A.

Title
Reactivity Of Transition Metal Ions

B. Objectives
Study The Reactivity Of transition Metal Ions

C. Literature Review

The main transition sequence elements (sometimes also called "Group

d" elements) contain atoms or ions with d orbitals that have not been fully filled. While
the intermediate elements contain atoms with f orbital that are not full. Both of these
descriptions are suitable for all elements in the middle part of the periodic table. So
that more than half of the elements that have been found are included in the
intermediate or intermediate series.
The chemical properties of these elements are important both theoretically and
practically. One important characteristic of the intermediate element is its ability to
form complex ions. The properties of the transition element of the first series (Z = 21
to Z = 29). High melting points, good electrical conductivity, and moderate to high
hardness are the result of the rapid availability of electrons and orbitals for electrons
and orbitals to form metal bonds. The standard electrode potential increases with
increasing atomic number along the intermediate series.
Zinc is a bluish-white metal; This metal is quite easy to forge and clay at 110-
1500C. Zink melts at 4100C and boils at 9060C. pure metal, dissolves very slowly in
acids and in alkalis; the presence of contaminants or contact with platinum or copper,
which is produced by adding a few drops of salt solution from these metals,
accelerating the reaction. This explains the dissolution of commercial zinc-zinc.
The first series transition elements are transition metal elements located in the
uppermost period in the transition metal group on the periodic table of elements. These
elements include Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn. These elements have
valence electrons in d orbitals so that they have several properties such as catalysts,
solution color and magnetism. These elements even though the geometric structure
of complex compounds is more predictable than complex lanthanide complexes, from
left to right has a number of valence electrons, number of electrons in orbitals d,
effective core charge, different cation fingers so that they have different reactivities
against certain anions.
In some cases, the reactivity of transition metal ions is related to the hardness
and softness of cations and the anion. The reactivity of a compound can be observed
from the color change and the formation of deposits. The reactivity of a compound
specifically containing transition metal ions depends on several factors, for example
the charge and ion radius, and electron configurations in the orbitals d. Reactivity is
different from stability, where reactivity is more emphasized at the speed of occurrence
of a chemical reaction with another substance while stability is focused on the amount
of K resulting from a reaction. A compound that can be labile will react faster than an
inert compound.
Peptide antibiotics are produced by bacterial, mammalian, insect or plant
organisms in defense against invasive microbial pathogens. Therefore, they are
gaining importance as antiinfective agents. There are a number of antibiotics that
require metal ions to function properly. Metal ions play a key role in their action and
are involved in specific interactions with proteins, nucleic acids and other
biomolecules. On the other hand, it is well known that some antimicrobial agents
possess functional groups that enable them interacting with metal ions present in
physiological fluids. Some findings support a hypothesis that they may alter the serum
metal ions concentration in humans.
All chemicals and reagents were analytical grade and obtained from Sigma
Aldrich. Human tau40 (htau40) expression was carried out at the Wilson LAB, York
University aspreviously reported (see SI for details). [55,56] Glycogen synthase kinase
3β, active (GSK3β); kinase buffer and 10 mM adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stock
solution were purchased from SignalChem (Richmond, Canada).
However, incorporation of transition metals into the BGs is expected to result
in structural rearrangements at atomistic level, which are difficult to predict
beforehand. For example, cobalt can coordinate itself as either network former or
modifier in the silicate network depending on the chemical and structural environment
in the glass. Therefore, it is difficult to predict the most energetically favorable
environments for transition metals and their preferred structural roles. Thus, to design
glasses with transition metal ions with controlled dissolution behavior, it is important
that detailed experimental studies are conducted to understand the impact of transition
metal ions on the structure and, its ramifications on bioactivity of bioactive glasses.
D. Experiment method

Methods undertaken at this trial that is qualitative method which observes the
existence of the reaction product is a deposition, gas, color changes as well as
changes in PH when each solution cation is reacted with each solution of anions.
1. Tools and materials
1.1 Tools

Nu Tools Tools Tools Picture Tools Function

name Category
1. Test tube
for 10 I to react to the solution
pieces
2.

Test tube
I to put the test tube
rack

3.

Drop to take small amounts

I
pipettes of solution

4
to clean aquadest or a
Spray bottle I place to clean the
solution

5.

