Professional Documents
Culture Documents
discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233498762
CITATIONS READS
23 348
3 authors:
Abid Nadeem
Nazarbayev University
61 PUBLICATIONS 665 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Total Building Commissioning View project
All content following this page was uploaded by Abid Nadeem on 29 March 2016.
Abstract
Various initiatives can be taken to implement building information modelling (BIM) systems in a country. The
purpose of this article is to highlight critical initiatives derived from the review of BIM implementations in
both the public and private sectors in six selected countries. The methodology adopted for structuring the
study is to classify BIM initiatives for its implementation in policy, process and technology fields. A literature
review of such BIM fields from the USA, Finland, Norway, Denmark, Singapore and Hong Kong is provided.
Moreover, the experiences of authors in BIM research projects conducted in the past through questionnaire
surveys and interviews are also utilized to synthesize the findings. The review suggests that, in several
situations, BIM is implemented in conjunction with industry foundation classes for better integration and
interoperability of various components of a BIM system. The types and roles of major stakeholders in
promoting and providing support for the implementation, research and development of BIM systems are
presented. The findings suggest that initiatives can be taken for policy formulation, BIM organization,
information exchange capability, research areas identification, promotion, presentation and liaison of BIM
programmes for an effective BIM implementation in a country.
B Keywords – Building information modelling; Hong Kong; industry foundation classes; interoperability; Scandinavian countries;
Singapore; stakeholders’ roles
operation of the buildings. In this article, a review of fields. For each field, the players and deliverables can
BIM initiatives for its implementation in a number of be identified. Admittedly, the information presented in
countries is presented. Such initiatives can be this article about the deliverables and players is not
categorized with respect to the type of main exhaustive. However, it is expected that the
stakeholders taking initiatives, such as the public presented information is a good indicator of the
and private sectors, as well as by the class of overall pattern of BIM implementations. After
initiatives. BIM initiatives have been classified into identifying players and deliverables in these fields,
the policy, process and technology fields (Succar, analysis is made of any overlap in the fields or
2009). Further explanation of this classification is interaction of fields to arrive at the research findings.
provided in the Methodology section. Findings from The chosen fields are explained as follows.
this study are based on the review of literature of Policies are ‘written principles or rules to guide
BIM initiatives from the USA, Finland, Norway, decision-making’ (Clemson, 2010). It includes players
Denmark, Singapore and Hong Kong. The chosen such as insurance companies, research centres,
countries are from three continents and the review is educational institutions and regulatory bodies. Their
expected to cover a wide range of BIM jobs are normally to train practitioners, deliver
implementations. The USA is a large country and research, distribute benefits and minimize conflicts
produces a great deal of BIM technology. Finland, between industry participants. These players do not
Norway and Denmark represent the Scandinavian generate any construction products but are
region in Europe. This region is regarded as one of specialized organizations.
the earliest adopters of BIM technology, outside of Process is defined as ‘a specific ordering of work
North America. Asia is represented by Hong Kong, activities across time and place, with a beginning, an
which is a Special Administrative Region of the end, and clearly identified inputs and outputs: a
People’s Republic of China, and Singapore. structure for action’ (Davenport, 1992). It includes
Singapore is one of the earliest BIM adopters in Asia people who procure, design, construct, manufacture,
in the public sector; BIM is being gradually use, manage and maintain building facilities or
implemented in Hong Kong in both the public and structures. Facility owners, architects, engineers,
the private sector. contractors, facility managers, etc. can be included in
In order to implement BIM, certain policies, this group.
processes and technologies are needed that interact Technology is ‘the application of scientific
and/or overlap with each other to produce the knowledge for practical purposes’ (Oxford, 2010). It
desired outcomes in the form of a building includes the players who develop the software,
information model. The purpose of this article is to hardware, equipment and networking systems
highlight such policies, processes and technologies necessary for BIM implementations.
from the selected countries and integrate the
findings to illustrate the common behaviour of such BIM PLAYERS IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES
initiatives or implementations. THE USA
l General Services Administration (GSA) is the main
METHODOLOGY public client implementing BIM in the public sector.
