GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

AT REST ACTIVE PASSIVE

Determine the Coefficient of Earth Determine the Coefficient of Rankine Determine the Coefficient of Rankine
Pressure: Active Earth Pressure: Active Earth Pressure:

Normally Consolidated (𝒌𝒐 ): Rankine Active Earth Pressure (𝒌𝒂 ): Rankine Active Earth Pressure (𝒌𝒂 ):

Normally Consolidated Soil (by Jaky): 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏∅ ∅ 𝒌𝒂 =

𝟏+𝒔𝒊𝒏∅ ∅
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 (𝟒𝟓 + )
𝒌𝒂 = = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 (𝟒𝟓 − ) 𝟏−𝒔𝒊𝒏∅ 𝟐
𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏∅ 𝟐
𝒌𝒐 = 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏∅
Determine the Stresses in Soil (𝝈) per
Determine the Stresses in Soil (𝝈) per
Normally Consolidated Clays (by Layer:
Layer:
Brooker & Ireland):
𝝈 = 𝒌𝒂 𝜸𝑯𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒆𝒓 + 𝟐𝒄√𝒌𝒂
𝝈 = 𝒌𝒂 𝜸𝑯𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒆𝒓 − 𝟐𝒄√𝒌𝒂
𝒌𝒐 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏∅
If saturated, 𝜸 = 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 − 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏
If saturated, 𝜸 = 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 − 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏
𝒌𝒐 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟕(𝑷𝑰)
Determine the Total Force (𝑷𝒐 ):
where, PI < 40 and PI = LL – PL Determine the Total Force (𝑷𝒐 ):
𝑷𝒐 = ∑ 𝑷 = ∑ 𝝈𝑨
𝒌𝒐 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏(𝑷𝑰) 𝑷𝒐 = ∑ 𝑷 = ∑ 𝝈𝑨

where, PI > 40 and PI = LL – PL Determine the Location of Resultant

Determine the Location of Resultant
Force (𝒁𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 /𝒁𝒕𝒐𝒑):
Over-Consolidated Clays (𝒌𝒐𝒄 ): Force (𝒁𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 /𝒁𝒕𝒐𝒑):
∑𝑷𝒙
𝒌𝒐𝒄 ≈ 𝒌𝒐 √𝑶𝑪𝑹 ∑𝑷𝒙 𝒁𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 =
𝒁𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 = ∑ 𝑷𝒐
∑ 𝑷𝒐
where, OCR > 1 where, x is the distance from
where, x is the distance from
Determine the Stresses in Soil (𝝈) per bottom to the Force (P).
bottom to the Force (P).
Layer: 𝒁𝒕𝒐𝒑 = 𝒁𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 − 𝒉
𝒁𝒕𝒐𝒑 = 𝒁𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 − 𝒉
𝝈 = 𝒌𝜸𝑯𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒆𝒓 where, h is the total height of
where, h is the total height of
If saturated, 𝜸 = 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 − 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 the soil.
the soil.
Determine the Total Force (𝑷𝒐 ):

𝑷𝒐 = ∑ 𝑷 = ∑ 𝝈𝑨

Determine the Location of Resultant

Force (𝒁𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 /𝒁𝒕𝒐𝒑):

∑𝑷𝒙
𝒁𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 =
∑ 𝑷𝒐
where, x is the distance from
bottom to the Force (P).