Analytical a place to measure the

II
balance volume of solution
1.2 Experimental Materials
Material
Physical Properties Chemical Properties Category
s Name
 Mr: 39,9971  Shaded peuete Special
NaOH 2M
g/ml flates or rods
 Density: 2,1  Very basy
g/cm3 lowired
 Melting point:
591 K
 Bolling Point:
1663 K
 Coloriess
KSCN 1M Special
crystals
 Odorless  Soluble in water
 Tasteless iron (III) to red
 Density 1,89
g/mol
 Room  Flammable in air
Amonia 1M Special
temperature  Oxidized
gaseous and reacted with
colories metal oxides at
 Strong odors high
 Boiling point: temperatures
512 K
 Soluble in water  Coloriess
Special
Na2CO3 1M  Strong base crystals
solution  Odorless
 Insoluble in  Tasteless
ethanol and  Density 1,89
acetone g/cm3
  Hard to melt
 Shaped and Special
but oxidized
Mangan(II) dark green
klorida  Highly
 Powder
reactive
 The molar  Sulfate
Ammoni Special
392,13 g/mr dissolved in
um iron
(II)  Solublity in water to produce
sulfate
water 269 kg/m3 aqua complex
 Mr: 138,35
Iron (III) Special
nitrate
g/mol  When dissolved
 Melting point: itformed a
320 K yellow solution
 Boiling point: due to hydrolisis
398 K
 Mr: 138,36
Kromiun Special
(III) g/mol  Compound of
chloride  Melting point: chromium (III)
274 K usually has a
 Density: 2,87 slow reaction
g/cm3
 Soluble in water
Cobalt Special
(II)  Mr: 134,839  Attract water
chloride g/mol molecule in the
crystal structure
 Mr:134,45 g/mol
Copper Special
(II)  Melting point:
sulfate 771 K  Soluble in water
 Boiling point:
1274 K
  Mr: 129, 59
Nickel special
(II)
g/mol  Nickel salt art
chloride  Melting point carceindbenic
1274 K
 Mr: 136,286
Zinc (II) special
g/mol
chloride
 Formula: ZnCl2
 Very soluble in
 Density: 2,91
water
g/mol
 Boiling point:
100 K

2. Experimental work scheme

Start

1. Add 2M NaOH solution little by little into 2 mL of 1M MnCl2

solution until it's over. Note the changes that occur. Do the
same for other metal solutions.
2. Repeat the first experiment for all metal solutions but with
reagents:
• Concentrated NaOH (50%)
• KSCN 1M
• 1M ammonia
• 1M sodium carbonate
3. Repeat experiment 1-2 but MnCl2 is replaced by ammonium
iron (II) sulfate, iron (III) nitrate, chromium (III) chloride, cobalt
(II) chloride or cobalt (II) sulfate, copper (II) sulfate or copper (II
) chloride, nickel (II) chloride or nickel (II) sulfate, and zinc (II)
chloride.
4. Repeat the experiment above for an unknown sample
solution. Determine the metal contained in the sample solution!
Deposition, bas and color change
in solution

Finish
E. Result and Discussion
1. Result
2. Discussion

In this experiment concerning the reaction that takes place in some

transition metal ion aims to study the reactivity of transition metal ions.
Reactivity of a compound can be observed from discoloration or formation of
deposits. Transition metal ions used in this experiment is the first transition
series of 3d blocks. The following description of the reaction of the seven
transition metal ions are:
a. Ion Cr
In this practical ion Cr initially has green color. When the fifth perekasi was
reacted with different results are obtained for each reactant. Ion Cr when it was
reacted with NaOH in getting deposits of dark green. While based on the
literature when Cr was reacted with NaOH 50% it will turn green milk with
deposits of green which is the deposition of chromium include, with reaction:
Cr3+ + 2OH- Cr(OH)3
Deposition of chromium (III) hydroxide Cr (OH)3
Cr3+ + 3OH-  Cr(OH)3.
This reaction is reversible with a little addition of acid dissolves
deposits. In the reagensia, which easily dissolves deposits will form the ion
tetrahidroksokromat(III).
Cr(OH)3 + OH-  [Cr(OH)4]-
Chromium is a white crystalline metals, not so tough and can be forged
with the means. This metal is dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid or
concentrated. On the reactant with KSCN formed deposits are green, with a
reaction occurs:
CrCl3 + 2KSCN-→ Cr(SCN)3 + 2KCl
Next on the reactant by using 6 drops of NH3 is formed of one phase
of the solution becomes blackish Green Green nodes without the sediment
formed.
Cr3+ + 3NH3 + 3H2O  Cr(OH)3 + 3NH4+
If there is no ammonium salts, a little ammonia will precipitate the salts base.
Cr3+ + NH3 + H2O + NO3-  Cr(OH)NO3 + NH4+
On the addition of the reagents the reaction changes not Na2CO3.
While based on the literature, when reacted with Na2CO3 will be going to blue
discoloration of milk and the presence of deposits of bluish green with a
chemical equation:
CrCl3 + Na2CO3 → Cr(CO3)3 + 2NaCl