This article is based on the review of literature of GSA’s National 3D– 4D BIM programme was
BIM initiatives in various countries. Moreover, the launched in 2003 (GSA, 2007).
experiences of authors in BIM implementation l National Institute for Standards and Technology
research from information obtained in the past (NIST) conducts research on BIM and
through questionnaire surveys and interviews for interoperability among other areas (NIBS, 2007).
other BIM research studies are also used to integrate l CAD/BIM Technology Center is a research centre
the findings. In order to structure the information for the US Army Corps of Engineers, providing
presented in this article, BIM initiatives are divided technical and professional services for BIM
into three fields: the technology, process and policy deployment across the professional services in a
consistent manner that ensures acceptable return l The Norwegian International Alliance for
on investments and promotes interoperability Interoperability (IAI) Forum is active in defining the
between BIM and other geospatial technologies. information exchange requirements for BIM.
l Construction Engineering Research Laboratory of the
Corps of Engineers with the support of its other
laboratories is transforming the use of BIM and is a DENMARK
primary player in the industry transformation with l There are at least three public owners who have
products such as COBIE (Construction Operations initiated work on BIM. They are The Palaces and
Building Information Exchange). Properties Agency, The Danish University and
l Other players from the USA are listed in Appendix 1
Property Agency and Defence Construction
along with their brief description of BIM Service. Although the government projects do
involvement. not represent a large part of the total property
area, they do have significant impact on the
FINLAND market created by IFC requirements.
l Senate Properties is the public owner running pilot l Other government agencies, such as Gentofte
projects using BIM and Industry Foundation Municipality and KLP Ejendomme, have also
Classes (IFC). It has assessed the product model adopted the requirements from the Digital
technology that supports BIM technology and Construction project in Denmark.
found it sufficiently ready to use in projects. l In Denmark, guidelines for working with 3D CAD
l In the private sector, Skanska Oy is the general applications have been prepared. This was
contractor that has implemented BIM in its accomplished under the Digital Construction
operations and has also performed research and Program initiated by the Danish Enterprise and
development (R&D) in BIM. Construction Authority.
l Tekes has promoted BIM in Finland and the l In the private sector, Bips is developing BIM
Association of Finnish Contractors has also guidelines and Rambøll is working to make
promoted BIM, in association with state client Rambyg – its web-based system for operation and
senate properties. maintenance of buildings – compliant with IFC
l Helsinki University of Technology and Tampere requirements.
University of Technology are the educational l In the education institutions, Aalborg University
institutions performing R&D in BIM. focuses on IFC model servers and 3D models.
l VTT is the major research organization in Finland for Aarhus School of Architecture is focusing on
BIM and other research in the construction and product configuration, design intent and IFC
built environment. model servers, whereas the Technical University
of Denmark’s work is on interoperability.
NORWAY
l Statsbygg is the state client promoting the use of SINGAPORE
BIM. l In Singapore, Construction and Real Estate Network
l Norwegian Homebuilders Association encourages (CORENET) is the main organization involved in the
the industry to adopt BIM and IFC. development and implementation of BIM for
l In the private sector, Selvaag-Bluethink is government projects. It is a major information
developing IFC-based BIM. technology (IT) initiative that was launched in
l SINTEF is the leading organization conducting 1995 by Singapore’s Ministry of National
research in BIM. Development.
l In the Norwegian University of Science and l In the private sector, consulting engineers such as
Technology (NTNU), several student projects on Arup and WSP have embarked on the
BIM are being conducted. implementation of BIM in their projects.
Singapore Public Construction and Real Estate Network Regulator and system developer
(CORENET)
Private Arup Application implementer
WSP Application implementer
exchange of digital data between different their projects whereas engineers’ usage (such as
developers (GSA, 2008). structural engineers) was nearly 60%.
requirements are set out by the government and some Enterprise and Construction Authority are supporting
of them are part of the building regulatory laws. In the R&D work in BIM in Denmark.
