Proc. of 2015 2nd Int.
Conference on Information Technology, Computer and Electrical Engineering (ICITACEE), Indonesia, Oct 16-18th
Harmonics Reduction Using LLCL Filter
on Residential Loads 450 VA and 900 VA
in Central Java-Indonesia
Sapto Nisworo
Electrical Engineering
Tidar University
Magelang, Indonesia
saptonisworo@gmail.com
Abstract— The quality of electrical power basically is all
issues relating to the electrical power, including deviation of the
normal condition of voltage, current and frequency. The
electronic equipment currently used in households generate
significant current harmonic distortion. The objective of this
research is to map and reduce the harmonic distortion on
household electricity customers 450 VA and 900 VA. This
research was conducted in several areas in Magelang City,
Temanggung Regency, Purworejo Regency, Salatiga City,
Karanganyar Regency, Banjarnegara Regency, Semarang
Regency and Pekalongan Regency of Central Java randomly,
using loads that are used for daily household. The average
percentage of THDi for an installed power of 900 VA is 37.94
percent, while customers with 450 VA percentage of THDi is
49.84 percent. A group of households in a network with industry,
the average percentage of THDi of installed power capacity of
900 VA is 38.94 percent and for the customer with 450VA has
percentage THDi value of 41.29 percent. The results of
measurement, percentage THDi on household electricity
customers, then performed a simulation with PSIM software.
Electric power source used and load voltage 220 V household
appliances analogous to a full wave rectifier with resistive load of
100 ohms and 28 uF capacitor. Passive filter used is the type
LLCL. The simulation resulted from using LLCL filter tuned to
the harmonic order 3 with a frequency of 150 Hz to get a
reduction of percentage THDi from 45.6204 percent dropped to
9.1444 percent with 16 volt voltage drop.
Keywords—reduction; harmonic; household customers; LLCL
filter;
I. INTRODUCTION
Residential electrical power system should have a
sinusoidal waveform of current and voltage. Loads of average
household appliances are nonlinear, leading to distortion of
current waveform that contained harmonic, if the harmonic
condition is allowed it will lower the quality of electric power.
Technological advances in the field of electronics today,
led to the use of equipment based from electronic components
are increasing. Electronic equipment basically is a non-linear
component. Reality that occurs, because this type of non-
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2015 IEEE
Hamzah Berahim, Tumiran, Suharyanto
Electrical Engineering and Information Technology
Gadjah Mada University
Yogyakarta, Indonesia
h_berahim@ugm.ac.id; tumiran@ugm.ac.id;
suharyanto@ugm.ac.id
linear loads, happen defective waveform harmonic voltage
and current of the power system [1].
Power quality has become a major focus in the last decade
as a result of an increase in the cost of energy production, the
cost to the consumer, as well as changes in the nature of the
electrical loads. The use of electronic power converters in the
electricity network has increased in the past decade, mainly by
industry, and also by household consumers in general. As a
result of the deterioration of wave profile of current and a
voltage electric power system [2].
Measurement results for different types of loads on
medium and low voltage 20 kV/380V network in West Java
and Banten contained value of THDi on all distribution
substations ranging from 5% to 70% [3].
Response of electrical appliances to resources containing
harmonics can be different from each other. An incandescent
lamp with a filament, household appliances such as heater and
hotplate, operate without much affected by harmonics. Other
circumstances, the electric motor winding coils experience
overheating on the presence of harmonics. This leads to
declining acceleration in the level of isolation and shorten the
lifespan of the motor [4].
The sources of harmonic for household electricity
customers in broad outline come from television, fluorescent
lamps and electronic devices, including for household
appliances that use a diode/thyristor and switching power
supplies [5].
The use of compact type electronic ballast lamps (CFL)
today has replaced the regular incandescent bulbs on
household lighting, [6]. Based on market trends, the impact of
the use of CFLs can lead to increased harmonic voltage
distortion of about 10% per year over the next few years [7].
Another influence of CFL contributes harmonic current
injection into the grid [8].