b. Ion Co
Cobalt is a gray metal such as steel, and is slightly magnetic. This metal
dissolves readily in dilute mineral acids. On 1ml i.e. a red solution of CoCl2 this
reactant is reacted with 2 m NaOH produces a purple sediment. Then reacted
with NaOH 50% reactant produce a solution of blue dongker with deposits of
mauve. With the reaction that occurs as follows:
CO2+ + 2OH-→ Cr(OH)2
If given excess NaOH will show that amfoter hydroxide begins to form, his
reaction as follows:
[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + OH-(aq) ⇌ [Cr(H2O)5] + H2O
On the reactant with KSCN red solution is not experiencing any change.
While based on lietaratur, the resulting color is becoming more concentrated
and bright without sediment, with reactions that happen: CoCl2 + 2KSCN-→
Co(SCN)2 + 2KCl
On the reactant by using NH3 formed two layers, the top layer is red
underneath layers while the murky red. Based on the literature if not contained
ammonium salts, a little ammonia will precipitate reaction with alkaline salts
are as follows:
CO2+ + NH3 + H2O + NO3-  Co(OH)NO3 + NH4+↓
On the addition of reactant Na2CO3 formed two layers, the top layer becomes
Purple soft (soft), such as milk and a layer of bawag is purple. For the reaction
that occurs is:
CoCl2 + Na2CO3 → 2NaCl + CoCO3
c. Ni Ion
NiCl2 aqueous solution is a solution in green waters. NiSO4 solution
reacts with NaOH 2M green, while the deposits formed when in reaksikan with
50% NaOH to form a white precipitate. This is not in keeping with the literature
where NiSO4 solution if it was reacted with NaOH will form deposits of green
Ni (OH)2. However, the color of the resulting deposition, where if was reacted
with NaOH 50% are white deposits, this indicates that the concentration of
reactant it affects the occurrence of differences results reaction. Furthermore,
when a solution of NiSO4 was reacted with aqueous KSCN 1M and 1 m NH3 is
not going change color solution as well as sediment formed. .. Then the last
one is the reaction of aqueous Na2CO3 1M NiSO4 solution forming two layers,
namely the top layer of green milk and lower layers in green.
d. Ions Mn
Manganese is a metal gray white appearance similar cast iron. It reacts
with water to form manganese(II) hydroxide and hydrogen. As many as 1 mL
of a solution of it clear colored MnCl2 this reactant is reacted with NaOH 2M
and 5 drops of 50% NaOH reactant produces both white and on the solution of
NaOH 2M there is a sludge-Brown manganese hydroxide Mn (OH)2, with a
reaction happen is:
Mn2+ + 2OH-→ Mn(OH)2↓
On the reactant with 5 drops of color change does not occur KSCN
solution on the tube, there is also no deposits formed, the reactions that occur:
MnCl2 + 2KSCN-→ Mn(SCN)2 + 2KCl↓
No reaction on a sample deposition occurred probably due to lack of
addition of reagents in aqueous samples sehinnga reaction yet. On the
reactant by using reagents NH3, the color of the solution becomes cloudy with
formed deposits of white, where the reaction that occurs is:
Mn2+ + 2NH3 + H2O → Mn(OH)2 + 2NH4+↓
While the addition of Na2CO3 aqueous reagents become milky white
and lumpy, but after only a few minutes the solution becomes clear with a white
precipitate is well-formed by reactions that occurred:
MnCl2 + Na2CO3 → MnCO3 + 2NaCl↓
e. Ions Fe
In this experiment a solution of (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.H2O. Taken as much
as 2 mL (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.H2O, this clear-colored substance was reacted with
2M NaOH aqueous solution results reactant forming two layers, and there are
yellow deposits then when mereaksikannya with 50% NaOH produces a
reactant solution with deposits of yellow. Salts of iron(II) (or fero) derived from
iron(II) oxide, the natural occurring FeO. In aqueous solution, colored a little
green. Iron(II) ions can be easily dioksidasikan into iron(III), it is a strong
