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    VA by SK PDF

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    gaurav

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    of 65
    Last Sentence of a Paragraph Directions: Each of te following questions has a paragraph from which the last sentence has been deleted, From ‘he given options, choose the one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way. Tam sometimes attacked for imposing "rules" nothing could be further from the truth Phat rues. ALT do ic ial eon on how consumers rast o different stimuli, may say to @ copywriter, “Research shows that comme (eihclsbities are below average in persuading people to buy produets. Are you sure you want tose celebrity Callthata rule? Or may say to an art director, “Reseach suggests that if you set the copy in black type on a white background, more people wil read it than if you se tin white type ona black background.” Options: ‘A. Guidance based on applied research can hardly qualify as “rules.” B, Thus all my socalled “rules” are rooted in applied research, CC. Asuggestion pethaps, bu scarcely arle D. Such prinepls are unavoidable if one wants tobe systematic about consumer behaviour, E, Fundamentally itis about consumer behaviour ~not about celebrities or type settings. x HOW TO SOLVE Paragraph completion questions follow a clear line of reasoning. These questions inthe CAT are based on paragraphs excerpted from material available inthe public domain. They are rarely orginal paragraphs writen Specialy forthe CAT. Hence the reasoning that good writers use to complete their paragraphs holds tre for the answer choice; your duty, then, isto understand the lin of reasoning used by the writer; scoring, then, becomes sy. "A paragraph sa short composition or not onan idea that i complete in itself Hence the las sentence of paragraph will have the following characteristics: Ie fulfils the purpose ofthe paragraph. Wbrings the paragraph to a smooth closure. til nt introduce (contain) any new ideas. twin equie any further clarification, isnot an inference It ete writer's last sentence and not what the reader provides. ‘You need to not only read the paragraph actively and carefully, but also identify is purpose as you read “The las sentence will merely fall this purpose and bring the paragraph to a smooth closure, The last sentence, hence, ass ftom the paragraph itself nd not from outside it.I required, you must read the paragraph several ‘times or until you have identified the purpose for which it is written. The operative idea in the directions tothe (questions is. choose the one that completes the paragraph’. A sentence that completes the paragraph hen annotlopically intoduce any new ideas. That is why the last sentence will contin nothing that requires further Clarification. The paragraph needs tobe closed withthe last sentence: i should not leave lose ends to be closed corexplained further. “The last sentence concludes the paragraph; the word conclude, in this context, merely means fo bring toa end. It doesnot men thatthe reader has to reason out on the bass of the given facts and reach a judgment or Gecision or an inference, The reader isnot actively involved in closing the paragraph by reasoning and making, ee ILA & VERBAL REASONING 4 decision, The rendar—the test taker—has to merely notice the diveetion in which the parigroph is movi ‘Shoove the best sentence tat brings i 10 an end. The eader hence isnot actively involved in the par "excep in identifying the writer's purpose in wring the paragraph. If yon ae able to unravel, by looking a ‘details given in the paragraph, the diction and perpose ofthe write, the scoring option stands out from the ou ‘options very clearly and conspicuously. "You must spend slice time withthe paragraph before going tothe options to evaluate them forthe anayeg, Some ofthese questions canbe, at times, prove themselves io be extremely tricky ifyou haven't understood the purpose of the paragraph, Then, all options ean appear right. “Another pinto bear in mind i that the task in these questions i to complet the paragraph and not merely continue i. The diference between an option that completes the pergraph and an option that continues the paragraph is thatthe former fulfils the purpose of the paragraph whereas the latter merely continues one oy the other ofthe ideas mentioned in the paragraph. However, in certain questions an option that continues the paragraph may be accommodated asthe last sentece (answer) if sentence (option that brings the partgrah ty 8 Togical closure i nt available. Tam sometimes atacked for imposing “rules. Nothing could be further fom the tra. I hate rules. Al 1 dois report on how consumers react to different stimuli I may say toa copywriter, "Research shows tha, ‘commercials with celetrites are below average in persuading people to buy products. Are you sure you want {o use a celebrity?” Call that a rule? Or I may say to an art director, “Research suggests that if yu set the copy in black type on a white background, more people will ead i han if you sett in white type ona black ‘aekground.”