𝒁𝒕𝒐𝒑 = 𝒁𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 − 𝒉

where, h is the total height of

the soil.

~~~IAMSEANOHHHHH
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

NON-UNIFORM PRESSURE APPROACH Check the Value of the Effective Depth: Checking for the Development Length
(Ld):
𝒒𝒆 = 𝒒𝒂 − 𝜸(𝑫𝒇 − 𝒕𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒅 ) Based on Two-Way Shear:
− 𝜸𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄 (𝒕𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒅 ) 𝒇𝒚 𝜳𝒕 𝜳𝒆 𝜳𝒔 𝒅𝒃
𝟏 𝑳𝒅𝒎𝒊𝒏 =
𝑽𝒖𝟐 = [(𝒒𝒎𝒊𝒏 + 𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 )(𝑨𝒇𝒕𝒈 ) − (𝒒𝒖𝒍𝒕−𝟐 𝑪 + 𝒌𝒕𝒓
𝟐
Determine the Dimension of the 𝟏. 𝟏⅄√𝒇′ 𝒄 ( < 𝟐. 𝟓𝟎)
+ 𝒒𝒖𝒍𝒕−𝟑 )(𝑨𝒅 )] 𝒅𝒃
Footing:
𝟏 where, 𝑪𝟏 = 𝑪𝒄 = 𝟕𝟓
𝑷𝒏 ∅𝑽𝒄𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓⅄√𝒇′ 𝒄 (𝑩 𝒐𝒓 𝑳)𝒅
𝑨𝒇𝒕𝒈 = 𝟑
𝒒𝒆 𝟏
If 𝑽𝒖𝟐 < ∅𝑽𝒄𝟐 therefore, OK. 𝑪𝟐 = 𝑺
where, 𝑨𝒇𝒕𝒈 = 𝑩𝑳 (Rectang.) 𝟐
note: 𝑽𝒖𝟐 is the “volume” choose the lower value for C.
𝑨𝒇𝒕𝒈 = 𝑩𝟐 (Square) covered by (z) distance and
(𝑩 𝒐𝒓 𝑳) − (𝑩𝒄𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒓 𝑳𝒄𝒐𝒍 )
Determine the Eccentricity and ∅𝑽𝒄𝟐 is the concrete shear 𝑳𝒅𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗 = − 𝟕𝟓
𝟐
Pressure Diagram (Figure): stress.
if 𝑳𝒅𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗 > 𝑳𝒅𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑴𝒏 𝑩𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗 𝒕𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗 = 𝒅 + 𝟏. 𝟓(𝒅𝒃) + 𝟕𝟓
if 𝒆 = > therefore, Triangular therefore, OK.
𝑷𝒏 𝟔
otherwise Trapezoidal 𝒅𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗 = 𝒕𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗 − 𝟏. 𝟓(𝒅𝒃) − 𝟕𝟓
Checking for the Bearing Strength of
Determine the Maximum and Determine the Ultimate Flexural Column and Footing:
Minimum (𝒒𝒖𝒍𝒕 ) , of the Design: Moment:
For Column:
For Triangular Pressure Diagram: 𝑴𝒖𝒍𝒕 = 𝒒𝒖𝒍𝒕−𝟒 (𝑩 𝒐𝒓 𝑳)𝒔𝒙
∅𝑷𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓(𝟎. 𝟖𝟓) 𝒇′ 𝒄 𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒍
𝒒𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎 where, s is the distance from
the face of the column to the If ∅𝑷𝒏 > 𝑷𝒖𝒍𝒕 therefore OK.
𝑷𝒖𝒍𝒕 edge of the footing and x is
𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 = For Footing
𝑨𝒇𝒕𝒈 the distance from face of the
column to the centroid of the (𝑩 𝒐𝒓 𝑳)
For Trapezoidal Pressure Diagram: ∅𝑷𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓(𝟎. 𝟖𝟓) 𝒇′ 𝒄 𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒍 (√ < 𝟐. 𝟎)
pressure diagram. 𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒍
𝑷𝒖𝒍𝒕 𝟔𝒆
𝒒𝒎𝒊𝒏 = (𝟏 − ) Determine the Steel Ratio:
𝑨𝒇𝒕𝒈 𝑩 If ∅𝑷𝒏 > 𝑷𝒖𝒍𝒕 therefore OK.
𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒇𝒚
𝑷𝒖𝒍𝒕 𝟔𝒆 𝑴𝒖𝒍𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒇𝒚 (𝐁 𝐨𝐫 𝐋)𝐝𝟐 (𝟏 − )
𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 = (𝟏 + ) 𝟏. 𝟕𝒇′𝒄
𝑨𝒇𝒕𝒈 𝑩
𝟏. 𝟒
Determine the Thickness (𝒕𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗 ) and 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 =
𝒇𝒚
the Effective Depth (𝒅𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗):
√𝒇′𝒄
Based on One-Way Shear: 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 =
𝟒𝒇𝒚
𝟏
𝑽𝒖𝟏 = (𝒒 + 𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 )(𝑩 𝒐𝒓 𝑳)(𝒛) choose the greatest value for
𝟐 𝒖𝒍𝒕−𝟏
𝟏
the Steel Ratio.
∅𝑽𝒄𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓⅄√𝒇′ 𝒄 (𝑩 𝒐𝒓 𝑳)𝒅
𝟔
Determine the Number of Bars (nb)
𝑽𝒖𝟏 = ∅𝑽𝒄𝟏 (equate) and Spacing (S):

note: 𝑽𝒖𝟏 is the “volume” 𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍(𝑨𝒔) = 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 (𝑩 𝒐𝒓 𝑳)𝒅

covered by (z) distance and 𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍(𝑨𝒔)
∅𝑽𝒄𝟏 is the concrete shear 𝒏𝒃 =
𝑨𝒔−𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
stress.
(𝑩 𝒐𝒓 𝑳) − 𝟐(𝟕𝟓) − 𝒅𝒃
𝑺=
𝒏𝒃 − 𝟏
~~~IAMSEANOHHHHH
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

