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Epidemiologi

Insidensi karsinoma kolon dan rectum di Indonesia cukup tinggi. Di Indonesia jumlah
penderita kanker kolorektal menempati urutan ke-10 (2,75%) setelah kanker lain (leher rahim,
payudara, kelenjar getah bening, kulit, nasofaring, ovarium, jaringan lunak, dan tiroid). insidensi
puncak untuk kanker kolorektum adalah usia 60 hingga 70 tahun; kurang dari 20% kasus terjadi pada
usia kurang dari 50 tahun bila kanker kolo rectum di temukan pada pasien usia muda , perlu dicurigai
adanya colitis ulseratif atau salah satu sindrom dari poliposis. Laki-laki terkena sekitar 20 % lebih
sering dari pada perempuan.6
Karsinoma kolorektum tersebar di seluruh dunia, dengan angka insidensi tertinggi di
Amerika serikat, kanda, Australia, selandia baru, Denmark , Swedia, dan Negara maju lainya. Risiko
kanker usus besar meningkat dengan usia, riwayat polip sebelumnya atau kanker, sejarah keluarga
kanker, serta riwayat lama penyakit radang usus, termasuk ulcerative colitis dan bahkan penyakit
Crohn.1
Etiologi dan faktor resiko
Beberapa etiologi dan faktor yang dapat meningkatkan terjadinya karsinoma colorectal
antara lain:
1. Diet tinggi karbohidrat, lemak dan rendah serat.
2. Usia diatas 50 tahun.
3. Riwayat keluarga satu tingkat generasi dengan riwayat kanker kolorektal mempunyai resiko lebih
besar 3 kali lipat.
4. Riwayat pribadi mengidap adenoma atau adenokarsinoma kolorektal mempunyai resiko 3 kali
lipat.
5. Familial polyposis coli, gardner syndrome, dan turcot syndrome, pada semua pasien ini tanpa
dilakukan kolektomi dapat berkembang menjadi kanker rectal.
6. Resiko sedikit meningkat pada pasien juvenile polyposis syndrome, peutz-jeghers syndrome dan
muir syndrome.
7. Terjadi pada 50% pasien kanker kolorektal herediter nonpolyposis.
8. Inflammatory bowel disease
Colitis ulseratif ( resiko 30% setelah umur 25 tahun).
Chorn disease, beresiko 4 sampai 10 kali lipat.6

Patofisiologi
Tumor kolorektal adalah adenokarsinoma yang berkembang dari polip adenoma. Insidensi
dari tumor kolon kanan Hematology (Greek Haema = Blood; logy = Study
of). Hematology is the branch of medical science that
deals with the study of blood. Blood, along with the
cardiovascular system constitutes the Circulatory
system and performs the following functions:
1. Transport. Blood provides a pickup and delivery
system for the transport of gases, nutrients,
hormones, waste products, etc. over a route of
some 1,12,000 km of blood vessels, with 60–70
trillion customers (cells).
2. Regulation. It regulates the body temperature
by transporting heat from the tissues (mainly liver
and muscles) to the skin from where it can be lost.
Its buffers regulate pH of the body fluids, while its
osmotic pressure regulates water content of cells
through the actions of its dissolved proteins and
ions.
3. Protection. The blood protects the body against
diseases caused by harmful organisms by
transporting leukocytes and antibodies against
more than a million foreign invaders.
It also protects the body against loss of blood after
injury by the process of blood clotting.
Physical features. The blood is denser and more
viscous than water, slightly alkaline, sticky to touch,
and salty in taste. It clots on standing, leaving behind
serum. The normal total circulating blood volume
amounts to 8% of the body weight, i.e. 5–6 liters in
meningkat, meskipun umumnya masih terjadi di rectum dan colon sigmoid. Pertumbuhan tumor
secara tipikal tidak terdeteksi, menimbulkan beberapa gejala. Pada saat timbul gejala, penyakit
mungkin sudah menyebar ke dalam lapisan lebih dalam dari jaringan usus dan organ-organ yang
berdekatan.
Karsinoma kolon dan rectum mulai berkembang di mukosa dan bertumbuh sambil
menembus dinding dan meluas secara sirkuler kearah oral dan aboral. Di daerah rectum,
penyebaran ke arah anal jarang melebihi dua centimeter. Penyebaran perkontr
unit. When one motor neuron is activated, all of the fibers
innervated by that motor neuron will contract. The motor
neurons from the spinal cord or brainstem, in response to
action potentials traveling down the axon toward the skeletal
muscle cell, release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine as
shown in Figure 9–3 at the neuromuscular junction. The amount of acetylcholine released is proportional to
the
frequency of action potentials.
Acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to
a cholinergic receptor—the nicotinic receptor—on the muscle cell membrane (SL). The part of the muscle SL
that is associated with the neuromuscular junction is called the motor
end plate. Within the cleft is the enzyme acetylcholine
esterase that can hydrolyze unbound acetylcholine and thereby
limit the activation of the muscle cell membrane nicotinic
receptors. This receptor is a channel that allows sodium and
potassium flux. The predominant ion movement is sodium
entering the muscle cell causing partial depolarization of the
cell membrane in the synaptic cleft— an end plate potential
(see Chapter 7). Since motor neurons cause only depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane and not
necessarily an
action potential, the change is similar to an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) occurring in neurons.

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