Sir Ivans Documentation.

ICCT COLLEGES FOUNDATION INC.
V.V. Soliven Avenue II, Cainta, Rizal

College of Engineering
In Partial Fulfilment for the Requirements in

ECE-ELEC05LAB
MICROWAVE DESIGN
SUBMITTED BY:
CAMONIAS, LENARD O.
RAYMUNDO, ALVIN
CUNANAN, MIKE
MARBAN, GLEN B.
IBANEZ, MARC AARON O.
FERNANDEZ, RACHEL JOY D.
SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. IVANLEE MENDOZA

INSTRUCTOR
APPROVAL SHEET
In partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Bachelor of Science
in Electronics Engineering, this project has been prepared and submitted by the
following students:
CAMONIAS, LENARD O.
RAYMUNDO, ALVIN
CUNANAN, MIKE
MARBAN, GLEN B.
IBANEZ, MARC AARON O.
FERNANDEZ, RACHEL JOY D.
Approved by:
Engr. Ivan Lee Mendoza

Instructor
Approved and accepted as partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering with a grade of _________.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This study would not be possible without the help of each members. We also
would like to thank the help our classmates that guide us through this study. To our
instructor Engr. Michael Stephen Gorospe that have guided in this study. We also like to
express my deepest appreciation to all those who provided us the possibility to complete
this report. A special gratitude we give to our family who contribute in stimulating
suggestions and encouragement, helped us to coordinate my project especially in
making this research and of course to our beloved Lord, thank you for the knowledge
and this opportunity.
DEDICATION
The researchers would like to dedicate this study to the following
First to God Almighty our creator, our strong pillar, our source of inspiration,
wisdom, knowledge and understanding. He has been the source of our strength
throughout this program and on His wings only have we soared.
To our families and love ones who helped us emotionally and financially in
fulfilling this study, for believing us and for giving us moral support especially when the
times we need them.
To our friends and classmates who has encouraged us all the way and
whose encouragement have made sure that we give it all it takes to finish what we have
started.
Lastly, to our professor and research adviser, Engr. Ivanlee Mendoza who
shared his knowledge, time and effort for the fulfilment of this research paper. And to
those who have been affected in every way possible by this quest. Thank you. Our love
for you all can never be quantified. God bless you.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Title Page
II. Approval Sheet
II. Acknowledgement
IV. Dedication
V. Table of Contents
I. Overview of the Project
1. Introduction
2. Overview of the Design (LONGITUDE, LATITUDE AND AMSL)
II. Project Description
1. Significance of the Study
2. Statement of the Problem
3. Design Objective
4. Scope and Delimitations
5. Design considerations
5.1 Site Considerations
5.2 Line of Sight Considerations
5.3 Equipment Considerations
5.4 Operating Frequency Considerations
III. Microwave link Points
1. Location of Sites
2. Site A to Site B
1.1 Path Profiling
1.2 Reflection Point
IV. Floor Plans and Perspectives
1. Site A
1.1 Floor Plan
1.2 Perspective
2. Site B
2.1 Floor Plan
2.2 Perspective
V. Microwave Path link and Reliability Calculations
1.1 site Coordinates
1.2 Great Circle Distance
1.3 Operating Frequency
1.4 Antenna Height
1.5 Antenna Orientation
1.5.1 Horizontal Panning Angle
1.5.2 Antenna Tilting
1.6 Reflection Point
1.7 Transmission Calculation
1.7.1 Radio Frequency Propagation Gain

1.7.2 Radio Frequency Propagation Loss
1.7.2.1 Wave Guide Loss
1.7.2.2 Free Space Path Loss
1.7.2.3 Net Path Loss
1.7.3 Fade Margin
1.7.4 Reliability of the Main System
1.7.5 Hot-Standby System
1.7.6 Overall System Reliability (1+1 redundancy)
1.7.7 Unavailability Base on Radio Frequency Propagation
1.7.8 Reliability with Space Diversity
1.8 Overall reliability of the System and the Propagated Radio Wave with Hot-
Standby and Space Diversity Protection
1.9 Link Budget
2. Tower Layout
3. Waveguide Layout
4. Design Summary
VI. Safety Engineering

Safety Precaution
Electrical Safety
Power Contact Induction
AC and DC Safety
Ground
Electric Shock
Tower Safety
Safety Belt and Climbing Accessories
Clothing
Hard Hats
Rope and Pulley
Installing Antennas on the Power
Some Tower Climbing Tips
Equipment Protection
VII. Glossary
VIII. Technical References