UNIFORM PRESSURE APPROACH Based on Two-Way Shear: Checking for the Development Length
(Ld):
𝒒𝒆 = 𝒒𝒂 − 𝜸(𝑫𝒇 − 𝒕𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒅 ) 𝑽𝒖𝟐 = 𝒒𝒖𝒍𝒕 (𝑨𝒇𝒕𝒈 − 𝑨𝒅 )
− 𝜸𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄 (𝒕𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒅 ) 𝒇𝒚 𝜳𝒕 𝜳𝒆 𝜳𝒔 𝒅𝒃
𝟏 𝑳𝒅𝒎𝒊𝒏 =
∅𝑽𝒄𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓⅄√𝒇′ 𝒄 (𝑩 𝒐𝒓 𝑳)𝒅 𝑪 + 𝒌𝒕𝒓
Determine the Dimension of the 𝟑 𝟏. 𝟏⅄√𝒇′ 𝒄 ( < 𝟐. 𝟓𝟎)
𝒅𝒃
Footing:
note: 𝑽𝒖𝟐 is the “volume”
where, 𝑪𝟏 = 𝑪𝒄 = 𝟕𝟓
𝑷𝒏 covered by (z) distance and
𝑨𝒇𝒕𝒈 = 𝒒𝒆
∅𝑽𝒄𝟐 is the concrete shear 𝟏
𝑪𝟐 = 𝑺
where, 𝑨𝒇𝒕𝒈 = 𝑩𝑳 (Rectang.) stress. 𝟐

choose the lower value for d. choose the lower value for C.
𝑨𝒇𝒕𝒈 = 𝑩𝟐 (Square)
(𝑩 𝒐𝒓 𝑳) − (𝑩𝒄𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒓 𝑳𝒄𝒐𝒍 )
Determine the Eccentricity and 𝒕𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗 = 𝒅 + 𝟏. 𝟓(𝒅𝒃) + 𝟕𝟓 𝑳𝒅𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗 = − 𝟕𝟓
𝟐
Pressure Diagram (Figure): 𝒅𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗 = 𝒕𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗 − 𝟏. 𝟓(𝒅𝒃) − 𝟕𝟓 if 𝑳𝒅𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗 > 𝑳𝒅𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑴𝒏
𝒆= 𝑷𝒏 Determine the Ultimate Flexural therefore, OK.
Moment:
where, e should be the Checking for the Bearing Strength of
distance from the center of 𝒒𝒖𝒍𝒕 (𝑩 𝒐𝒓 𝑳)𝒔𝟐 Column and Footing:
𝑴𝒖𝒍𝒕 =
the column and footing. 𝟐
For Column:
Determine the (𝒒𝒖𝒍𝒕 ) , of the Design: where, s is the distance from
the face of the column to the ∅𝑷𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓(𝟎. 𝟖𝟓) 𝒇′ 𝒄 𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒍
𝑷𝒖𝒍𝒕 edge of the footing.
𝒒𝒖𝒍𝒕 = If ∅𝑷𝒏 > 𝑷𝒖𝒍𝒕 therefore OK.
𝑨𝒇𝒕𝒈
Determine the Steel Ratio:
Determine the Thickness (𝒕𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗 ) and For Footing
𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒇𝒚
the Effective Depth (𝒅𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗): 𝑴𝒖𝒍𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒇𝒚 (𝐁 𝐨𝐫 𝐋)𝐝𝟐 (𝟏 − ) (𝑩 𝒐𝒓 𝑳)
𝟏. 𝟕𝒇′𝒄
∅𝑷𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓(𝟎. 𝟖𝟓) 𝒇′ 𝒄 𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒍 (√ < 𝟐. 𝟎)
𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒍
Based on One-Way Shear: 𝟏. 𝟒
𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 =
𝑽𝒖𝟏 = 𝒒𝒖𝒍𝒕 (𝑩 𝒐𝒓 𝑳)(𝒛) 𝒇𝒚 If ∅𝑷𝒏 > 𝑷𝒖𝒍𝒕 therefore OK.

