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Radu Gologan
(COORDINATOR)
Daniel Sitaru Leonard Giugiuc

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300 ROMANIAN
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MATHEMATICAL CHALLENGES
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Table of Contents

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Index of Authors................................................................................................................ 6

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Chapter 1. Algebra ........................................................................................................... 7

Chapter 2. Combinatorics. Complex Numbers .................................................. 19

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Chapter 3. Geometry .................................................................................................... 23

Chapter 4. Number Theory. Real Analysis .......................................................... 32

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Solutions – 1. Algebra .................................................................................................. 42

Solutions – 2. Combinatorics. Complex Numbers ............................................ 85

Solutions – 3. Geometry .............................................................................................. 98

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Solutions – 4. Number Theory. Real Analysis................................................. 128

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Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 159

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Algebra

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1. For , , ≥ 0, the following inequality holds:
5 ∑ + ∑ ( + )( + ) ≥ ∑ + + 18 ( + )( + )( + )
where all sums are cyclic.
Leonard Giugiuc

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2. Find ∈ (−1,1) so that ( ) = , where
1
0
√1 − √1 −
= 0 1 0 .
1
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0
√1 − √1 −
Daniel Sitaru
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3. Assume 1 < 2 < 2 < 2 . Prove or disprove that

1 1 1 1 1 1
≥ .

Daniel Sitaru
4. Consider the positive number , = 1, … , so that ∑ = 1, ≥ 1.
Prove:
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⁄ 1
≤
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Daniel Sitaru, Leonard Giugiuc

5. If , , ≥ 1, prove that
+ +
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−1+ −1+ −1≤ .

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Dorin Mărghidanu
6. Prove that if , , ∈ (1, ∞) then:
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∑ ≥ √6(10 − − − )
( )
Daniel Sitaru, Leonard Giugiuc
7. Find permutations , , ∈ so that:
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1 2 3 4 5
= ,
1 2 4 3 5
 300 ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL CHALLENGES
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1 2 3 4 5

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= ,
1 3 2 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
= .
5 3 2 4 1
Daniel Sitaru
8. Let , , , be real numbers so that ( + 1) + = 1 and
( − 2) + = 4. Find all possible values of + .

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Leonard Giugiuc
9. Consider , , , ∈ (0,1), Ω = ∑ + (1 − ) .

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Find = inf Ω and = sup Ω.
Daniel Sitaru
10. Consider the real numbers > 0 and ∈ , ]. Prove that:
1 +2 −
a. ≤ , for any ∈ [0, ∞);

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− + (2 − )
1 1 1 3
b. + + ≤ ,
− + − + − + (2 − )
for any non-negative x, y, z, satisfying + + = 3( − ). When does the
equality hold?
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Dan Popescu
11. Consider the strictly positive real numbers , , , with the property
+ + + ≤ 8. Prove that:
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+ + + + 1
+ + + ≤ .
( + ) ( + ) ( + ) ( + )
Traian Tămîian
12. Given the real numbers , ∈ (1, ∞), < and numbers , ∈ ( , ),
prove that:
log [( + ) − ] ∙ log [( + ) − ] ≥ 4.
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Ion Călinescu
13. Given , ∈ ℕ, ,≥ 2 and , , , ∈ [0, ∞) so that
+ + + = 4.
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a. Prove that √ ∙ √ + √ ∙ + ∙√ + √ ∙√ ≤ 4.
b. When does the equality hold in a.?
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Gheorghe Alexe
14. Solve for real number : 2 + 1 = (3 − 1) .
Eugen Radu
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15. Solve for real numbers , , the following system:

√ +2 = 13
+ 2√ = 13 .
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√ +2 = 13
Nelu Chichirim
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Algebra

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1. Solution (The Romanian Crew – Claudia Nănuți, Diana Trăilescu, Daniel

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Sitaru, Leonard Giugiuc)
If ( + )( + )( + ) = 0, then at least two of , , vanish so that the ine-
quality reduces to 10 √ ≥ 8 √ , for some ≥ 0, which is obviously true.
Assume ( + )( + )( + ) ≠ 0. Then + , + , √ + form the sides
of a triangle. The segments of the sides from the vertices of the triangle to the

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points of tangency with the incircle split each of the sides into two parts, thus
insuring the existence of , , > 0 so that
= + , √ + = + . In terms of , , the inequality becomes
5( + + )[ + + + 3( + + )] ≥
+ = + , + =
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≥ 4( + + ) + 9( + )( + )( + ).
Introduce = + + , = ( + ) + ( + ) + ( + )and p = abc.
The straightforward algebraic manipulation reduces the above inequality to
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5 + 5 + 15 + 45 ≥ 4 + 12 + 24 + 9 + 18 which is simplified to
+ 3 ≥ . The latter is one of the particular cases of Schur’s inequality.
2. Solution 1 (Leonard Giugiuc)
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Let = and = .
√1 − √1 −
It is left as an exercise to prove by mathematical induction that
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0 0
0 1 0 = 0 1 0 ,
0 0
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1 1
where = [( + ) + ( − ) ] and = [( + ) − ( − ) ]. In our
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1 1+ 1− 1 1− 1+
case, = + and = + .
2 1− 1+ 2 1+ 1−
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2 1
We need to solve the equations = and = . Define
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1−
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= > 0.
1+