Denmark, Bips, which is a user-driven organization,
has a strong influence on the use of IT in the Danish BIM INITIATIVES IN SINGAPORE
construction industry. The mandatory demands on POLICY INITIATIVES
BIM from the Danish state clients in 2007 have CORENET provides information services, which
moved the use of BIM to a higher level in Denmark. include e-information systems such as eNPQS and
Denmark has actively put forth its requirements for e-Catalog to its clients. It also offers an integrated
using BIM in government projects. Such requirements submission system in the form of e-Submission and
from the government are known as Byggherrekravene Integrated Plan Checking System. IT standards are
(Det Digitale Byggeri, 2007). The architects, designers being adopted in the construction industry of
and contractors participating in public sector Singapore, adapted from IAI. Singapore, has, since
construction projects are utilizing a number of new 1997, been promoting and later on also requiring the
digital routines, methods and tools starting from use of BIM for various kinds of approvals, such as
January 2007. The initiative is called ‘Det Digitale building plan approvals and fire safety certifications
Byggeri’ in Danish, which means ‘the Digital (Khemlani, 2005). The CORENET’s e-PlanCheck
Construction’. At the beginning, when the initiative defines Singapore’s Automated Code Checking
was under experimentation, the public sector clients System, and several authorities in Singapore are
exercised flexibility in its use. For example, the participating in the e-submission system, which
adoption of a new common classification system requires the use of BIM and IFC. The BIM guideline
was recommended in the initiative, but it was called ‘integrated plan checking’ has now been
normally up to the architects/engineers to decide completed.
whether the system should be used or not.
The use of 3D models in the projects has been PROCESS INITIATIVES
related to the price of the project. For projects above Arup Singapore has adopted the process of BIM on
5.5 million euros, 3D models in the design have to all its projects for the past few years with success
fulfil a number of requirements regarding content (Pynn, 2009). WSP also adopts BIM at the project
and information levels for the various phases, and design stage because of its effective use in the
these are to be defined by the client for the preparation and evaluation of structure designs and
individual project. The models are recommended to loading analyses. BIM was recently applied to
be exchanged using the IFC format. Also, there are a design production on the Civic, Cultural and Retail
few municipalities and private clients in Denmark Complex, One North Singapore project, which is
who demand object-based modelling. an integrated complex and is scheduled to be
A package of guidelines regarding 3D was completed in 2011.
developed. The guidelines concerned both the
setting up and fulfilling of requirements in file and BIM INITIATIVES IN HONG KONG
database-based CAD/BIM applications. The adoption POLICY INITIATIVES
of the Digital Construction Program has been The Hong Kong Housing Authority (HKHA) is applying
published in the form of a number of reports and BIM technology in the public sector of Hong Kong
guidelines (Bips, 2008). These guidelines are also for design, sustainability studies and construction
available in English, which include 3D CAD Manual coordination of its public housing projects. The BIM
2006, 3D Working Method, 3D Working Methods initiative follows the regulatory policy of the Works
and Layer and Object Structures 2006. Branch of the Development Bureau of Hong Kong
Bips has adopted the results from the Digital towards BIM. A BIM centre was set up in 2009 at
Construction Program and is promoting the new the headquarters of the HKHA to promote the use of
working methods to all companies in the Danish BIM and facilitate experience sharing. HKHA has
construction industry. Rambøll and the Danish been piloting the use of BIM in new public housing
projects since 2006. Its experience with BIM suggests architectural firms, they mainly use BIM for project
that BIM can improve productivity and efficiency in design and drawing production such as presenting
terms of enhancing collaboration, design complex geometry on a 3D platform, using a 3D
optimization, construction planning and conflict model to export 2D construction drawings, etc.
detection. HKHA anticipates it will save time and Structural engineering firms such as WSP Hong
cost, with less wastage in the long run. Kong Limited adopt BIM at the project design stage.
HKHA will continue to use BIM in more projects, They point out that it is effective to use BIM for the
with an aim to cover all projects from 2014/15 preparation and evaluation of structure designs and
onwards. To develop BIM as a more user-friendly loading analyses. Efficient and accurate drawing
tool in Hong Kong however, HKHA plans to explore production is one of the benefits derived from BIM
more application areas, for example, automatic usage experienced by structural engineering firms. In
extraction of bill of quantities from BIM models, addition, for civil engineering projects, a 3D
checking of building codes to comply with building topographic model can be efficiently produced using
regulations, integration with specification, BIM.
prefabrication and assembly RFID, etc. HKHA BIM consultants provide a convenient service for
considers that the requirement for BIM in the AEC firms that want to adopt BIM on their projects.
job market would soon change from being a ‘desired Intelibuild, Forida and Tecton are independent
skill’ to a ‘required skill’. consultants providing BIM services in Hong Kong.