𝟏 √𝒇′𝒄
∅𝑽𝒄𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓⅄√𝒇′ 𝒄 (𝑩 𝒐𝒓 𝑳)𝒅 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 =
𝟔 𝟒𝒇𝒚
𝑽𝒖𝟏 = ∅𝑽𝒄𝟏 (equate) choose the greatest value for
note: 𝑽𝒖𝟏 is the “volume” the Steel Ratio.
covered by (z) distance and Determine the Number of Bars (nb)
∅𝑽𝒄𝟏 is the concrete shear and Spacing (S):
stress.
𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍(𝑨𝒔) = 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 (𝑩 𝒐𝒓 𝑳)𝒅
𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍(𝑨𝒔)
𝒏𝒃 =
𝑨𝒔−𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
(𝑩 𝒐𝒓 𝑳) − 𝟐(𝟕𝟓) − 𝒅𝒃
𝑺=
𝒏𝒃 − 𝟏

~~~IAMSEANOHHHHH
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

PILE FOUNDATIONS

ALPHA METHOD (SINGLE PILE)
Determine the Strength in Friction (f)
for Every Layer of Soil:
𝒇 = 𝑪𝒖 𝜶
Determine the Allowable Bearing
Capacity (𝑸𝒂𝒍𝒍 ) of the Pile:
𝑸𝒖𝒍𝒕
𝑸𝒂𝒍𝒍(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆) =
𝑭. 𝑺.
where, 𝑸𝒖𝒍𝒕 = 𝑸𝒔 + 𝑸𝒑 − 𝑾𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆
and 𝑸𝒔 = ∑ 𝑷𝒊𝒍𝒆−𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑯𝒇
(𝑄𝑠 – Skin Friction)
and 𝑸𝒑 = 𝑨𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆 (𝑪𝒖 𝑵𝒄 + 𝒒𝑵𝒒 ) = 𝑨𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝒒𝒆𝒏𝒅
(𝑄𝑝 – End/Tip Point Bearing Cap.)
and 𝑾𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆 = 𝜸𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄 𝑨𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝒉
(𝑊𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 – Weight of Pile)
BETA METHOD (SINGLE PILE)
Determine the Coefficient of Earth
Pressure, Value of Beta & Effective
Vertical Stress:
Normally Consolidated (𝑘𝑜 ):
Normally Consolidated Soil (by Jaky):
𝒌𝒐 = 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏∅
Normally Consolidated Clays (by
Brooker & Ireland):
Value of Beta (𝜷): Determine the Allowable Bearing
Capacity (𝑸𝒂𝒍𝒍 ) of the Pile:
𝜷 = 𝒌 𝒕𝒂𝒏∅
𝑸𝒖𝒍𝒕
Effective Vertical Stress (𝝈′): 𝑸𝒂𝒍𝒍(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆) =
𝑭. 𝑺.
𝜸𝑯𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒆𝒓 where, 𝑸𝒖𝒍𝒕 = 𝑸𝒔 + 𝑸𝒑 − 𝑾𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆
𝝈′ = ∑
𝟐
and 𝑸𝒔 = ∑ 𝑷𝒊𝒍𝒆−𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒉𝒇
If saturated, 𝜸 = 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 − 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏
(𝑄𝑠 – Skin Friction)
Determine the Strength in Friction (f)
for Every Layer of Soil: and 𝑸𝒑 = 𝑨𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆 (𝑪𝒖 𝑵𝒄 + 𝒒𝑵𝒒 ) = 𝑨𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝒒𝒆𝒏𝒅
𝒇 = 𝜷𝝈′ (𝑄𝑝 – End/Tip Point Bearing Cap.)
Determine the Allowable Bearing and 𝑾𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆 = 𝜸𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄 𝑨𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝒉
Capacity (𝑸𝒂𝒍𝒍 ) of the Pile:
(𝑊𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 – Weight of Pile)
𝑸𝒖𝒍𝒕
𝑸𝒂𝒍𝒍(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆) =
𝑭. 𝑺.
where, 𝑸𝒖𝒍𝒕 = 𝑸𝒔 + 𝑸𝒑 − 𝑾𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆
and 𝑸𝒔 = ∑ 𝑷𝒊𝒍𝒆−𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑯𝒇
(𝑄𝑠 – Skin Friction)
and 𝑸𝒑 = 𝑨𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆 (𝑪𝒖 𝑵𝒄 + 𝒒𝑵𝒒 ) = 𝑨𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝒒𝒆𝒏𝒅
(𝑄𝑝 – End/Tip Point Bearing Cap.)
and 𝑾𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆 = 𝜸𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄 𝑨𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝒉
(𝑊𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 – Weight of Pile)
LAMDA METHOD (SINGLE PILE)
Determine Soil Stresses (𝝈′ ):
𝝈′ = ∑ 𝜸𝑯𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒆𝒓

𝒌𝒐 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏∅ If saturated, 𝜸 = 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 − 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏

𝒌𝒐 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟕(𝑷𝑰) Determine Soil Area based on Soil
Stresses:
where, PI < 40 and PI = LL – PL
𝟏 ′
𝒌𝒐 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏(𝑷𝑰) 𝑨= 𝝈 𝑯𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒆𝒓
𝟐
where, PI > 40 and PI = LL – PL Determine the Strength in Friction (f):
Over-Consolidated Clays (𝑘𝑜𝑐 ): 𝒇 = ⅄(𝝈′ 𝒎 + 𝑪𝒖−𝒎 )
𝒌𝒐𝒄 ≈ 𝒌𝒐 √𝑶𝑪𝑹 ∑𝑨
where, 𝝈′ 𝒎 = 𝒉
where, OCR > 1
∑ 𝑪𝒖 𝑯
where, 𝑪𝒖−𝒎 = 𝒉
~~~IAMSEANOHHHHH
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