1. Formulas
2. References……………………………………………………..……..
3. Book References……………………………………………………..
4. PDF Files………………………………………………………………
5. Equipment and its Technical Specification……………….……….
Author’s Page
SITE LOCATION
One of the most important thing in planning and implementation of Wireless
Technologies, Microwave Communication link design is the site selection. This section
discuss the factor that we're consider to have a good quality and successful implementation
of ourWireless Technologies for cellular, factor to be considered for Microwave
Communication link design from Angeles, Pampangato GuiguintoBulacan. The list below is
the factor that we are consider in selecting our site.
POINT TO POINT DISTANCE: 50.3km

CENTER POINT
The center point is located at Brgy. San Vicente Sto. Tomas Pampanga.
FAULT LINE SUSCEPTABILITY
Nearest Active Fault Line: 70.3km

Fault Name: Valley Fault System
Nearest Active Fault Line: 28.0km

Fault Name: Valley Fault System
1
SOIL ENVIRONMENT
Soil Type (Angeles, Pampanga)

Angeles City has two distinct soil types: Angeles Coarse Sand and Angeles Fine
Sand. These soils are well drained and friable which make them suitable both for
settlements development and agriculture. Sandy soils being porous have high water
absorption capacity and easily drains after a heavy downpour. The estimated
compositionof fine sand, silt and clay for the different soil types of
Angeles City is found in Table 7-1.
1
http://faultfinder.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph
Soil Type (Guinguinto, Bulacan)
The size of bulacan is approximately 14% of the region’s total land area and about 0.88% of
the country’s total land area.
Bulacan’s soil types vary from the fine sandy loam type, abounding in the southeastern
portion to the silt loam type found in the northern part of the province
www.bulacan.gov.ph
http://angelescity.gov.ph/government/files/aep_c7.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2GXi3pfZH0QiLWD2D3StFoBp
Acq2UDnYnAHEeM_dzC3TI5UreKBv8YdY4
LANDSLIDE
Angeles City, Pampanga
• In terms of landslide susceptibility, no barangays in Angeles City have the

potential for landslide occurrence.
• All thirty three (33) barangays have low susceptibility to flooding.
• Moderate to high level flooding are usually confined to creek and river channels
and to identified low-lying portions of the barangay. Agricultural areas are usually
inundated during heavy precipitation and are usually associated with typhoons.
• There are nine (9) barangays with identified riverbank erosion
(Ninoy Aquino, Pandan, Tabun, PulungMaragul, Amsic, Anunas, Margot,
Sapangbato and Balibago).
• Barangays adjacent to Abacan River are threatened with lahar flows.
region3.mgb.gov.ph
Guiguinto, Bulacan
In terms of landslide susceptibility, Guiguinto Bulacan have no potential for

landslide occurrence.
www.bulacan.gov.ph
RAINFALL
Angles City, Pampanga
Guiguinto, Bulacan
www.myweather2.com › Local Weather Forecast › Philippines ›
WIND SPEED
Angeles City, Pampanga
Guiguinto, Bulacan
https://www.worldweatheronline.com
Wind Characteristics of the Philippines

The wind resource in the Philippines is strongly dependent on latitude, elevation, and
proximity to the coastline. In general, the best wind resource, on an annual average basis, is in
the northern and central regions of the country and primarily on hilltops, ridge crests, and coastal
locations that have excellent exposure to the prevailing winds.
In general, locations in the Philippines with an annual average wind speed of 240kph.
https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/28903.pdf
LINE OF SIGHT CONSIDERATION

Microwave communication broadcast signals through radio using a progression of
Microwave towers. Microwave is a form of line of sight communication, because it

requires the obstruction less transmission between the receiving and transmitting towers
for signals to be communicated properly at both ends. After the successful finding of area
from Anuna Angeles City, Pampanga to Guiguinto, Bulacanwith a distance of 50.3
kilometer.
To have a clear LoS , We consider the land elevation of the Site location A and Site
Location B. It is almost the same and place on the ridge position. We contemplate the path
elevation of the area where the LoS of our microwave communication link will pass by to
avoid the terrain such as trees, building, mountains and other high structure that blocks the
LoS causes diffraction and can prevent signal to receive. We also consider the 10km radius
from our site A, it includes the terrains such us rice field, houses, trees
We also consider the rule of thumb is that 60% of the 1st Fresnel zone must be clear
of obstacles. This condition says that the link behaves essentially the same as a clear free-
space path. In modern radio communication systems operating above the 2.4 Ghz frequency
requires clear LOS.
INTRODUCTION
In today’s information age, knowledge is made readily available not
onlythrough cable or wired connections but also through wireless
communications.Knowing your way back in the mountains is no longer a problem
with GPS (Global Positioning System). Communicating with family and friends
without the use of landline phones is now possible with cellular phones. Exchanging
documents can be done in a minute using Bluetooth. Even accessing the internet in
a restaurant or while commuting is now a regular thing because of Wi-Fi (Wireless
Fidelity). And the one thing they all have in common is that they operate in
microwave frequencies.
Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies that range from

