487] (23) + (-1) [349] (26) + (1) [37] (28)

D = 11 201 + (-9 074) + 1 036

D = 3 163
 Gauss Jordan (3) and Inverse (2) – DIFFICULT

24 67 29 54
1.) x + y + z =
45 43 36 30
23 22 44 21
x + y + z =
56 63 31 11
34 42 26 28
x + y + z =
12 18 13 16

24 67 29 54
45 43 36 30
23 22 44 | 21 24
56 63 31 | 11
R1 /
45
34 42 26 28
( 12 18 13 16 )
1005 145 27
1 8
344 96
23 22 44 | 21 23 34
56 63 31 | 11
R2 - (R1) ; R3 - (R1)
56 12
34 42 26 28
( 12 18 13 16 )
1005 145 27
1 8
344 96
147 491 133 159 | 2 577 147 491
0 − | 4 928
R2 / −
173 376 166 656 173 376
12 269 1 313 125
0 − − −
( 2 064 576 16 )
1005 145 27
1 8
344 96
17 177 511 |− 997 299 1005 12 269
0 1 − | 1 622 401 R1 - (R2) ; R3 + (R2)
18 288 884 344 2 064
12 269 1 313 125
0 − − −
( 2 064 576 16 )
58 356 100 8 389 224
1 0
13 716 663 1 622 401
17 177 511 |− 997 299 1 294 179 757
0 1 − | 1 622 401
R3 / −
18 288 884 164 599 956
1 294 179 757 74 412 941
0 0 − −
( 164 599 956 6 489 04 )
 8 389 224
58 356 100
1 0 1 622 401
13 716 663 997 299
|− 58 356 100
0 1 −
17 177 511
| 1 622 401
R1 - (R3) ; R2 +
13 716 663
18 288 884 20 761 210 539
0 0 1
( 14 235 977 327 )
17 177 511
− (R3)
18 288 884

14 714 004 252

−
1 0 0 14 235 977 327
3 307 281 489
0 1 0 || 4 380 300 716
0 0 1 20 761 210 539
( 14 235 977 327 )
𝟏𝟒 𝟕𝟏𝟒 𝟎𝟎𝟒 𝟐𝟓𝟐 𝟑 𝟑𝟎𝟕 𝟐𝟖𝟏 𝟒𝟖𝟗 𝟐𝟎 𝟕𝟔𝟏 𝟐𝟏𝟎 𝟓𝟑𝟗
𝒙=− ; 𝒚= ; 𝒛=
𝟏𝟒 𝟐𝟑𝟓 𝟗𝟕𝟕 𝟑𝟐𝟕 𝟒 𝟑𝟖𝟎 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝟕𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟒 𝟐𝟑𝟓 𝟗𝟕𝟕 𝟑𝟐𝟕
 23 17 33 13
2.) x - y + z =
54 22 45 23
27 39 40 12
- x- y - z =
28 11 25 21
49 56 26 4
x - y + z =
15 24 31 11

23 17 33 13
−
54 22 45 23
27 39 40 | 12 23
− − − | R1 /
28 11 25 21 54
49 56 26 4
−
( 15 24 31 11 )
459 198 702
1 −
253 115 529
27 39 40 | 12 27 49
− − − | R2 + (R1) ; R3 - (R1)
28 11 25 21 28 15
49 56 26 4
−
( 15 24 31 11 )
459 198 702
1 −
253 115 529
37 509 97 | 13 709 37 509
0 − | 7 406
R2 / −
7 084 1 610 7 084
13 636 85 304 115 546
0 −
( 3 795 17 825 29 095 )
459 198 702
1 − 529
253 115
2 134 | 301 598 459 13 636
0 1 − | R1 + (R2) ; R3 - (R2)
187 545 862 707 253 3 795
13 636 85 304 115 546
0 −
( 3 795 17 825 29 095 )
106 344 199 224
1 0 287 569
62 515
2 134 | 301 598 413 782 448
0 1 − | R3 / −
187 545 862 707 87 208 425
413 782 448 386 498 018
0 0 − −
( 87 208 425 142 346 655 )
199 224
106 344
1 0 287 569
62 515 301 598
| 106 344 2 134
0 1 −
2 134
| 862 707
R1 - (R3) ; R2 + (R3)
62 515 187 545
187 545 29 953 596 395
0 0 1
( 52 343 479 672 )
 1 836 383 085
−
1 0 0 6 542 934 959
816 281 157
0 1 0 || − 2 379 249 076
0 0 1 29 953 596 395
( 52 343 479 672 )
𝟏 𝟖𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟖𝟑 𝟎𝟖𝟓 𝟖𝟏𝟔 𝟐𝟖𝟏 𝟏𝟓𝟕 𝟐𝟗 𝟗𝟓𝟑 𝟓𝟗𝟔 𝟑𝟗𝟓
𝒙=− ; 𝒚= − ; 𝒛=
𝟔 𝟓𝟒𝟐 𝟗𝟑𝟒 𝟗𝟓𝟗 𝟐 𝟑𝟕𝟗 𝟐𝟒𝟗 𝟎𝟕𝟔 𝟓𝟐 𝟑𝟒𝟑 𝟒𝟕𝟗 𝟔𝟕𝟐
 57 34 38 23
3.) − x + y + z =
32 67 49 11