PILE FOUNDATIONS

BLOCK PILE / GROUP PILE

Determine (𝑷𝒊𝒍𝒆−𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 ):
𝑷𝒊𝒍𝒆−𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝟒[(𝑳 𝒐𝒓 𝑫𝒊𝒂) + 𝒚𝑺]

where, y varies depending on the

number of piles in a linear
position [np(linear)-1]

Determine the Allowable Bearing

Capacity (𝑸𝒂𝒍𝒍 ) of the Pile:
𝑸𝒖𝒍𝒕
𝑸𝒂𝒍𝒍(𝒃𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒌) =
𝑭. 𝑺.
where, 𝑸𝒖𝒍𝒕 = 𝑸𝒔 + 𝑸𝒑 − 𝑾𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆

and 𝑸𝒔 = ∑ 𝑷𝒊𝒍𝒆−𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑯𝒇

(𝑄𝑠 – Skin Friction)

and 𝑸𝒑 = 𝑨𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆 (𝑪𝒖 𝑵𝒄 + 𝒒𝑵𝒒 ) = 𝑨𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝒒𝒆𝒏𝒅

(𝑄𝑝 – End/Tip Point Bearing Cap.)

and 𝑾𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆 = 𝟎

(𝑊𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 – Weight of Pile)

Determine the Efficiency:

𝑸𝒂𝒍𝒍(𝒃𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒌)
𝑬𝒈 =
(𝒏𝒑)𝑸𝒂𝒍𝒍(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆)

where, np is the No. of Piles.

Determine the Require Spacing:

𝑸𝒂𝒍𝒍(𝒃𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒌)
𝑬𝒈 = = 𝟏. 𝟎
(𝑵𝑷)𝑸𝒂𝒍𝒍(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆)

therefore, 𝑸𝒂𝒍𝒍(𝒃𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒌) is equal

to (𝑵𝑷)𝑸𝒂𝒍𝒍(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆)

where the equation is in

terms of Spacing (S).

~~~IAMSEANOHHHHH
STEEL AND TIMBER DESIGN

WELDED CONNECTION