Kinetic Particle

Theory
 Lesson Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

✓ Describe the solid, liquid and

gaseous states of matter
 WHAT IS A MATTER?
(a)Matter is anything that has mass and
occupies space.

(b)All matter is made up of tiny particles

(atoms, molecules or ions).
Use of the general term 'particle' means the precise nature
of the particles does not have to be specified.

(c)Matters can exist in 3 states: Solid,

Liquid and gas.
• These three (traditional) forms of matter are
called the states of matter.

• As shown here, water (liquid) can exist as ice

(solid) or water vapour (gas).
 (Trivia) Plasmas
An Argon plasma in a tube
• Plasmas are simply
hot, ionized gases
that have roughly
equal number of
How to make Argon positively charged
plasma: ions and negatively
Ar (g) + e- → Ar+ + 2e- charged electrons.

Argon gas Argon ion

Application of Plasmas in Electronics:
we can change the properties of a substance by adding a thin coating!
(ex. Glass becomes conductive w/ a thin layer of Molybdenum on top of it)
- Sputtering deposition uses plasma (Ar ions) to collide with Molybdenum.
- Molybdenum particles break off and then deposit on the glass. Over time,
a thin layer of molybdenum is formed on glass

https://www.plansee.com/en/magnetron-sputtering.html
KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER
The kinetic particle theory is a model
used to explain the properties of
matter.
Kinetic Theory of Matter states that:

(i) All matter is made up of tiny

particles and they exist as atoms,
molecules or ions. (The particles are
attracted to each other by
attractive forces)
KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER
(ii) The particles are always in continuous
random motion and hence possess kinetic
energy.
**(The kinetic energy of a particle
increases with temperature and pressure:
- the higher the temperature and pressure,
the faster the particles move.
- At fixed temperature, lighter particles
move faster than heavier particles.)
KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER
The particles in a substance are of the same
type, in solid, liquid or gaseous state. The
differ only in
• their arrangement
• how strongly the particles are held
together and
• the amount of kinetic energies that they
possess.

Kinetic theory can be used to explain how

solids, liquids and gases differ in movement
and arrangement.
KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER
• When an object is
heated, the particles
move faster
• The space between
each particle
increases
• Object expands as a
result!
• No change in mass
(still the same number of
particles)
 Trivia
• What is the coldest possible temperature?
– Zero degrees Kelvin or -273.15 °C
• Describe the movement of the atoms at
this lowest possible temperature
– (Atoms move fastest? Just right? Slowest?)
 3 states of matter (Difference)
Property Solid Liquid Gas

Volume Fixed Fixed Not Fixed

Shape Fixed Not Fixed Not Fixed

Compressibility Not
Not
(change in volume per compressibl compressible
compressible
increase in pressure) e
Density Very Dense Dense Not dense
Closely
Packing and Closely
packed in Far apart in
arrangement packed in an
an random
between orderly
disorderly arrangement.
particles arrangement
arrangement
Solids…

• Particles close together

• In an orderly arrangement
Liquids….

• Particles close together

• In a disorderly arrangement
 Gas….

• Particles are arranged far apart and in random

movement.
• Particles vibrate and move anywhere.
• Particles in gases have more energy than solids and
liquids.
• No forces between particles.
 3 states of matter (Difference)
Property Solid Liquid Gas
Very strong Negligible
Forces of Strong forces
forces of forces of
Attraction of attraction
attraction attraction
between between
between between
particles particles
particles particles
Vibrate about Slide and roll Move about
Motion of
a fixed pass each randomly at
particles
position other high speed

Energy of
Least energy Most energy
particles
 3 states of matter (Difference)
Property Solid Liquid Gas

Diagrammatic
Representation
 solid gas
liquid

http://www.educationusingpowerpoint.org.uk/index.html?ks3science.html~mainFrame

http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/states_of_matter/
(Solid, Liquid, Gas)

ARRANGEMENT OF
PARTICLES IN A STATE
The Solid State
 Arrangement of
particles
(In a solid)
Arrangement and movement Properties of solids
of particles
The particles are closely Solids have high densities
packed together, with and. cannot be
little empty space between compressed
them.
The particles are in an Solid crystals have flat faces,
orderly arrangement. straight edges and sharp
points
 Arrangement of
particles
(In a solid)
Arrangement and Properties of solids
movement of particles
The particles are held
together by strong forces
of attraction between
Solids have fixed shapes
them, in fixed positions.
and cannot be
The particles can only compressed.
vibrate about their fixed
positions.
The Liquid State
 Arrangement of
particles
(In a Liquid)
Arrangement and movement Properties of Liquids
of particles
The particles are closely Liquids have moderately high
packed together (but slightly densities and cannot be
further apart than those in compressed.
solid), with little empty space
between them.
The particles are in a Liquids have no fixed shapes.
disorderly arrangement.
 Arrangement of
particles
(In a Liquid)
Arrangement and Properties of Liquids
movement of particles
The particles are held
together by strong forces
Liquids cannot be
of attraction between
compressed.
them (but slightly weaker
than the forces in a solid)
The particles can move Liquids can flow and
past one another and take the shape of their
throughout the liquid. containers.
The Gaseous State
 Arrangement of
particles
(In a Gas)
Arrangement and Properties of Gas
movement of particles
The particles are far Gases have low densities
apart, with a lot of empty and can be easily
space between them. compressed.
The particles are in a Gases have no shapes.
random arrangement.
 Arrangement of
particles
(In a Gas)
Arrangement and Properties of Gas
movement of particles
There are no (negligible) Gases can be easily
forces of attraction compressed, hence
between the particles. no definite volume.
The particles are free to Gases have no definite
move randomly in all shapes and take the shape
directions, at high speed. of their containers.
LET’S SUMMARIZE WHAT
WE’VE LEARNED
 What we covered for today:
Kinetic Particle Theory
• Says that all matter consists of
many, very small particles.
• The particles are constantly moving
or in a continual state of motion.
• The particles might be atoms,
molecules or ions.
 Solids…
SOLID
Liquids…
LIQUID
Gas…
GAS

• Particles close • Particles close • Particles far

Particles together apart
arrangement together
• In an orderly • In a disorderly • In a random
arrangement arrangement arrangement

About fixed Vibrate about Vibrate about

Particles and move and move
vibration positions
through liquid anywhere
 Solids… Liquids… Gas…
SOLID LIQUID GAS

Energy in Least Most

particles Energy
energy energy

Forces Strong Strong

between No forces
particles forces forces
 Solid? Liquid? Gas?
SOLID LIQUID GAS

What determines the state of matter?

- Arrangement of particles
- How strongly particles are held together
- Amount of kinetic energy the particles
 Solid? Liquid? Gas?
SOLID LIQUID GAS

States of the matter can be

inter-converted without
changing its composition.
 Change of State
Crystallization / deposition

Melting Boiling &

Evaporation

Freezing Condensation

Sublimation
 Changes of State and the
Kinetic Particle Theory
Melting, freezing, boiling and condensation
are examples of changes of state.
Trivia: Changing the state of graphene
makes it a superconductor!
• Graphene: a single layer
of carbon atoms arranged
in a “honey comb” pattern
• Graphene comes from
the graphite used in your
pencils!
• Graphene is the
strongest material ever
tested!
A Graphene sandwich can become a
superconductor!
Superconductor: a
material that can
conduct electricity with
no resistance. It’s an
electric highway!

• Applications of superconductors like this:

– Magnetic levitation trains can be made without
expensive cooling (of the superconductor)
– Electric transmission from plant to your home is
greatly efficient! (> 100% improvement)
– Ultrafast (and cheap!) transistors