Professional Documents
Culture Documents
$POUFOUTMJTUTBWBJMBCMFBU4DJFODF%JSFDU
+PVSOBMPG"DVUF%JTFBTF
KPVSOBMIPNFQBHFXXXKBEXFCPSH
%PDVNFOUIFBEJOHEPJ4
.JDSPCJPMPHJDBMBFUJPMPHZPGBDVUFEBDSZPDZTUJUJTJOIPTQJUBM6OJWFSTJUJ
4BJOT.BMBZTJB
,FMBOUBO.BMBZTJB
.BEIVTVEIBO
:BOUJ.VTMJLBO
/BCJMBI*TNBJM
"EJM)VTTFJO
%FQBSUNFOUPG0QIUIBMNPMPHZ
4DIPPMPG.FEJDBM4DJFODFT
)FBMUI$BNQVT
6OJWFSTJUJ4BJOT.BMBZTJB
,VCBOH,FSJBO
,FMBOUBO
.BMBZTJB
%FQBSUNFOUPG.FEJDBM.JDSPCJPMPHZBOE1BSBTJUPMPHZ
4DIPPMPG.FEJDBM4DJFODFT
)FBMUI$BNQVT
6OJWFSTJUJ4BJOT.BMBZTJB
,VCBOH
,FSJBO
,FMBOUBO
.BMBZTJB
)64.
,FMBOUBO.BMBZTJBXIPVOEFSXFOUNJDSPCJPMPHJDBM
FWBMVBUJPO QSFTFOUJOH CFUXFFO + BOVBSZ BOE 3FTVMU
%FDFNCFS $MJOJDBMBOENJDSPCJPMPHJDBMSFDPSETPG
QBUJFOUTXFSFSFWJFXFEBOEEBUBXFSFDPMMFDUFE 1BUJFOUT # FUXFFO
DVMUVSFT GSPN BEVMU QBUJFOUT
XFSFEFFNFEBTIBWJOHBDVUFEBDSZPDZTUJUJTPOUIFCBTJT XJUIUIFEJBHOPTJTPGBDVUFEBDSZPDZTUJUJTXFSFTVCNJUUFE
PG B DPNCJOBUJPO PG IJTUPSZ
QIZTJDBM FYBNJOBUJPO BOE GPSNJDSPCJPMPHJDBMTUVEJFT 5IFBWFSBHFBHFPGQBUJFOUT
DVMUVSFSFBEJOHT 5IFSFDPSETXFSFSFWJFXFEGPSBHF
TFY
TUVEJFE XBT ZFBST SBOHF
UP ZFBST
5 IFSF
MBDSJNBMTBDTJEFJOWPMWFE
EVSBUJPOPGTUBZ
QSFEJTQPTJOH XBTBQSFEPNJOBODFPGGFNBMFTVCKFDUT PG
GBDUPST
BTTPDJBUFEDPNQMJDBUJPOBOEDVMUVSFSFTVMUT DPNQBSFEXJUINBMFTVCKFDUT PG
BNPOHPVS
QBUJFOUT %VSBUJPOPGTUBZSBOHFEGSPN UP EXJUINFBO
4QFDJNFODPMMFDUJPOBOEQSPDFTTJOH PGE
5IFSJHIUMBDSJNBMTBDXBTJOGFDUFEJOQBUJFOUT
"MMNJDSPCJPMPHJDBMTQFDJNFOTXFSFDPMMFDUFEFJUIFSCZ DPNQBSFE UP UIF MFGU XIJDI XBT JO QBUJFOUT
DPOKVOUJWBMTXBCPSBQQMZJOHQSFTTVSFPWFSUIFMBDSJNBM 5IFSF XBT OP CJMBUFSBM JOWPMWFNFOU 5IF NPTU DPNNPO
TBD BOE CZ BMMPXJOH UIF QVSVMFOU NBUFSJBM UP SFGMVY DBVTBUJWFGBDUPSXBTOBTPMBDSJNBMEVDUPCTUSVDUJPO O
UISPVHIUIFMBDSJNBMQVODUVN*ODFSUBJODBTFTTQFDJNFOT
GPMMPXFE CZ USBVNB O
.FBOXIJMF OP
XFSFDPMMFDUFEGSPNQVTEJTDIBSHFGPMMPXJOHTQPOUBOFPVT TQFDJGJDDBVTFTXFSFJEFOUJGJFEJOPGQBUJFOUT O