A. The Electrical Power Distribution System and Harmonics
Influence
Power distribution system in Central Java of Indonesia,
using the electric power distribution system 3-phase 4-wire
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system. Household and commercial custoomers are usually Calculating the value of THD
T i and THDv by using the
supplied through three-phase four-wire or single-phase two- equation (2) and (3).
wire distribution transformers. Household customers are
∑
supplied through a transformer on the primaary side connected √
phase-neutral and each secondary side volltage of 220 volts (2)
√
with a phase difference of 180°, more is shhown on Figure 1
[9]. ∑
√
Electric waveform distortion in the hoousehold electrical (3)
installation channel, can affect the performaance of household √
appliances and depreciation life of the equipment.
e In the To calculate average pow wer with equation (4) and to
construction of certain measuring devices, measurement
m errors calculate the power factor usingg equation (5).
can occur, especially for measuring instrum ment based on the
working principle of magnetic induction. ∑ cos (4)
Triplen harmonic wave currents flowinng on the neutral
line, neutral current increased because of 3rrd-order harmonic (5)
wave multiplication (triplen), so that the touuch voltage on the
equipment increases.
Vk is the voltage harmonic k, Ik is the harmonic currents k
Electric power containing harmonics caause zero crossing and k is the harmonic order. δk is the angle between ak and bk
which may result in incorrect operation when w operated on for harmonic voltage and θk is the angle between ak and bk for
synchronization control and power system ms when resonate harmonic currents.
with waves of harmonic frequency, resullting in increased
voltage of power supply. Another consequeence, wire channel II. HARMON
NICS MEASUREMENT
and insulator experiencing more voltage strress and corona, if Measurement of harmonic wave distortion that occurs in
this condition continues, there will be an ellectrical failure on the household customers electric power loads of one phase
insulator or accelerate insulator aging. three wire system. Basically haarmonic distortion in household
Another influence on harmonic waave synchronous appliances is diverse, the sum of
o the amplitude order harmonic
generator caused by the nonlinear loads, can increase the currents and voltages caused by each household appliances
current’s zero sequence and current’s neegative sequence, generated THDi value.
causing additional losses.
A. Research Object
Household electricity customer criteria as the object of this
dissertation are:
1. Household electricity custoomers are with installed power
capacity of 450 VA and 9000 VA;
2. Household electricity cusstomers is allowed us to do
measurements;
3. Power connection for houusehold customers is separated
with a distribution networkk that is used for industrial or
factory, or same with induustrial distribution network with
a distance of 10 kms;
Fig. 1. Electric power system one phase thhree wire 4. Household electricity cusstomers who live around the
industry, house connectionns to customers is chosen by a
distance of not more thaan 20 meters from the power
B. Harmonic in Power System transformer that are used;
5. Samples of customers survveyed for the power capacity of
Harmonics according to IEC 6100-3-22-1995, IEEE Std 450 VA and 900 VA respecctively by 10 customers;
519-1992, defined as voltage or current sinusoid
s having a 6. Measurement of harmonicss are in one customer with other
frequency by multiples of frequency of electrical power customers ensured by the different distribution
system as it is designed to be operated at a frrequency of 50 Hz transformers;
or 60 Hz. Theory of harmonic completion put forward by a 7. Harmonics study is conduucted randomly with sample of
French physicist and mathematician nam med Jean Baptiste customers from PT. PLN (Indonesia state is owned by
Joseph Fourier. electric utility company)) Magelang City, Magelang
Correspond to Fourier series, that an electric current wave Regency, Temanggung Reegency, Banjarnegara Regency,
represented by the function i(t) with periodd T, then the wave Purworejo Regency, Salattiga City, Semarang Regency,
equation becomes: Boyolali Regency and Kaaranganyar Regency of Central
Java.
∑ cos sin (1)

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 Proc. of 2015 2nd Int. Conference on Information Technology, Computer and Electrical Engineering (ICITACEE), Indonesia, Oct 16-18th

B. Measurement Methods III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Research content of harmonic distortiion at household THDi measurement was carried
c out on 10 customers of
customers basically is done for the customerr electric power of electric power with a capacityy of 900 VA and 450 VA. This
450 VA and 900 VA is located around the industry, using an measurement was carried out at a the location of household far
electric power distribution network, but it is
i used a different from industry (more than ten kilometers) and those of using
distribution transformer and electric power customer the same distribution with induustry.
household power capacity of 450 VA annd 900 VA is not Measurement results for hoousehold electric customers are
using same power distribution network with w industry or a shown in Figure 3.
distribution network with the industry with w a minimum
distance of 10 kms.