approximately 500MHz to 300GHz or more. The prefix "micro-" in "microwave" is not
meant to suggest a wavelength in the micrometers range. It only indicates that
microwaves are "small" compared to waves used in typical radio broadcasting, falling
along 1.0mm to 30cm which are slightly longer than infrared energy.
The main advantage of using microwaves in communications is that it has the

capacity to carry thousands of individual information channels between two points
without the need for physical facilities such as coaxial cables or optical fibers. It also
avoids the need for right-of-way acquisition between properties and are better suited
for spanning large bodies of water, going over high mountains, or going through
heavily wooded terrain that impose formidable barriers to cable systems. But with
these advantages also comes disadvantages. Due to high frequencies employed in
microwave systems, it is more difficult to analyze and design circuits and to
implement measuring techniques and conventional components. Also, microwave
frequencies propagate in a straight line, limiting their use to line-of-sight applications.
Aside from those mentioned earlier, another line-of-sight application

formicrowaves is a point-to-point communication link. It uses a beam of radio waves
in the microwave frequency range to transmit information between two fixed
locations on the
Earth. A point-to-point microwave communication link is often employed in the form
of fixed-link operator, utility private network, TV distribution network and mobile
backhaul network among other things.
In the succeeding parts, the group will design a point-to-point microwave
communication link with specific application intended. In this design, the specified
points of communication are Brgy. Ilang-Ilang Guiguinto, Bulacan as the receiver site
while the transmitter site location is at Brgy. Anunas, Angeles City, Pampanga with a
point to point distance of 50.3km. To meet ―industry standard‖, the performance
requirements range per link should be from a minimum of 99.999% availability (about
300seconds outage a year) to 99.9996% (about 125seconds outage a year).
OVERVIEW OF THE DESIGN

The microwave communication point to point is connecting from
Brgy.Anunas, Angeles City Pampanga to Brgy. Ilang-Ilang Guiguinto,
Bulacan with an operating frequency of 7.5GHz.The range of our point to
point is 50.3km. Brgy.Anunas, Angeles City Pampanga has a latitude of
13° 56’ 25.38’’ N and longitude of 121° 12’ 38.76’’ E with elevation of
275 m. Brgy. Ilang-Ilang Guiguinto, Bulacan has a latitude of 13° 45’
12.80’’ N and longitude of 121° 13’ 16.66’’ E with elevation of 171 m.
These areas are free from liquefaction and susceptibilities.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DESIGN
This project will be a significant endeavor in promoting good work

environment and to provide reliable communication system in the particular rural
areas.
Prior to the advent of commercial wireless communications in this day and
age, most microwave designs were destined for profitable applications. This study
will also be beneficial to the students to practice they have learned theoretically, and
to cope up with the technological advancements. Moreover, this design intends to
introduce the basics of microwave link system and will serve as a reference for
students who will take up this subject in the future.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

There are factors that will affect the reliability of the whole system in this long
haul communication. These would be one of our top priorities which will help us get a
properly functioned point-to-point wireless communication, microwave link design.
Why did you choose Angeles Pampanga and Guiguinto Bulacan for the location of
your site?
 According to our research, these location has a low percentage of failure

effect into the system and a conducive site for point-to-point link system.
 Also, most of the subscribers are using wireless technologies on the site.
What are the steps on selecting the best, suitable and accurate equipment?
 We based on our computations and some researched information regarding

the equipment we need, connections of the equipment and its function.
How can you attain a good reliable system?
 First is to select an accurate equipment, consider the status of the site, its
frequency and the distance and lastly the possible losses.
What are the factors needs to consider?
 First is the location of the site, the equipment, the formula for the calculation,
the distance of both sites and the operating frequency.
DESIGN OBJECTIVES
GENERAL OBJECTIVE.
 This proposed project aimed to expand the communications system of the

company to the designated rural areas, and to develop a high-speed wireless
bridge for data transmission. Specifically, this study aimed to:
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES.
 To design a reliable point-to-point Microwave Cellular Communications

System.
 To design a Microwave Link System having the ideal reliability of 99.9999%
 To know the general principles of Microwave Communications

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

SCOPE
 Wireless technologies such as 2G, 3G and 4G.