CVSTUJOHPGBCTDFTT 0GUIFTBNQMFT
ZJFMEFEBQPTJUJWFNJDSPCJBM
"MM TQFDJNFOT XFSF JOPDVMBUFE POUP CMPPE BHBS
.BD DVMUVSF 0GUIFTFQBUJFOUTXJUIQPTJUJWFDVMUVSFSFTVMUT
$POLFZBHBS
DIPDPMBUFBHBSBOE5IBZFS.BSUJOBHBS"GUFS
QBUJFOUT IBE NJYFE DVMUVSFT XJUI NPSF UIBO
JODVCBUJPO
UIFJTPMBUFECBDUFSJBXFSFJEFOUJGJFEVTJOHB NJDSPPSHBOJTN
BOE BOPUIFS
QBUJFOU IBE B
TUBOEBSETFUPGCJPDIFNJDBMUFTUTBOEBO"OBMZUJDBM1SPGJMF DVMUVSFPGOPSNBMGMPSB 5IFSFNBJOJOH
QBUJFOUT
*OEFY "1*
TZTUFNJGJOEJDBUFE "1* &
"1* /&BOE IBE QVSF DVMUVSFT XJUI B TJOHMF QBUIPHFO
"1* 453&1 CJP.FSJFVY
'SBODF
"1* JT B TUBOEBSEJ[FE DVMUVSFTSFDPSEFEOPHSPXUIBOE QBUJFOUTIBENJTTJOH
JEFOUJGJDBUJPOTZTUFNGPSOPOGBTUJEJPVT
(SBNOFHBUJWF NJDSPCJPMPHJDBMEBUB 5IFSFTVMUTPGUIFNJDSPCJPMPHJDBM
BOE ( SBNQPTJUJWF CBDUFSJB
XIJDI JODPSQPSBUJOH EBUBBSFQSFTFOUFEJO5BCMF
NJOJBUVSJ[FE CJPDIFNJDBM UFTUT BOE B EBUBCBTF 5 IF
SFBDUJPOT BSF TDSFFOFE BDDPSEJOH UP UIF 3FBEJOH 5BCMF
5BCMF
BOEUIFJEFOUJGJDBUJPOJTPCUBJOFECZSFGFSSJOHUPUIF "1* 4VNNBSZPGUIFEFNPHSBQIJDEBUBPOBDVUFEBSZPDZTUJUJTJO)64.
EBUBCBTFPSVTJOHUIFJEFOUJGJDBUJPOTPGUXBSF GSPNVOUJM
%FNPHSBQIJDEBUB O
-BUFSBMJUZ -FGUFZFO
"OUJNJDSPCJBMTVTDFQUJCJMJUZUFTUJOH 3JHIUFZFO
.FBOEBZTPGBENJTTJPO
" M M J T P M B U F T X F S F T V C K F D U F E U P B O U J N J D S P C J B M 1SFEJTQPTJOHGBDUPST
TVTDFQUJCJMJUZ UFTUJOH VTJOH EJTD EJGGVTJPO NFUIPE /BTPMBDSJNBMEVDUPCTUSVDUJPO $PNQMFUF
1BSUJBM
B O E J O U F S Q S F U F E B D D P S E J O H U P U I F $ M J O J D B M B O E
5SBVNBSFMBUFE
- BCPSBUPSZ 4 UBOEBSET * OTUJUVUF $-4*
HVJEFMJOFT <> /PDBVTFTJEFOUJGJFE
& MFWFO BOUJCJPUJDT DPNNPOMZ VTFE BOE BWBJMBCMF BU "TTPDJBUFEDPNQMJDBUJPOPOQSFTFOUBUJPO 1SFTFQUBMDFMMVMJUJT
)64.UPUSFBUFZFJOGFDUJPOTXFSFUFTUFEXIJDIJODMVEF 0SCJUBMDFMMVMJUJT
/JM
QFOJDJMMJO VOJUT
BNQJDJMMJO ທH
BNPYJDJMMJO
DMBWVMBOJD BDJE ທ H