In the private sector, HKIBIM as a professional BIM They have clients in both public and private sectors
body is promoting BIM on a number of fronts as (Autodesk, 2007). The role of BIM consultants is to
follows: be mainly responsible for the technical aspects in
the building up of BIM models at project level. Their
l promoting and advancing the general education, business models focus on the exploration and
understanding, appreciation and interest of and in exploitation of applying BIM technologies,
BIM for the benefit of the member and the general investigating the potential use of BIM for diversifying
public; their services so as to enlarge their market share and
l establishing and maintaining standards of BIM to attract more clients. Their BIM services include
practice in Hong Kong; design visualization, photomontage, design
l establishing links with relevant institutes of tertiary coordination, computer simulation of sunlight and
education, government bureaus/departments, wind effects, production of construction drawings,
statutory bodies and other organizations; construction process simulation, maintenance,
l providing guidance on careers in the BIM material taking off, etc.
profession;
l establishing and maintaining a code of conduct for INTEGRATIVE ANALYSIS OF BIM
practitioners of BIM in Hong Kong. INITIATIVES
The review of implementation initiatives in terms of
PROCESS PLAYERS AND INITIATIVES policy, process and technology for BIM by various
A few developers in Hong Kong such as Henderson public and private sector players in the USA, Finland,
Land Development Company Limited, New World Norway, Denmark, Singapore and Hong Kong is
Development Company Limited and Mass Transit integrated into the research findings. The findings
Railway Corporation (MTRC) Hong Kong Limited have lead towards describing collectively, in qualitative
already adopted BIM in their projects (Autodesk, measures, various aspects of BIM implementations.
2007). Main BIM applications include clash detection, This is described in terms of the strategic steps
design visualization and design evaluation. taken to implement BIM. Therefore, from the studies
In Hong Kong, Aedas Limited and L.W.K. & performed, the following attributes of BIM
Partners (HK) Limited are among the architects who implementations in various countries can be
actively practise BIM on their projects. As identified.
ROLE OF MAJOR PLAYERS one set of BIM guidelines. The development of open
The review, as presented before, highlights the critical BIM standards is recommended, which means the
role of the public sector in the implementation of BIM standards should be usable on a variety of
in any country. In the countries discussed, the public computing platforms/systems. GSA in the USA and
sector was one of the major drivers for the the Association of Finnish Contractors in Finland
implementation of BIM. However, the role of the collaborate with other partners to establish open
private sector is also significant. In Hong Kong, which BIM standards. In other countries, there are many
has an open economic system, the role of the private competing BIM developers/vendors. Their efforts
sector in contributing to the economy is quite need to be streamlined. The public sector in a
significant and this includes Hong Kong’s AEC country is in a better position to instil synergy into
industry as well. It can be expected that new trends various competing BIM developers in the market. In
or the introduction of new technology would most Hong Kong, HKIBIM is taking a proactive role by
likely arise from the private sector. The same is the providing an exchange platform for gathering the
case with BIM, which has been largely implemented contributions from BIM professionals and
by the private sector in Hong Kong. There is a high stakeholders.
probability that BIM usage will greatly increase in the
years to come. The government of Hong Kong, as the INFORMATION EXCHANGE CAPABILITY
public sector, has also realized this need. Therefore, An important capability of the BIM implementation
HKHA is actively implementing BIM in its projects. system is exchanging information among different
BIM and non-BIM systems without loss of data,
BIM POLICY AND/OR PROGRAMME making the design information explicit and making it
For the effective implementation of BIM in a country, available to stakeholders so that the design,
the government needs to establish the specific construction or operation intent can be easily
policy of adopting BIM on all projects. In each of the understood and evaluated. The requirements of BIM
countries discussed, specific government to pass IFC, IFD or IDM certifications, as presented
departments were responsible for setting the BIM before, are intended to fulfil information exchange
policy, which includes in varying degrees the capability requirements.
