MUNICIPAL

ENGINEERING DESIGN
Civil 409 – Lecture 2:
Infrastructure Planning Components

CHRIS JOHNSTON

Underground, David Macaulay, Houghton

Mifflin Company, Boston, 1976
OUTLINE

1.  History of Municipal Infrastructure

2.  Metro Vancouver’s Core Infrastructure
3.  Land Use Planning
4.  GIS Databases
5.  Population Estimates
6.  Population Equivalents

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THE FIRST WATER AND SEWER SYSTEMS

•  3000 BCE: Our Earliest archaeological records date back about 5000 years to the City
of Nippur, Sumeria (Iraq). Water was drawn by wells and cisterns and waste was
conveyed through and extensive system of arched stone drains.
•  2000 BCE: Earliest record of water treatment is in Egypt. Boil, sunlight, charcoal filter,
then cool
•  1440 BCE: First system for clarifying liquids is also in Egypt using a siphon to separate
water from settled solids
•  98 CE: First Engineering Report on water supply, conveyance, and treatment was in
Rome by Julius Frontinus
•  Not much happened from the Roman time to the middle of the 1850s!
•  1842 CE: First modern day sewer collection system was in Hamburg Germany
•  London and Paris then followed after major outbreaks of Cholera in London from 1848
to 1854 and a connection was made between water supply and sanitation.

(Source: Water Supply and Pollution Control. W. Viessman et al, 8th Edition 2009)

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EARLY WATER AND SEWER SYSTEMS

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 LANDMARK BENEFITS OF MUNICIPAL INFRASTRUCTURE

“some” (mostly engineers) feel that the greatest increase in the life expectancy from
1860 to the 1920s was due to the widespread adoption of modern day sanitary
sewer systems! In this period, life expectancy rose roughly 30 years”.
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METRO VANCOUVER’S WATER SUPPLY AND FEEDER SYSTEM

Seymour
Water
Treatment
Plant

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SEYMOUR WATER FILTRATION PLANT

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METRO VANCOUVER’S WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEM

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METRO VANCOUVER’S WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT (1/5)
(ANNACIS ISLAND SECONDARY TREATMENT PLANT)

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MANY MUNICIPAL UTILITIES IN ROAD RIGHT-OF-WAYS

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MANY MUNICIPAL UTILITIES IN ROAD RIGHT-OF-WAYS
(Same area showing utilities below Ground)

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UTILITIES THAT CAN BE FOUND IN ROAD R/W AND
EASEMENTS

•  Watermains
•  Oil and gas pipelines
•  Gravity sewer mains
•  Major water feeder mains
•  Storm sewers
•  Sewer forcemains
•  Electrical ducts
•  Transportation tunnels
•  Signal cables
•  Rain Gardens
•  Street lighting electrical ducts
•  Vaults
•  Gas mains
•  Sewer / Water / Drainage
•  Cable TV lines
service connections
•  Telephone cables
•  Others
•  Fiber optic cables
•  District heating mains
•  Abandoned utilities
•  Oil and gas pipelines

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TYPICAL ROAD CROSS-SECTION WITH UTILITY RESERVATION

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OUTLINE

1.  History of Municipal Infrastructure

2.  Metro Vancouver’s Infrastructure
3.  Land Use Planning
4.  GIS Databases
5.  Population Estimates
6.  Population Equivalents

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EVERY PIECE OF PROPERTY HAS A ZONING

The Zoning tell the owner what they can or can’t do on that property. It also provides
Engineers, Planners, potential buyers, 3rd parties, etc. what can happen on the property
in the future.
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TYPES OF LAND USE PLANNING HORIZONS

Build-out /
Official Saturation /
Existing Approved
Community Urban
Land Use Zoning
Plan Containment

10 – 100 years?
5 – 20 years?
5- 30 years?
Population

Now

Time

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TYPES OF LAND USES

ICI = Industrial, Commercial, Institutional

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EXISTING LAND USE – VERNON, BC

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EXAMPLE OF ZONING LAND USE

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EXAMPLE OF OFFICIAL COMMUNITY PLAN (OCP) LAND USE

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EXAMPLE OF HOW CHANGES TO LAND USE ARE CHANGED

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EXAMPLE HOW ZONING IS THEN APPLIED TO INFRASTRUCTURE

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THE LAND DEVELOPMENT AND REDEVELOPMENT PROCESS

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OUTLINE

1.  History of Municipal Infrastructure

2.  Metro Vancouver’s Infrastructure
3.  Land Use Planning
4.  GIS Databases
5.  Population Estimates
6.  Population Equivalents

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CITY OF SURREY’S ON-LINE GIS DATABASE

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CITY OF VANCOUVER’S ON-LINE GIS DATABASE