DFGVSPYJNF ທ H
5 IF NPTU QSFEPNJOBOU PSHBOJTN JO PVS TUVEZ XBT
DFGUB[JEJNF ທH
DFGPUBYJNF ທH
HFOUBNJDJO ທH
(SBNQPTJUJWFCBDUFSJBSFQSFTFOUJOH
PGUIF
DJQSPGMPYBDJO ທ H
USJNFUIPQSJNTVMGBNFUIPYB[PMF DVMUVSFT 4USFQUPDPDDVT QOFVNPOJBF 4 QOFVNPOJBF
ທ H
D I M P S B N Q I F O J D P M ທ H
B O E XBTUIFNPTUDPNNPOMZJTPMBUFEPSHBOJTN O
FSZUISPNZDJO ທH
*TPMBUFTTIPXJOHBOJOUFSNFEJBUF GPMMPXFE CZ DPBHVMBTFOFHBUJWF TUBQIZMPDPDDJ O
MFWFMPGTVTDFQUJCJMJUZXFSFDMBTTJGJFEBTSFTJTUBOU
BOE4UBQIZMPDPDDVTBVSFVT 4BVSFVT
O
5IFSFXBTPOMZ
PGUIFJTPMBUFTZJFMEFE (SBN
OFHBUJWF CBDUFSJB
PG UIFTF JTPMBUFT XFSF
SFQPSUFE BT &OUFSPCBDUFS TQFDJFT
NFBOXIJMF UIF PUIFS
.BEIVTVEIBOFUBM+PVSOBMPG"DVUF%JTFBTF
XBT1TFVEPNPOBTTQFDJFT O
O
BOE BNPYJDJMMJODMBWVMBOJD BDJE O
5 IF IJHIFTU QFSDFOUBHF PG CBDUFSJBM JTPMBUFT XFSF
"VHNFOUJO
(MBYP4NJUI,MJOF
3FTFBSDI5SJBOHMF
TVTDFQUJCMF UP DMPYBDJMMJO O
DJQSPGMPYBDJO 1BSL
/$
64"
$MPYBDJMMJOXBTVTFEQSJPSUPDVMUVSF
O
BOE BNPYJDJMMJODMBWVMBOJD BDJE O BT BO FNQJSJDBM UIFSBQZ JO BMM QBUJFOUT JO UIJT TUVEZ
"VHNFOUJO
(MBYP4NJUI,MJOF
3FTFBSDI5SJBOHMF $ MJOJDBM JNQSPWFNFOU PG JOGFDUJPO XBT TFFO JO
1BSL
/$
64"
$MPYBDJMMJOXBTVTFEQSJPSUPDVMUVSF DBTFT
XJUI JOJUJBM FNQJSJDBM BOUJCJPUJD UIFSBQZ
BT BO FNQJSJDBM UIFSBQZ JO BMM QBUJFOUT JO UIJT TUVEZ # BTFE PO DVMUVSF BOE TFOTJUJWJUZ SFQPSU
$ MJOJDBM JNQSPWFNFOU PG JOGFDUJPO XBT TFFO JO DBTFT XFSF SFTJTUBOU UP JOJUJBM FNQJSJDBM UIFSBQZ BOE
DBTFT
XJUI JOJUJBM FNQJSJDBM BOUJCJPUJD UIFSBQZ SFRVJSFE B DIBOHF JO BOUJCJPUJDT 0 G OPUF
DBTFT
# BTFE PO DVMUVSF BOE TFOTJUJWJUZ SFQPSU
EJEOPUTIPXJNQSPWFNFOUBOESFRVJSFEBDPNCJOBUJPO
DBTFT XFSF SFTJTUBOU UP JOJUJBM FNQJSJDBM UIFSBQZ BOE PG TZTUFNJD BOUJCBDUFSJBM BHFOUT O
5BCMF
SFRVJSFE B DIBOHF JO BOUJCJPUJDT 0 G OPUF
DBTFT TIPXT UIF TVNNBSZ PG UIF VTF PG BOUJCJPUJDT JO BDVUF
EJEOPUTIPXJNQSPWFNFOUBOESFRVJSFEBDPNCJOBUJPO EBDSZDZTUJUJT