reducing substances. Fe if reacted with NaOH will produce white deposits of
iron(II) hydroxide, Fe(OH)2, if not in the air at all. The reaction occurs as follows:
 Fe2+ + 2OH- Fe(OH)2
When exposed to air, iron(II) hydroxide quickly dioksidasikan, which in
turn produces iron(III) hydroxide are reddish-brown. On the conditions of
ordinary, Fe(OH)2 appears as deposits of dirty green with the addition of
hydrogen peroxide, he soon dioksidasikan be iron(III) hydroxide.
4Fe(OH)2 + 2H2O + O2  4Fe(OH)3
2Fe(OH)2 + H2O2  2Fe(OH)3
On the reactant with KSCN solution to black redness of the reactant by
using NH3 solution greenish black and there are deposits of dark green, with a
reaction occurs:
Fe2+ + 3NH3 + 3H2O  Fe(OH)2 + 3NH4+
On the addition of Na2CO3 aqueous reagents do not experience
changes
f. Ions Cu
Copper is a metal that young red-soft, malleable, not soluble in
hydrochloric acid and dilute sulfuric acid, although the presence of oxygen it
can dissolve a little bit. When the CuCl2 1mL as much as it is blue reactant is
reacted with 2M NaOH is formed of 2 phases. To the top phase solution of dark
blue and blue-colored aqueous phase under young, in the middle of the
solution phase there is a separator such as a layer of gel. On the reactant with
50% NaOH solution into green tosca with deposits of crystal blue, for the
reaction to occur:
Cu2+ + 2OH-  Cu(OH)2
Where deposits of blue copper (II) hydroxide is not soluble in the reagent.
On the reactant with aqueous KSCN became green with black sludge, with
reactions that occur:
CuCl2 + 2KSCN-→ Zn(SCN)2 + 2KCl
On the reactant by using NH3 deposition there is blue with a chemical
equation.
Cu2+ + 3NH3 + 3H2O  Cu(OH)2 + 3NH4+
On the addition of reactant Na2CO3 that is formed is a double layer of a
solution of milk and turquoise blue.
CuCl2 + Na2CO3 → 2NaCl + CuCO3↓
g. Ions Zn.
By reacting 2 ml ZnCl2 which reactant is reacted with 2m NaOH
produces a clear solution without large deposits of kemudianpada 50% NaOH
reactant produce a white precipitate with clear solution of it is somewhat murky.
This happens because the zinc reacts with NaOH formed deposits of white
zinc hydroxide Zn(OH)2, with the reaction that occurs is:
Zn2+ + 2OH-→ Zn(OH)2↓
On the reactant with KSCN is not going change in color of the solution
remains clear on the tube are also not terdapa tendapan happened. With the
reaction that occurs:
ZnCl2 + 2KSCN-→ Zn(SCN)2 + 2KCl.
On the reactant by using NH3, which occurred in lerutan i.e. be oily and
murky white formed the white deposits of zinc hydroxide soluble in excessive
and reagensia in aqueous solution and in excessive reagensia. where the
reaction occurs is:
Zn2+ + 2NH3 + H2O → Z (OH)2 + 2NH4+↓
On the addition of reactant with Na2CO3 aqueous solution into a murky
white as well as a white precipitate is formed, the reactions that occur:
ZnCl2 + Na2CO3 → ZnCO3 + 2NaCl↓
The addition of a substance that can attract the ion – ion deposition so that
through their charge comb, the particles immediately Moor and formed a
collection of material large enough to precipitate out.
 F. Conclusion

Based on the results of the experiment reactivity of transition metal ions, it can
be concluded that: 1. transition metal ions reactive enough to react with a variety of
reagents.
2. There is a reactivity compound that occurs in any of the sample views of the color
change is happening and the formation of deposits.
3. Color change that occurs in aqueous solution with transition metal in it can be due
to the onset of the metal oxidation number changes due to the influence of ligand.
4. the Reactivity of a compound especially containing transition metal ions depends
on several factors such as load and fingers – fingers ion, and electron configuration in
the d orbitals.
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