44 55 42 36
x - y + z =
39 35 66 61
47 60 63 41
x + y - z =
33 32 28 54

57 34 38 23
−
32 67 49 11
44 55 42 | 36 57
− | 61
R1 / −
39 35 66 32
47 60 63 41
−
( 33 32 28 54 )
1 088 64 736
1 − − −
3 819 147 627
44 55 42 | 36 44 47
− | R2 - (R1) ; R3 - (R1)
39 35 66 61 39 33
47 60 63 41
−
( 33 32 28 54 )
1 088 64 736
1 − − −
3 819 147 627
883 157 60 817 | 239 092 883 157
0 − | 100 833
R2 / −
775 257 46 893 775 257
2 299 493 31 627 301 811
0 −
( 1 008 216 19 404 124 146 )
1 088 64 736
1 − − −
3 819 147 627
77 420 041 | 112 134 148 1 088
0 1 | R1 + (R2) ; R3 -
68 003 089 53 872 577 3 819
2 299 493 31 627 301 811
0 −
( 1 008 216 19 404 124 146 )
2 299 493
(R2)
1 008 216

361 641 600 95 184 032

1 0 − −
476 021 623 53 872 577
77 420 041 | 112 134 148 40 493 613 201
0 1 | R3 /
68 003 089 53 872 577 41 889 902 824
40 493 613 201 114 855 815 317
0 0
( 41 889 902 824 16 000 155 369 )
 95 184 032
1 0 −
361 641 600 −
53 872 577
476 021 623 112 134 148
| 361 641 600
0 1
77 420 041
| 53 872 577
R1 + (R3) ; R2
476 021 623
68 003 089 495 258 275 646 904
0 0 1
( 66 692 980 942 047 )
77 420 041
- (R3)
68 003 089

4 417 714 282 644 726

1 0 0 1 140 120 955 966 735
| 38 591 951 156 264 990
0 1 0 | 6 055 724 421 856 101
0 0 1 495 258 275 646 904
( 66 692 980 942 047 )
𝟒 𝟒𝟏𝟕 𝟕𝟏𝟒 𝟐𝟖𝟐 𝟔𝟒𝟒 𝟕𝟐𝟔 𝟑𝟖 𝟓𝟗𝟏 𝟗𝟓𝟏 𝟏𝟓𝟔 𝟐𝟔𝟒 𝟗𝟗𝟎 𝟒𝟗𝟓 𝟐𝟓𝟖 𝟐𝟕𝟓 𝟔𝟒𝟔 𝟗𝟎𝟒
𝒙= ;𝒚 = ;𝒛 =
𝟏 𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝟗𝟓𝟓 𝟗𝟔𝟔 𝟕𝟑𝟓 𝟔 𝟎𝟓𝟓 𝟕𝟐𝟒 𝟒𝟐𝟏 𝟖𝟓𝟔 𝟏𝟎𝟏 𝟔𝟔 𝟔𝟗𝟐 𝟗𝟖𝟎 𝟗𝟒𝟐 𝟎𝟒𝟕
 Cramer’s Rule – Average