Customer criteria that will be taken itss data, previously,
have been conducting a preliminary survey in order to obtain
valid information of harmonic distortioon on household
electricity customers. Preliminary survey forr each loads group
of 10 (ten) customers at random, based on o the single line
diagram of PT. PLN and perform checks dirrectly to customers
who are technically meeting the criteria:
a. Household electricity customers are witth installed power
capacity of 900 VA and 450 VA;
b. Customer's electric power with a separatte category with a
network of industry, actually do not beccome one with the
industrial network of the transformer seecondary terminals Fig. 3. Percentage of THDi of
o household electric customer
in substations and along the distribuution channel or
customers with a distance of 10 kms from m the industry, our Referring to the data show wn in Figure 3, it can be seen
customers that are use electric power disstribution network harmonic current value for eachh group of customer (Figure 4).
collectively together with the industry which
w is located at
least 10 kms from the industry;
c. Customers who live around the electric power
p industry are
customers, which using a same networkk distribution with
another distribution transformer used inn industries and is
approximately 50 meters from distribuution transformer.
Customer's home connection in question is chosen that has
a distance of not more than 20 meterss from the power
transformer.
To investigate the maximum possibillity of individual
harmonic and %THDi, at the selected customer, c it was
resumed that all the customer appliancess must be is on
position, in the form of current and voltage v harmonic
amplitude on the even and odd multiples of o the fundamental Fig. 4. Average %THDi for four group customer
frequency and other electrical quantity valuee. It is intended for
a maximum capacity of electric power usaage and individual Harmonic current of custoomer number 8 (eight) is shown
harmonic and %THDi. in Figure 5. According to Figurre 5, is this confirmed that there
Harmonic measurements on household customers
c do refer were harmonic currents of tennding odd order (3, 5, 7,…, 9).
to Figure 2. The measurements were perform med after the kWh Hence, these harmonic currents should reduce to improve
meter using a measuring instrument Hioki 32286-20. power quality.

Fig. 2. Measurement methods Fig. 5. Current harmonic specctrum of customer number eight
groups 450RT

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 Proc. of 2015 2nd Int. Conference on Information Technology, Computer and Electrical Engineering (ICITACEE), Indonesia, Oct 16-18th
To identify difference of harmonics on each group,
statistical analysis was adapted. The result of statistical
analysis is shown in Table 1.
Samples were taken randomly, so each observation is a
free information. Matters relating to the variance and average
are widely used to make conclusions through assessment and
hypothesis testing of parameters. Analysis of comparative
multivariable average test data measurement result of %THDi
on household electricity customers installed power capacity of
450 VA and 900 VA are a one-way anova.
From the value of %THDi Figure 3 with the statistical
analysis obtained information that the average of %THDi for
group loads of household power capacity of 900 VA and
customer groups of electric power household power capacity
of 900 VA domiciled around the industry with a distribution
network together with industry and the group loads with a
capacity of installed power of 450 VA with its distribution
network separately by industry or one network distribution but
with a minimum distance of 10 kms and the last group of a
loads with an installed power of 450 VA with locations around
the industry and using the distribution networks together with
the industrial processed by the statistics shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Descriptive results of %THDi for
sample of 900RT, 900IND, 450RT and 450IND
From table 1 obtains information (descriptive):
a. For 900 VA customers are with a separate network with
the industry (900RT), with a confidence level of 95% or
5% significance, the average of %THDi is in the range
from 28.6363% to 47.2437%.
b. For 900 VA customers are in a network with the industry
(900IND); with a confidence level of 95% or 5%
significance, the average of %THDi is in the range from
28.7121% to 48.9479%.
c. For 450 VA customers with a separate network with the
industry (450RT), with a confidence level of 95% or 5%
significance, the average of %THDi is in the range from
32.1314% to 46.8330%.
d. For 450 VA customers in a network with the industry
(450IND), with a confidence level of 95% or 5%
significance, the average of %THDi is in the range from
32.1314% to 50.4486%.
Results of the ANOVA analysis of % THDi for 4 (four)
household electricity customer groups are shown in Table 2.
Furthermore, the proposed hypothesis calculation results:
Ho: there is no difference of %THDi for the four groups of
household customers 900RT, 900IND, 450RT and 450IND.
Ha: there is a difference of %THDi for the four groups of
household customers 900RT, 900IND, 450RT and 450IND.
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Table 2 ANOVA test results of %THDi for 4 groups
sample 900RT, 900IND, 450RT and 450IND
Decision making is when sig>0.05, then Ho is accepted and
if the value of sig<0.05, then Ho is rejected or if Fcount<Ftable,
then Ho is accepted, and if Fcount>Ftable then Ho is rejected.
From the calculation of the value of sig is 0.285, the value is
greater than 0.05, then Ho is accepted. With a degree of error
of 5%, see the Table, the value of F is 2.866, so 1.313<2.866,
with this result then Ho is accepted.
