L2 Overview of Java pt1 PDF

Overview of Key
Object-Oriented Concepts
Supported by Java
5
Key Object-Oriented Concepts Supported by Java
• Java is an object-oriented programming language
See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming
6
• Apps written in Java are organized in terms of structural elements
See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming
7
• Apps written in Java are organized in terms of structural elements
• e.g., classes, interfaces, & packages
See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_design_pattern
8
• An object is an instance of a class anObject : SomeClass
that performs certain operations
& interacts with other objects Class1 mField1
Class2 mField2
...
void method1()
void method2()
void method3()
...
See docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/objects.html
9
• An object in Java resides in a Class2 mField2
memory location of a computer ...
void method1()
void method2()
void method3()
...
10
• It consists of void method1()

• State – represented via data fields void method2()
void method3()
...
See docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/variables.html
11
• It consists of void method1()

• State – represented via data fields void method2()
void method3()
• Behavior – represented via
...
methods
See docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/methods.html
12
• Objects often correspond to real-world anAccount : Account
entities
Money mCurrentBalance
boolean mOverdraftProtection
...
void deposit(Money amount)

void withdrawl(Money amount)
Money checkCurrentBalance()
...
13
entities
...

...
14
entities
...

...
15
entities
...

...
16
• Non-object-oriented programming languages organize
apps in terms of functional elements
See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_programming
17
• Non-object-oriented programming languages organize
apps in terms of functional elements
• e.g., actions & logic
18
• Object-oriented Java programs also Account
perform actions & contain logic
...

...
19
• Object-oriented Java programs also
perform actions & contain logic
• However, these functional elements
don’t constitute main focus in Java
20
• Java supports key object-oriented concepts
Abstraction
OOP
Polymorphism Inheritance
See www.stroustrup.com/whatis.pdf
21
• Java supports key object-oriented concepts, e.g.
• Data & control abstractions
Abstraction
OOP
See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction_(computer_science)
22
Abstraction
• Inheritance
OOP
See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance_(object-oriented_programming)
23
Abstraction
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism
OOP
See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_(computer_science)
24
Abstraction
OOP
See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_object-oriented_programming_languages
25
Abstraction
OOP
See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_object-oriented_programming_languages
26
Abstraction
OOP
Learning other object-oriented languages

27 is much easier once you know Java
• If you already known Java you may be bored by some parts of this lesson!
28
• If you already known Java you may be bored by some parts of this lesson!
• You can move quickly through this material to prepare for the next lesson
Make sure you understand this material

29 since other lessons depend on it..
Overview of Java’s
Support for Abstraction
30
Overview of Java’s Support for Abstraction
• Abstraction is an essential part of all
object-oriented programming
Abstraction
languages
OOP
31
Abstraction
languages
OOP
32
Abstraction
languages
• It emphasizes what's important &
de-emphasizes what’s unimportant
at a particular level of detail
OOP
33
languages
34
languages
35
• Java supports many abstractions
36
• Java supports many abstractions, e.g.
• Data abstractions
See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction_(computer_science)#Data_abstraction
37
See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface
38
39
• Control abstractions
See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction_(computer_science)#Control_abstraction
40
• Control abstractions
We’ll now summarize various data &41

control abstractions supported by Java
Support for Data
Abstractions (Part 1)
42
Overview of Java’s Support for Data Abstractions
• Java supports data abstraction via SomeClass
Abstract Data Types (ADTs)
Class1 mField1
Class2 mField2
...
void method1()
void method2()
void method3()
...
See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_data_type
43
Abstract Data Types (ADTs), which
define Class1 mField1
• A set of data values Class2 mField2
...
void method1()
void method2()
void method3()
...
44
Abstract Data Types (ADTs), which
define Class1 mField1
• A set of data values Class2 mField2
...
• A set of operations on these values
void method1()
void method2()
void method3()
...
45
• The Java Integer class is an example
of an ADT
See developer.android.com/reference/java/lang/Integer.html
46
of an ADT
• It contains a value
47
of an ADT
• It contains a value
• It contains operations on the value
48
• At the heart of data abstraction is
encapsulation
See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encapsulation_(computer_programming)
49
encapsulation
• Hides ADT internal representation so
apps can only access public operations,
but not its implementation details
50
encapsulation
• Hides ADT internal representation so
apps can only access public operations,
but not its implementation details
51
• Java classes provide a blueprint for
creating objects
See docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/classes.html
52
creating objects, which provides
• Fields
• Used to store the state
of an object
53
creating objects, which provides
• Fields
• Methods
• Used to implement the
behaviors of an object
54
• The Java String class contains
See docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/String.html
55
• Fields
• e.g., store a sequence of characters,
length of this sequence, etc.
56
• Fields
• Methods
• e.g., examine individual characters
of the sequence, compare strings,
search strings, extract substrings,
create copies of a string, etc.
57
• Objects of same class shared methods,
but may store different values in fields String2
Pointer to vtable
field1 = “world”
String1
Pointer to vtable
field1 = “hello”
Pointer to method1
Pointer to method2
Pointer to methodn
VirtualTable
(vtable)
58
• Java interfaces define a contract SomeInterface
specifying methods that classes
implementing the interface provide void method1()
void method2()
void method3()
...
See docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/concepts/interface.html
59
• A Java interfaces provides a subset of the features provided by a Java class
Java interface Java class
See www.tutorialspoint.com/java/java_interfaces.htm
60
• e.g., an interface cannot contain method
implementations, only method signatures
See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_signature#Java_2
61
• e.g., an interface cannot contain method
implementations, only method signatures
Java 8 supports “default62

methods” in interfaces
• A Java interface cannot be instantiated, but must be implemented by a class
63
• The class defines the interfaces methods & any necessary fields
64
See developer.android.com/reference/java/lang/Comparable.html
65
See developer.android.com/reference/java/lang/Comparable.html
66
Support for Data
Abstractions (Part 2)
67
• Classes & interfaces can be
grouped into packages
See docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/concepts/package.html
68
• Classes & interfaces can be java
grouped into packages, e.g.
io
• java.lang contains classes lang util
fundamental to design of Java Integer ArrayList File