1.) 21x + 11y + 4z = 31

26x + 12 y + 22z = 16
23x + 13y + 25z = 18

21 11 4
D = [26 12 22]
23 13 25

D = [ (21)(12)(25) + (11)(22)(23) + (4)(26)(13) ] – [ (23)(12)(4) +

(13)(22)(21) + (25)(26)(11) ]
D = [ 6 300 + 5 566 + 1 352 ] – [ 1 104 + 6 006 + 7 150 ]
D = [ 13 218 ] – [ 14 260 ]
D = -1 042

31 11 4
D (x) = [16 12 22]
18 13 25

D (x) = [ (31)(12)(25) + (11)(22)(18) + (4)(16)(13) ] – [ (18)(12)(4) +

(13)(22)(31) + (25)(16)(11) ]
D (x) = [ 9 300 + 4 356 + 832 ] – [ 864 + 8 866+ 4 400 ]
D (x) = [ 14 488 ] – [ 14 130 ]
D (x) = 358

21 31 4
D (y) = [26 16 22]
23 18 25

D (y) = [ (21)(16)(25) + (31)(22)(23) + (4)(26)(18) ] – [ (23)(16)(4) +

(18)(22)(21) + (25)(26)(31) ]
D (y) = [ 8 400 + 15 686 + 1 872 ] – [ 1 472 + 8 316 + 20 150 ]
D (y) = [ 25 958 ] – [ 29 938 ]
D (y) = -3 980

21 11 31
D (z) = [26 12 16]
23 13 18

D (z) = [ (21)(12)(18) + (11)(16)(23) + (31)(26)(13) ] - [ (23)(12)(31) +

(13)(16)(21) + (18)(26)(11) ]
D (z) = [ 4 536 + 4 048 + 10 478 ] – [ 8 556 + 4 368 + 5 148 ]
D (z) = [ 19 062 ] – [ 18 072 ]
D (z) = 990

𝐷 (𝑥) 358 179

X= = = −
𝐷 −1 042 521
𝐷 (𝑦) −3 980 1 990
Y= = =
𝐷 −1 042 521
𝐷 (𝑧) 990 495
Z= = = −
𝐷 −1 042 521

𝟏𝟕𝟗 𝟏 𝟗𝟗𝟎 𝟒𝟗𝟓

x = − 𝟓𝟐𝟏 ; y = 𝟓𝟐𝟏
; z = − 𝟓𝟐𝟏
2.) 22x + 26y - z = 4
-31x - 21 y + 12z = 11
8x + 23y - 13z = 7

22 26 −1
D = [−31 −21 12 ]
8 23 −13

D = [ (22)(-21)(-13) + (26)(12)(8) + (-1)(-31)(23) ] – [ (8)(-21)(-1) +

(23)(12)(22) + (-13)(-31)(26) ]
D = [ 6 006 + 2 496 + 713 ] – [ 168 + 6 072 + 10 478 ]
D = [ 9 215 ] – [ 16 718 ]
D = -7 503

4 26 −1
D (x) = [11 −21 12 ]
7 23 −13

D (x) = [ (4)(-21)(-13) + (26)(12)(7) + (-1)(11)(23) ] – [ (7)(-21)(-1) +

(23)(12)(4) + (-13)(11)(26) ]
D (x) = [ 1 092 + 2 184 + (-253) ] – [ 147 + 1 104 + (-3 718) ]
D (x) = [ 3 023 ] – [ -2467 ]
D (x) = 5 490

22 4 −1
D (y) = [−31 11 12 ]
8 7 −13

D (y) = [ (22)(11)(-13) + (4)(12)(8) + (-1)(-31)(7) ] – [ (8)(11)(-1) +

(7)(12)(22) + (-13)(-31)(4) ]
D (y) = [ (-3 146) + 384 + 217 ] – [ (-88) + 1 848 + 1 612 ]
D (y) = [ -2 545 ] – [ 3 372 ]
D (y) = -5 917
 22 26 4
D (z) = [−31 −21 11]
8 23 7