| ‘What isthe purpose of the above paragraph? The writers pans to explain tous that he doesnot want obe seen as framing rules for anyone, He hates rules. He tells us the diferent situations which had le to this (erroneous) belief, among others, that he is laying down rule; but he was merely ‘reporting’ consumer behaviour. He tells 1s those examples are not rules So, the purpose ofthe paragraph ist el us tha whatever he says to others are ‘no rules. They are merely report, in order that the other may reconsider his or her stand in relation to consumer ‘behaviour Now we need to close this paragraph without leaving any loose ends. Options: ‘A. Guidance based on applied research can hardy qualify as “rues,” 1B Thus all my socalled “rules are rooted in applied research CC: Asuggestion perhaps, bu scareely a rule CC. Such principles are unavoidable ifone wants tobe systematic about consumer behaviou D. Fundamentally itis about consumer behaviour not about celebrities or type tettings. Options A and B. “Guidance based on applied research can hardly qualify as “rales” and, “Thus, all my 0 called ‘rules’ ae rooted in applied research ring completely untrue because “guidance based om applied research” ony reinforees the claim of others tha those ae strict and rigid principles that no one can refite by implication srefer than rules. Option D, “Such principles are unavoidable if one wants to be systematic about consumer behaviour” isin not related to the purpose ofthe paragraph whichis not about how to be systematic bout consumer behaviour. In the same vein option E is lso faraway from the purpose ofthe writer. Option C, A suggestion pethaps but scarcely a rule,” full the writer's purpose that they are not ules but merely suggestions. his sentence, readin conjunction wth he following “Lam sometimes ataced for imposing ‘rales Nothing could be further fom the rath. hate rules... Call tha a rule? Or I may say to an at direetor." makes ‘the paragraph a lopicelly complete unit. Hence Option Cis the answe. ‘What is the writer's purpose in the following paragraph? ‘We can usefully think of theoretical models 3s maps, which help us navigate unfailiae terior. The most aceurate map that it is posible to constact would be of no practical use whatsoever, for it would be an exact replica, on exactly the same scale ofthe place where we were. Good maps pull ou the most important features and throw away & huge amount of muck less valuable information. OF course, maps can be bad as well as good ~ witness the attempts by medieval Europe to produces map ofthe world Inthe same we, a bad theory, ‘no mater how impressive it may seem in principle, does litle or nothing to help us understand s problem LAST SENTENCE OF APARAGRAPH ¢ IILS ove porch dn aie sancti ne and spa pac ap ea ie, Petts Hal ale eine ey na oe: ‘options: ‘A. But good theories, just like good maps, are invaluable, even ithey are simplified. B, But good theories, jus lke good mps, will never represent unfamiliar concepts in detail C. But good theories, just like good maps, need to balance dss and feasibility of representation, 1. But good theories, just like good maps, ae accurate onl ata certain level of abstraction, E. But good theories, just lke good maps, are useful in the ands ofa user who knows ther limitations. Option Eis very esily eliminated as it does not connect to te purpose ofthe paragraph because the “user” i unimportant n that puspose. Option D can also be easly eliminated because “certain level of abstraction” needs further clarification, interpretation, or explanation, Option C is also relevant from the point of view ofthe para taph’s purpose because the paragraph doesnot even imply “need to balance” whatever! Option B is also not the pupose ofthe paragraph; ‘never represent’ snot the scheme of things inthe paragraph. Option A isthe answer, Terenfores the purpose that theoretical models are useful” Alo notice that the second last sentence talks about bad theories. “Bit good theories” which i a constant in the options directly connects tothe second lst sentence tnd closes the paragraph, Option A, on analysis, can be sen to sompletely Tl the purpose ofthe paregraph, 4 REVIEW EXERCISES Directions: Each of the following questions has a (e) Although hardy in exisis yet, Japan's fiscal paragraph fiom which thelast sentence has been deleted, From the given options, choose the one that ‘completes the paragraph in the most appropiate way. ye ty i ae ia, tn mg thane fo ot obs ftex going co inne wo fr or re str ‘eet wed cra ey 8 Sonn Nowe noi i ee {Si ng pe se tp sip eps oe wrt ea be estan gemma fran ge awh vines aboreOPofODE iam bean intr ec prea Sag iigrstnge ce (0 Ne ot wana fom bg + wet Sac w'n pot cr comone cnn 0 Ando it to Tokyo today see prosper- situation grows more alanning bythe day (@ Until now, the government hasbeen able to finance its vat debts locally, despite paying paltry interest rates even on longer-erm borrowings (©) Remarkably, Japanese savers soak up some 95% of thei government’ debt, (On March ist Philip Moms, a tobacco giant, sued elght American reilers for selling Cour terfet versions ofits Marlboro cigaetes. Gov- tenments ate also boosting thei efforts o crack down on counterfeiting which deprived them of tax revenue in addition to harming legitimate businesses. Thanks to the rise of the intemet ‘nd of extended interational supply chains, and ‘more recenly, tothe global ezonomic downturn, counterfeit goods ae everywhere, Fake Porsches ‘nd Ferraris 200m along the streets of Bangkok. ‘A German bank has discovered an ersatz gold 6 & VERBAL REASONING ade fg int ets azorting in tlc eset Pe ere hat many of the wor’ free ‘es ve en elon to onmerling wed to Bea Tay gods Sralem, tro eal ting fe mer emo that Rave wer fet on ‘ecconmy. (e) NASA, Americ’ pace gency, fas even Coos spect ateriae (o Sever facts hve cotibued 10 the trot of ontring nen ye (a) Fake goods reporting, 1 the dismay companies in vere (© The eran ine ich worl ay 0 fave gen tos cour oo 3. The rate of conviction in SC and ST atrocity niceea Sains ‘by the departments concemed and the increased pene iereoage ieee tetas eee Sonera mae Se oar ee aera me cates So cl cy os ee

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