With sig results were compared with the 95% confidence
level and by comparing with the Fcount and FTable, obtained
information that there is no significant difference of %THDi in
all electricity customers 450 VA and 900 VA either within one
distribution network or in a separated distribution network.
Parametric test results are intended to get the information
that content of %THDi on household electric customers
statistically have the same or different from one group to
another load. It becomes important to design an appropriate
filter.
Parametric test results are intended to get the information
that content of %THDi on household electric customers
statistically have the same or different from one group to
another load. It becomes important to design an appropriate
filter.
The traditional approach to solve the problem of distortion
harmonic waves is relatively cheap and easy, to make one of
them is done by installing a passive filter. Passive filters are
relatively inexpensive compared with active filters. Passive
filter design should take into account the harmonic current
distortion generated by the charging system, it is due to the
heat that occurs in a set of filters. Passive filters can also be
designed for the dual purposes of giving the action of filtering
and power factor compensation at the desired level.
The harmonic reduction optimum solution is in one choice
between a technically and economically. Harmonic reduction
for household customers better suited with cheap and easy to
make filters. The selected topology is to combine passive
shunt filter and filter series in form of inductance. With LLCL
filter considered good to contribute in harmonic content
reduction on household customers, so as to improve electric
power quality.
Simulation with passive filter series is designed based on
opposing the nature of inductance reactance and capacitance.
The Zf value in tuned on third harmonic frequency, the value
of L1 and L2 tuned to get maximum value of harmonic
reduction. Value of voltage shrinkage on the filter does not
exceed 10%.
Limits for the component capacitor and inductor is in
accordance with standard IEEE-18 year 2002, the equivalent
circuit shown in Figure 6. Simulation circuit of household
electrical loads with LLCL filter.
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 Proc. of 2015 2nd Int. Conference on Information Technology, Computer and Electrical Engineering (ICITACEE), Indonesia, Oct 16-18th
Fig. 6. Simulation circuit of household electrical loadds with LLCL filter
Simulation filter circuit of household eleectrical loads with
PSIM software in Figure 6. Electric power soource used voltage
220 V, source harmonic of household appliaances analogous to
a full wave rectifier with resistive load (R)) of 100 ohms and
28 uF capacitor (C). Source impedance Z = (0.2 + j0, 314) Ω,
filter tuned to a frequency of 150 Hz, thee capacitance (Cf)
value 0.47 uF filter and filter inducttance (Lf) value
2.39773 H and inductance L1=L2 value 300 mH obtained
results shown in Figure 7.
Referring to measurement results of Fiigure 4, indicated
that the %THDi that often appears abovve the average is
450 VA electricity customer with a sepparate network of
industry, this indicates that there is a treend of household
electric customers use equipment that is noot standardized by
the government or use of reproducible lightinng equipment. The
simulation results obtained from the value of the percentage
reduction of harmonic currents from 45.62204% to 9.1444%,
this value above with a filter that tuned too the frequency of
150 Hz. In overall, value of harmonic curreents for each order
also decreased. Unless the fundamentaal frequency has
increased, this is due to the LC filter cannot be
b designed with a
steep slope.
Fig. 7. Simulation results of %THDi with and without filter
IV. CONCLUSIONS
ANOVA test results, providing information that the fourth
sample %THDi there is no difference betw ween the groups of
residential loads loads. This is evidenced by b the significant
value it generates 0.167, with a 95% confidence level or
significance 0.05, then Ho is accepted, so cooncluded that there
was no difference between groups of loaads %THDi. With
these results, it can be concluded all residential loads
electricity loads who live a distribution network with a
separate industry and customer distribution network with the
industry, according to the statistics there were no differences
with each other in terms of %THDi. Based on o this, the current
harmonic wave defect reduction can be performed
p with a
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harmonic filter design with loads equated with statistical
results.
Household measurement results
r compiled and processed
using statistical analysis obbtain an information that all
household electric customers that use distribution network
with the industry and customeers with a distribution network
separated by industry, there is no
n difference from each other in
terms of %THDi, obtained an average of %THDi is 41.997%.
Based on this, harmonic currennt distortion waveform reduction
is simulated with a harmonicc filter design is similar to the
loads on the statistical resullts. Result of household load
simulation in reduction of harmmonic current with a LLCL filter
tuned to a frequency of 150 Hz obtained value of %THDi
45.6204% unfiltered and affter filter installed, down to
9.1444% with 16 volt voltage drop.
d
In General, household applliances manufacturer should of
install harmonic filter that suiitable for suppresing harmonic
content. The goverment im mplement the regulation and
supervision strictly for parties that involved in electric power
systems.
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