regulatory guidelines, contractual arrangements,
setting up of best practices and standards, providing ORGANIZATION FOR BIM IMPLEMENTATION
research and educational funding, etc. The initiatives In order to implement the BIM policy of a country,
of GSA in the USA, Statsbygg in Norway and DevB there should be one or more designated
in Hong Kong, among others, are examples. BIM organizations to take up the major responsibilities for
policy, in fact, also covers many of the following BIM implementation, initially through some pilot
attributes of BIM implementation. projects. It could be an existing government
department or organization that can be entrusted
DEVELOPMENT OF BIM STANDARDS/ with the task of overseeing BIM initiatives in the
GUIDELINES territory. Several such organizations are discussed
BIM standards/guidelines are usually a component or and summarized in Table 1. There can be other
an expected outcome of the BIM policy in a country. organizations in a country whose work can benefit
Whereas the policy is normally attributed to the from BIM implementations. These organizations
public sector, the development of BIM standards or should be encouraged to adopt BIM, in consultation
guidelines can also be initiated by the private sector. with the main departments responsible for
In the USA, the public client GSA has its BIM coordinating BIM implementations in the country.
guidelines, which are parallel to the national BIM
guidelines drafted by the NIST. The guidelines may PRESENTATION, PROMOTION AND LIAISON
serve a specific purpose for an organization; It is important to disseminate the findings of the BIM
therefore, in one country there can be more than programme, once established, at various outlets such
as forums, journals, conferences, professional bodies effect of BIM on the overall business processes of a
for information exchange and recognition. For real estate and construction company, starting from
example, GSA liaises with other partners from Europe automation of the process and passing through the
such as Senate Properties for collaboration. The BIM informational effect. In another management
best practices are recognized in the form of awards. research area, research is being conducted into
In the USA, the American Institute of Architects’ business drivers for the implementation of BIM,
Technology in Architectural Practice organizes the which is divided into various areas concerning each
annual BIM awards. In Hong Kong, Autodesk Hong stakeholder involved in the whole building life cycle.
Kong organizes the annual BIM awards. Several of the In technical research, researchers have paid great
organizations described earlier in this article have attention to interoperability issues. IFC specifications
been recognized through these awards. are also being investigated to make them cater for
the needs of the construction and real estate
FOCUS OF BIM RESEARCH industry. The major issue in IFC specifications is the
Research programmes are, in fact, part of the policy complexity of its use, efforts are being made to
field of BIM. A number of areas for comparison make the specifications clearly modularized and
under this category are summarized in Table 2. From categorized to better suit the needs of construction
the review of the areas of research and industry users.
development, it is observed that R&D in selected
Scandinavian countries (Finland, Denmark and CONCLUSIONS
Norway) is being conducted in two broad areas: A review of BIM initiatives in the USA, Finland,
management aspects and technical aspects. One Norway, Denmark, Singapore and Hong Kong has
such area is the investigation of the transformational been presented in this article. From the integrative
analysis of BIM initiatives in these countries, the Works Project Information Standard’, Working Paper No. 1.2, November,
overall attributes of BIM implementation in a country 22–23. Available at: http://tinyurl.com/devb2007 [accessed 13 October
were extracted. The findings suggest that for an 2010].
effective implementation of BIM in a country, both the DevB (Government Secretariat Development Bureau Works Branch), 2008,
public and private sector should work collaboratively to ‘Head 159’, the 2008 –09 Budget, the Government of the Hong Kong
set up a suitable environment for the implementation Special Administrative Region. Available at: www.budget.gov.hk/2008/
of BIM in the AEC/FM industry. Such steps would eng/pdf/head159.pdf [accessed 29 June 2009].
include, but not be limited to, defining the roles of Fallon, K.K., 2005, ‘GSA’s BIM pilot program makes strides’, Edges,
major players in BIM implementation, and setting up a Newsletter of the Technology in Practice Knowledge Community,
suitable policy for BIM implementation. The BIM policy December. Available at: www.aia.org/nwsltr_tap.