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DISTRICT OF NORTH VANCOUVER’S ON-LINE GIS DATABASE

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DISTRICT OF NORTH VANCOUVER’S ON-LINE GIS DATABASE

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DISTRICT OF NORTH VANCOUVER’S ON-LINE GIS DATABASE

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DISTRICT OF NORTH VANCOUVER’S ON-LINE GIS DATABASE

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THE GIS “INTERSECTION” PROCESS

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GIS SUMMARY

•  Most major cities have some level of a GIS database

•  A GIS database is a more organized way to plan
municipal infrastructure (water, sewer, stormwater,
traffic/roads)
•  Populations, equivalents, employment, students, and
process requirements can all be loaded into a lot
based layer for various design development scenarios
•  Most commercial, infrastructure computer models now
use GIS layers as basic input information for analysis
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EXAMPLE OF LOCAL GIS URL’S

•  City of Vancouver

http://vanmapp.vancouver.ca/pubvanmap_net/default.aspx

•  City of Surrey (COSMOS)

http://cosmos.surrey.ca/external/

•  District of North Vancouver (GEOWEB)

http://geoweb.dnv.org/properties/

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OUTLINE

1.  History of Municipal Infrastructure

2.  Metro Vancouver’s Infrastructure
3.  Land Use Planning
4.  GIS Databases
5.  Population Estimates
6.  Population Equivalents

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METRO VANCOUVER POPULATION PROJECTIONS

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POPULATION PROJECTIONS

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POPULATION PROJECTION METHODS (EXAMPLES)

POPULATION PROJECTIONS:

•  Complex, no exact determination

•  Based on a number of factors including:
•  Immigration, jobs, industry, economy, demographics
•  Most methods are based on an extension of past trends!

METHODS AVAILABLE:

•  Arithmetic growth rate: Assumed to follow some logical math relationship in which
population growth is a function of time
•  Uniform percentage growth rate: based on past short term or longer term trends
•  Curvilinear method (eye-ball extrapolation!)
•  Logistical method: if saturation population known or urban containment boundary has
been reached and land use constrains future growth.
•  Comparison method: a comparison with similar, larger communities
•  Ratio Method: population growth rate is assumed to be related to that of the larger
region
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PROJECTING SATURATION POPULATION LEVEL - SECHELT

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CENSUS CANADA POPULATION COUNTS

Every 5 years, a Canada-wide census is undertaken. This information provides detailed

information on the number of people living in a particular area. The areas are small
enough to provide sufficient accuracy for municipal engineering planning, but large enough
to ensure privacy of individual properties.

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USING “CENSUS” GIS INFORMATION

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INTERSECT CENSUS LAYER WITH LOT (PARCEL) LAYER TO
DETERMINE EXISTING RESIDENTIAL PEOPLE / LOT Census Canada
Population
Layer

Intersect
with Parcel
Layer to
determine
people / lot

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OUTLINE

1.  History of Municipal Infrastructure

2.  Metro Vancouver’s Infrastructure
3.  Land Use Planning
4.  GIS Databases
5.  Population Estimates
6.  Population Equivalents

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CENSUS POPULATIONS AND POPULATION EQUIVALENTS

Home Major Industrial

Work / School
Processes

Census Employment Usually not

Population Data / included as a
ICI Densities / population
Student equivalent.
Enrolments Dealt with
Population Separately.
Equivalents (PEs) 43
LINKING LAND USE TO POPULATION DENSITY AND EQUIVALENTS

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(MAGNIFIED VERSION PART 1)

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(MAGNIFIED VERSION PART 2)

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EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS
Method 1: New Residential Development
and ICI zonings: The density for RM15
times its lot area, will provide the maximum
allowable residential population for that lot
(see zoning tables).

Method 2: Existing Development: The

census population for the surrounding “block”
can be pro-rated by area into this lot to
provide the estimated current residential
population.

Example Method 1: The density for C-8

times its lot area, will provide the maximum
allowable population equivalent for that lot.

Lot Area: 55,080 sq. m (5.5 Ha)

ICI Density: 60 PE / Ha
Population Equivalent: 5.5 x 60 = 330 PE
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SUMMARY OF ENGINEERING PLANNING SCENARIOS

•  Engineering planners and modelers develop infrastructure models based on land use
scenarios:

•  Existing Land Use with existing census populations and equivalents

•  Zoning Land Use
•  Official Community Planning Land Use
•  Build-out, Urban Containment, or Saturation Land Use.

•  Population Projections are then used to estimate when some of these scenarios are
likely to be reached (e.g. In what year). Keeping in mind it can be a chicken and egg
procedure if land use constrains growth.

•  Additional “date-based” scenarios may be developed based on a combination of the

growth projections and projected land use scenarios (e.g. The “Surrey 2041” plan)

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