String HashMap FileInputStream
Thread Vector FileOutputStream
… … …
69
io

• java.util contains a collection Thread Vector FileOutputStream
… … …
of common reusable ADTs
70
io

• java.util contains a collection Thread Vector FileOutputStream
… … …
of common reusable ADTs
• java.io contains classes that
provide operations on files
71
grouped into packages
lang util io
Integer ArrayList File
Thread Vector FileOutputStream
… … …
Packages help manage large projects by

72 avoiding collisions for common names
• Java generics enable ADTs to be
parameters when defining classes,
interfaces, & methods
See docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/generics
73
• Java generics enable ADTs to be
parameters when defining classes,
interfaces, & methods
See developer.android.com/reference/java/util/Vector.html
74
• Generics offer several benefits to
Java programmers
75
• Generics offer several benefits to
Java programmers, e.g.
• Eliminate unnecessary code
duplication
See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don't_repeat_yourself
76
• Generics offer several benefits to package java.util;
Java programmers, e.g. / This class would reside in
public class Vector<E> ... {
• Eliminate unnecessary code ...
duplication
• Ensure compile-time type safety
when operating on different ADTs
77
duplication
e.g.,
when operating on different ADTs Vector<Integer> vi = new
Vector<>();
Vector<Double> vd = new
Vector<>();
vi.set(0, 10); // Works

vi.set(0, 10.0); // Fails
vd.set(0, 10.0); // Works
vd.set(0, 10); // Fails
78
duplication
e.g.,
Vector<>();
Vector<>();

79
duplication
e.g.,
Vector<>();
Vector<>();

80
duplication
e.g.,
Vector<>();
Vector<>();

81
• The Java Collections Framework uses generic classes & interfaces extensively
See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_collections_framework
82
• Java’s garbage collector automatically
reclaims & recycles memory that is not
in use by a program
See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)
83
• Garbage collection makes writing
many applications much easier
See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)#Advantages
84
• e.g., it abstracts steps associated
Java
with manually tracking how long "xyx"
Heap
each object is used in an app String object eligible
for garbage collection
string1
String reference "abc"
variable
String object
string2 in use
String reference
variable
Not all object-oriented languages

85 support garbage collection…
• e.g., it abstracts steps associated
Java
with manually tracking how long "xyx"
Heap
each object is used in an app String object eligible
for garbage collection
string1
String reference "abc"
variable
String object
string2 in use
String reference
variable
… but garbage collection is86

an essential feature in Java
Support for Control
Abstractions
87
Overview of Java’s Support for Control Abstractions
• Java supports several control abstractions
See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction_(computer_science)#Control_abstraction
88
• Java conditional statements can be used
to selectively alter program control flow
if the true
test is
true
execute the
controlled
false statements
execute statements
after if statement
See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_(computer_programming)
89
• Java conditional statements can be used
to selectively alter program control flow
• e.g., if/else statement if the true
test is
true
execute the
controlled
false statements
execute statements
after if statement
See docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/nutsandbolts/if.html
90
• Java iteration features enable
repetition of a block of one or
Perform
more statements initialization
if the true
test is
true
false execute the for

loop statements
execute statements
after for statement
See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iteration#Computing
91
• Java iteration features enable
repetition of a block of one or
Perform
more statements initialization
if the true
• e.g., for loop, while loop, & test is
do/while loop true
false execute the for

loop statements
execute statements
after for statement
92
• Iteration features often combine with conditional statements in Java apps
Perform execute the for loop statements

initialization if the true
test is
true
false
execute statements
after for statement
93
• Java exception handling separates Catches
method1()
“normal” app execution from IOException
“anomalous” app execution
calls
method2() throws JVM searches
up the call
Call Stack
IOException {…} stack to find
calls exception
handler
method3() throws
IOException {…}
Throws
calls IOException
method4() throw
IOException {…}
See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exception_handling
94
• Java exception handling separates Catches
method1()
“normal” app execution from IOException
“anomalous” app execution
calls
method2() throws JVM searches
up the call
Call Stack
IOException {…} stack to find
calls exception
handler
method3() throws
IOException {…}
Throws
calls IOException
method4() throw
IOException {…}
Exception handling makes Java apps more

95 robust, understandable, & evolvable

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Overview of Key

• It consists of void method1()

• It consists of void method1()

void deposit(Money amount)

void deposit(Money amount)

void deposit(Money amount)

void deposit(Money amount)

void deposit(Money amount)

Learning other object-oriented languages

Make sure you understand this material

We’ll now summarize various data &41

Java interface Java class

Java interface Java class

Java interface Java class

Java 8 supports “default62

fundamental to design of Java Integer ArrayList File

fundamental to design of Java Integer ArrayList File

fundamental to design of Java Integer ArrayList File

Packages help manage large projects by

vi.set(0, 10); // Works

vi.set(0, 10); // Works

vi.set(0, 10); // Works

vi.set(0, 10); // Works

Not all object-oriented languages

… but garbage collection is86

false execute the for

false execute the for

Perform execute the for loop statements

Exception handling makes Java apps more

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