would include steps such as organization for BIM cfm?pagename=tap_a_20051230_gsabim [accessed 29 June 2009].
implementation, developing effective information GSA (US General Services), 2007, ‘GSA’s national 3D-4D BIM program’.
exchange capable systems, setting up modelling Available at: www.gsa.gov/bim [accessed 29 June 2009].
guidelines, BIM standards and best practices, possibly GSA (US General Services), 2008, ‘GSA signs international agreement
in the form of successful pilot projects, and the supporting building information modeling’. Available at: www.gsa.gov/
promotion, liaison and presentation of BIM initiatives in portal/content/102935 [accessed 11 August 2010].
the country, with other stakeholders in or outside of Häkkinen, T. and Kiviniemi, A., 2008, ‘Sustainable building and BIM’,
the country. The study also reviewed salient BIM In Proceedings of SB08 Conference Melbourne, 21 –25
research initiatives in these countries, which, in fact, is September 2008.
a part of the overall BIM policy field, and found that Hardy, M., 2006, ‘GSA mandates building information modeling’, FCW Story,
sustainability, interoperability, informational and 20 November. Available at: www.fcw.com/print/12_42/news/96852-1.
transformational issues are being and should be given html [accessed 29 June 2009].
profound attention. Hong Kong Housing Authority, 2009, ‘Memorandum for the Finance
Committee: 2009/10 Programmes of Activities for the Housing Authority’s
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Businesses’, Paper No. FC 60/2008, Appendix A, 7.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the funding Huovila, P., 2008, ‘Building Information Models and Innovative Sustainable
provided by the Research Grants Council of the Housing’, in Proceedings of SB08 Conference, Melbourne, Australia,
HKSAR Government for this research project (RGC 21 –25 September 2008.
Reference No. PolyU 5301/06E). IAI Forum Norway, 2007, Information Delivery Manual. Available at: www.
iai.no/idm/index.html.
REFERENCES Jacob, G., 2007, ‘3D scanning: Demand increasing for laser scanning, part
Autodesk, 2007, ‘BIM a new chapter of building industry’, Outstanding 1’, Professional Surveyor’s Magazine, June. Available at: www.profsurv.
Project Awards, Autodesk Far East Limited. com/magazine/article.aspx?i=1872 [accessed 29 June 2009].
Bentley, 2007, ‘GSA and Bentley collaborate on NE GSA BIM guide’. Jenkins, B., 2006, ‘3D laser scanning in GSA’s national 3D-4D-BIM program (Part
Available at: www.bentley.com/en-US/Corporate/News/News+Archive/ 1 of 2)’, SparView 4(15). Available at: www.sparllc.com/archiveviewer.
2007/Quarter+3/GSA.htm [accessed 29 June 2009]. php?vol=04&num=15&file=vol04no15-01 [accessed 29 June 2009].
Bips, 2008, ‘Digital construction, 3D working method’, Danish Government. Khemlani, L., 2005, ‘CORENET e-PlanCheck: Singapore’s Automated Code
Clemson, 2010, ‘Definition of policy, Clemson University – Office of Checking System’, AECbytes. Available at: www.aecbytes.com/
Research Compliance, Definitions of Research Compliance Terms’. buildingthefuture/2005/CORENETePlanCheck.html.
Available at: www.clemson.edu/research/orcSite/orcIRB_DefsP.htm Khemlani, L., 2006a, ‘Use of BIM by facility owners: An ‘Expositions’
[accessed 9 August 2010]. Meeting’, AECbytes ‘Building the future’, 16 May. Available at: www.
Davenport, T.H., 1992, Process Innovation: Reengineering Work Through aecbytes.com/buildingthefuture/2006/Expotitions_meeting.html
Information Technology, Boston, MA, Harvard Business School Press. [accessed 29 June 2009].
Det Digitale Byggeri, 2007, ‘Bygherrekravene’. Available at: http:// Khemlani, L., 2006b, ‘AIA CBSP Symposium on BIM for Building Envelope
detdigitalebyggeri.dk/fundament/bygherrekravene.html. Design and Performance’, AECbytes ‘Building the future’, 15 November.