D (z) = [ (22)(-21)(7) + (26)(11)(8) + (4)(-31)(23) ] - [ (8)(-21)(4) +

(23)(11)(22) + (7)(-31)(26) ]
D (z) = [ (-3 234) + 2 288 + (-2 852) ] – [ (-672) + 5 566 + (-5 642) ]
D (z) = [ -3 798 ] – [ -748 ]
D (z) = -3 050

𝐷 (𝑥) 5 490 30
X= = = −
𝐷 −7 503 41
𝐷 (𝑦) −5 917 97
Y= = =
𝐷 −7 503 123
𝐷 (𝑧) −3 050 50
Z= = =
𝐷 −7 503 123

𝟑𝟎 𝟗𝟕 𝟓𝟎
x = − 𝟒𝟏 ; y = 𝟏𝟐𝟑
; z= 𝟏𝟐𝟑
3.) -24x + 32y - 16z = 19
18x - 28y + 15z = -29
-33x + 27y - 14z = 17

−24 32 −16
D = [ 18 −28 15 ]
−33 27 −14

D = [ (-24)(-28)(-14) + (32)(15)(-33) + (-16)(18)(27) ] – [ (-33)(-28)(-16)

+ (27)(15)(-24) + (-14)(18)(32) ]
D = [ (-9 408) + (-15 840) + (-7 776) ] – [ (-14 784) + (-9 720) + (-8 064)
]
D = [ -33 024 ] – [ -32 568 ]
D = -456

19 32 −16
D (x) = [−29 −28 15 ]
17 27 −14

D (x) = [ (19)(-28)(-14) + (32)(15)(17) + (-16)(-29)(27) ] – [ (17)(-28)(-

16) + (27)(15)(19) + (-14)(-29)(32) ]
D (x) = [ 7 448 + 8 160 + 12 528 ] – [ 7 616 + 7 695 + 12 992 ]
D (x) = [ 28 136 ] – [ 28 303 ]
D (x) = -167

−24 19 −16
D (y) = [ 18 −29 15 ]
−33 17 −14

D (y) = [ (-24)(-29)(-14) + (19)(15)(-33) + (-16)(18)(17) ] – [ (-33)(-29)(-

16) + (17)(15)(-24) + (-14)(18)(19) ]
D (y) = [ (-9 744) + (-9 405) + (-4 896) ] – [ (-15 312) + (-6 120) + (-4
788) ]
D (y) = [ -24 045] – [ -26 220 ]
D (y) = 2 175

−24 32 19
D (z) = [ 18 −28 −29]
−33 27 17

D (z) = [ (-24)(-28)(17) + (32)(-29)(-33) + (19)(18)(27) ] - [ (-33)(-

28)(19) + (27)(-29)(-24) + (17)(18)(32) ]
D (z) = [ 11 424 + 30 624 + 9 234 ] – [ 17 556 + 18 792 + 9 792 ]
D (z) = [ 51 282 ] – [ 46 140 ]
D (z) = 5 142

𝐷 (𝑥) −167 167

X= = =
𝐷 −456 456
𝐷 (𝑦) 2 175 725
Y= = = −
𝐷 −456 152
𝐷 (𝑧) 5 142 857
Z= = = −
𝐷 −456 76

𝟏𝟔𝟕 𝟕𝟐𝟓 𝟖𝟓𝟕

x= 𝟒𝟓𝟔
; y = − 𝟏𝟓𝟐 ; z = − 𝟕𝟔
4.) 36x - 42y + 28z = 33
-45x - 31y - 23z = 56
55x - 47y + 29z = 48

36 −42 28
D = [−45 −31 −23]
55 −47 29

D = [ (36)(-31)(29) + (-42)(-23)(55) + (28)(-45)(-47) ] – [ (55)(-31)(28) +

(-47)(-23)(36) + (29)(-45)(-42) ]
D = [ (-32 364) + 53 130 + 59 220 ] – [ (-47 740) + 38 916 + 54 810 ]
D = [ 79 986 ] – [ 45 986 ]
D = 34 000

33 −42 28
D (x) = [56 −31 −23]
48 −47 29

D (x) = [ (33)(-31)(29) + (-42)(-23)(48) + (28)(56)(-47) ] – [ (48)(-31)(28)