PG TZTUFNJD BOUJCBDUFSJBM BHFOUT O
5 BCMF
TIPXT UIF TVNNBSZ PG UIF VTF PG BOUJCJPUJDT JO BDVUF
EBDSZDZTUJUJT %JTDVTTJPO
. PTU QSFEPNJOBOU PSHBOJTNT JO PVS TUVEZ XBT ( SBN
QPTJUJWF CBDUFSJB SFQSFTFOUJOH
DVMUVSFT " D V U F E B D S Z P D Z T U J U J T J T B D M J O J D B M E J B H O P T J T
4 QOFVNPOJBF XBT UIF NPTU DPNNPOMZ JTPMBUFE EJTUJOHVJTIFE GSPN JTPMBUFE QSFTFQUBM DFMMVMJUJT
PSHBOJTN O
GPMMPXFE CZ 4 BVSFVT O BOE NVDPDFMFT CZ UIF QSFTFODF PG JOGMBNNBUJPO
BOE 4UBQIZMPDPDDVT FQJEFSNJEJT 4 FQJEFSNJEJT
BOE UFOEFSOFTT PG UIF NFEJDBM DBOUIBM SFHJPO
O
5 IFSF XBT POMZ
PG UIF PWFSBMM
NVDPQVSVMFOU NBUFSJBM JO UIF MBDSJNBM TBD
BOE
JTPMBUFT ZJFMEFE ( SBN OFHBUJWF CBDUFSJB
PG
F Q J Q I P S B G S P N E V D U B M P C T U S V D U J P O G F W F S B O E
UIFTF JTPMBUFT XFSF SFQPSUFE BT &OUFSPCBDUFS TQFDJFT
MFVLPDZUPTJT BSF TVQQPSUJWF PG UIF EJBHOPTJT CVU OPU
NFBOXIJMF UIF PUIFS XBT 1TFVEPNPOBT TQFDJFT O
SFRVJSFEUPCFQSFTFOU
% BDSZPDZTUJUJT DBO CFDPNF B MJGFUISFBUFOJOH
JOGFDUJPO XJUI UIF QPUFOUJBM UP QSPHSFTT UP PSCJUBM
5BCMF DFMMVMJUJT BOEPS PSCJUBM BCTDFTT
NFOJOHJUJT
PS
.JDSPCJPMPHJDBMEBUBPOBDVUFEBSZPDZTUJUJTQSFTFOUJOHUP)64.GSPN
VOUJM DBWFSOPVTTJOVTUISPNCPTJT<> *UTUZQJDBMQSFEJTQPTJOH
1PTJUJWFDVMUVSF
GBDUPS JT OBTPMBDSJNBM EVDU PCTUSVDUJPO 0 CTUSVDUJPO
4QOFVNPOJBF
PG UIF OBTPMBDSJNBM EVDU GSPN XIBUFWFS TPVSDF
4BVSFVT
SFTVMUT JO TUBTJT XJUI UIF BDDVNVMBUJPO PG UFBST
4FQJEFSNJEJT
EFTRVBNBUFEDFMMT
BOENVDPJETFDSFUJPOTTVQFSJPSUP
&OUFSPCBDUFSTQFDJFT
5 IF TQFDUSVN BOE UIF QSPQPSUJPO PG CBDUFSJBM
5 IF IJHIFTU QFSDFOUBHF PG CBDUFSJBM JTPMBUFT XFSF Q B U I P H F O T B T X F M M B T B O U J C J P U J D T V T D F Q U J C J M J U Z
TVTDFQUJCMF UP DMPYBDJMMJO O
DJQSPGMPYBDJO N B Z E J G G F S G S P N S F H J P O U P S F H J P O <
> $ P E F O F U
.BEIVTVEIBOFUBM+PVSOBMPG"DVUF%JTFBTF