DevB (Development Bureau, the Government of the Hong Kong Special Available at: www.aecbytes.com/buildingthefuture/2006/
Administrative Region), 2007, ‘Prototype Standard of Batch No. 2 of AIA-CBSP_BIM.html [accessed 29 June 2009].
Kiviniemi, A., 2007, Finnish ICT Barometer 2007, Tekes. Available at: http:// Oxford, 2010, ‘Technology’ – Compact Oxford English Dictionary. Available
cic.vtt.fi/buildingsmart/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_ at: www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/technology?view=uk [accessed
view&gid=26 [accessed 16 June 2009]. 10 August 2007].
Kiviniemi, M., 2009, ‘Building information model (BIM) promoting safety in Penttilä, H., 2006, ‘Describing the changes in architectural information
the construction site process’, SafetyBIM – research project 10/2007 – technology to understand design complexity and free-form architectural
2/2009 (TurvaBIM in Finnish). Available at: www.vtt.fi/files/projects/ expression’, Journal of Information Technology in Construction 11,
turvabim/turvabim_english.pdf. (Special issue, The Effects of CAD on Building Form and Design Quality),
Kiviniemi, A., Tarandi, V., Karlshøj, J., Bell, H. and Karud, O.J., 2008, Review 395 –408.
of the Development and Implementation of IFC Compatible BIM. Available Permala, A., Kiviniemi, A., Sirkiä, A., Hiljanen, H., Granqvist, J. and Lehtinen,
at: www.deaca.dk/file/9498/Review% 20 of%20the%20Development% H., 2008, ‘Integrated supply chain information systems’, in Scientific
20and%20Implementation%20of%20IFC%20compatible%20BIM.pdf. Activities in Building and Construction 2008, VTT Annual Report 2008,
Le, M.A.T., Mohus, F., Kvarsvik, O.K. and Lie, M., 2006, ‘The HITOS project – 66– 67.
a full scale IFC test, ework and ebusiness in architecture’, Engineering and Pynn, S., 2009, ‘BIM in Singapore’. Available at: http://fieldsofactivity.com/
Construction: Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Product and buildings/bim-in-singapore/ [accessed 11 August 2010].
Process Modelling, 13–15September, Valencia,Spain, Taylor & Francis Group. Senate Properties, 2009, BIM Guidelines. Available at: www.senaatti.fi/
Leicht, R., Fox, S., Mäkelainen, T. and Messner, J., 2007, ‘Building document.asp?siteID=2&docID=588.
information models, display media and team performance: An exploratory Statsbygg, 2010, BIM Manual version 1.1. Available at: www.statsbygg.no/
study’, VTT Working Paper No. 88. Available at: www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/ FilSystem/files/prosjekter/BIM/SB-BIMmanual1-1mVedl.pdf.
workingpapers/2007/W88.pdf. Succar, B., 2009, ‘Building information modelling framework: A research and
Mäkeläinen, T., Kiviniemi, A., Kojima, J. and Rekola, M., 2008, ‘Engineering delivery foundation for industry stakeholders’, Automation in Construction
and construction project information platform’, in Scientific Activities in 18, 357 –375.
Building and Construction 2008, VTT Annual Report 2008, 74 –75. VTT, 2007, Virtual Building Environments II Final Project Report.
McGraw-Hill, 2009, ‘SmartMarket Report, The business value of building Available at: http://cic.vtt.fi/projects/vbe-net/data/VBE2_Final_
information modeling: Getting building information modeling to the bottom Report.pdf.
line’. Available at: http://tinyurl.com/mcgh2009. WBDG (Whole Building Design Guide), 2008, ‘BIM initiatives’ Available at:
NIBS (National Institute of Building Sciences), 2007, ‘New national BIM www.wbdg.org/bim/initiatives_bim.php.
standard released’. Available at: www.facilityinformationcouncil.org/bim/ Wilson, T., 2006, ‘Federal agencies look for speedy BIM implementation’,
publications.php [accessed 29 June 2009]. ENR: Engineering News-Record 257, No. 19 (13 November 2006), 19.