+ (-47)(-23)(33) + (29)(56)(-42) ]
D (x) = [ (-29 667) + 46 368 + (-73 696) ] – [ (-41 664) + 35 673 + (-68
208) ]
D (x) = [ -56 995 ] – [ -74 199 ]
D (x) = 17 204

36 33 28
D (y) = [−45 56 −23]
55 48 29

D (y) = [ (36)(56)(29) + (33)(-23)(55) + (28)(-45)(48) ] – [ (55)(56)(28) +

(48)(-23)(36) + (29)(-45)(33) ]
D (y) = [ 58 464 + (-41 745) + (-60 480) ] – [ 86 240 + (-39 744) + (-43
065) ]
D (y) = [ -43 761 ] – [ 3 431 ]
D (y) = -47 192

36 −42 33
D (z) = [−45 −31 56]
55 −47 48

D (z) = [ (36)(-31)(48) + (-42)(56)(55) + (33)(-45)(-47) ] - [ (55)(-31)(33)

+ (-47)(56)(36) + (48)(-45)(-42) ]
D (z) = [ (-53 568) + (-129 360) + 69 795 ] – [ (-56 265) + (-94 752) + 90
720 ]
D (z) = [ -113 133 ] – [ -60 297 ]
D (z) = -52 836

𝐷 (𝑥) 17 204 253

X= = =
𝐷 34 000 500
𝐷 (𝑦) −47 192 347
Y= = = −
𝐷 34 000 250
𝐷 (𝑧) −52 836 777
Z= = = −
𝐷 34 000 500

𝟐𝟓𝟑 𝟑𝟒𝟕 𝟕𝟕𝟕

x= 𝟓𝟎𝟎
; y = − 𝟐𝟓𝟎 ; z = − 𝟓𝟎𝟎
5.) 56x + 29y - 45z = 87
69x - 52 y + 39z = 90
-73x + 36y + 41z = 65

56 29 −45
D = [ 69 −52 39 ]
−73 36 41

D = [ (56)(-52)(41) + (29)(39)(-73) + (-45)(69)(36) ] – [ (-73)(-52)(-45) +

(36)(39)(56) + (41)(69)(29) ]
D = [ (-119 392) + (-82 563) + (-111 780) ] – [ (-170 820) + 78 624 + 82
041 ]
D = [ -313 735 ] – [ -10 155 ]
D = -303 580

87 29 −45
D (x) = [90 −52 39 ]
65 36 41

D (x) = [ (87)(-52)(41) + (29)(39)(65) + (-45)(90)(36) ] – [ (65)(-52)(-45)

+ (36)(39)(87) + (41)(90)(29) ]
D (x) = [ (-185 484) + 73 515 + (-145 800) ] – [ 152 100 + 122 148 +
107 010 ]
D (x) = [ -257 769 ] – [ 381 258 ]
D (x) = -639 027

56 87 −45
D (y) = [ 69 90 39 ]
−73 65 41

D (y) = [ (56)(90)(41) + (87)(39)(-73) + (-45)(69)(65) ] – [ (-73)(90)(-45)

+ (65)(39)(56) + (41)(69)(87) ]
D (y) = [ 206 640 + (-247 689) + (-201 825) ] – [ 295 650 + 141 960 +
246 123 ]
D (y) = [ -242 874 ] – [ 683 733 ]
D (y) = -926 607

56 29 87
D (z) = [ 69 −52 90]
−73 36 65

D (z) = [ (56)(-52)(65) + (29)(90)(-73) + (87)(69)(36) ] - [ (-73)(-52)(87)

+ (36)(90)(56) + (65)(69)(29) ]
D (z) = [ (-189 280) + (-190 530) + 216 108 ] – [ 330 252 + 181 440 +
130 065 ]
D (z) = [ -163 702 ] – [ 641 757 ]
D (z) = -805 459

𝐷 (𝑥) −639 027

X= = = 2. 10497
𝐷 −303 580
𝐷 (𝑦) −926 607 21 549
Y= = = or 3.05227
𝐷 −303 580 7 060
𝐷 (𝑧) −805 459
Z= = = 2.65320
𝐷 −303 580

x = 2.10497 ; y = 3.05227 ; z = 2.65320