 The monitoring devices or facility monitoring system (FMS).
 A Wireless technology, microwave and FMS design that link from Angeles
City Pampanga to Guiguinto Bulacan.
 Provided information of the site location, regarding the climate condition,
population, land and coastal areas.
 Sufficient design information which includes path profile design, link budget
analysis, calculations, formulas, technical specification of equipment,
references and factors to consider, trusted software and standards
recommended
 Mapping of the site to site using a topographical maps acquired from the
National Mapping and Resource Information authority(NAMRIA) and the path
elevations, terrains, latitude and longitude of the site, distance of both sites
using Global Positioning System(GPS) acquired from Google Earth
 Layout of the design of floor plan perspective, tower, antenna and waveguide
installation.
DELIMITATIONS
 We only focused into the design itself, which not included how the wireless
technologies, microwave and FMS works and didn’t define or explain all of the
topics regarding the words like waveguide, path profile etc.
 We cannot consider a type of waveguide like Elliptical and Circular, instead

we consider only rectangular waveguide.
 All materials used for the layout, the costs of equipment’s towers and other
materials, construction plan and electrical system on how it will work are not
included.
 It is only licensed and should function inside the Philippines.
 Topographical maps and the Google Earth are outdated.
 Path clearance only based on Google earth.
 Permit to design at specific location was not included.
LOCATION OF SITES
Brgy. Anunas, Angles City, Pampanga

LONGITUDE: 120°32'58.11"E
LATITUDE: 15° 9'28.98"N
ELEVATION AMSL: 141m
Brgy. Ilang-Ilang, Guiguinto Bulacan

LONGITUDE: 120°32'58.11"E
LATITUDE: 14°49'36.40"N
ELEVATION AMSL: 3m
V. MICROWAVE PATH LINK AND RELIABILITY

CALCULATIONS
5.3 Operating Frequency
Given Parameters
fU UPPER FREQUENCY GHz
fL LOWER FREQUENCY GHz
Unknown Parameters:
𝑓𝑐 = 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑓𝑈 + 𝑓𝐿
𝑓𝑐 =
2
+
𝑓𝑐 =
2
𝒇𝒄 = 𝑮𝑯𝒛
Given Parameters:
DGC Total Distance (km)
F Operating Frequency(GHz)
T.G Tree Growth (m) 15km
Ea Elevation at Site A
(m,AMSL)
Eb Elevation at Site B
(m,AMSL)
Eo Elevation at Point of
Obstruction(m,AMSL)
da Distance between the Point

of obstruction and Site A
(km)
db Distance between the Point

of obstruction and Site B
(km)
AMSL (Above Mean Sea Level)
AGL (Above Ground Level)

GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCE

Longitude of Site A 121°27'28.4"E
Longitude of Site B 121° 15'50.0"E
Latitude of Site A 14°17'7.65"N
Latitude of Site B 14°8'1.24"N
Unknown Parameters:
DGC = Great Circle Distance
C = Included Angle
DGC= 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏[(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑳𝒂𝒕𝑨)(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑳𝒂𝒕𝑩) + (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑳𝒂𝒕𝑨)(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑳𝒂𝒕𝑩)(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑪)]
𝑪 = |𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝐴 − 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝐵|
𝑪 = | |
𝑪 =
𝑫𝑮𝑪 =
𝑫𝑮𝑪 =
60 𝑛𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 1.852𝑘𝑚
𝑫𝑮𝑪 = (°) ( 1°
) (1 𝑛𝑎𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒)
NOTE:
1 = 60 Nautical Miles
𝑫𝑮𝑪 = 𝒌𝒎
1 Nautical mile= 1.852km
1 Nautical mile = 1.852km
Unknown Parameters:
eb= Earth Bulge at the point of obstruction (m,AMSL)
F1 = First Fresnel radius at the point of obstruction
H = Optimum Fresnel clearance radius at the point of obstruction
aA = Antenna Height at Site A (m,AGL)
aB = Antena Height at Site B (m,AGL)
hA = Antenna Height at Site A (m,AMSL)
hB = Antenna Height at Site B (m,AMSL)
ho =Total Height of obstruction (m,AMSL)

4
k = 3 for dry, mountainous, typical inland, humid and coastal areas (unitless)
Earth Bulge at the point of obstruction (m,AMSL)
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐵
𝑒𝑏 =
(12.75)𝑘
()( )
𝑒𝑏 = 4
(12.75) ( )
3
𝒆𝒃 = 𝒎
First Fresnel radius at the point of obstruction
𝑑𝐴∙ 𝑑𝐵
𝐹1 = 17.3√
𝐹𝐷𝐺𝐶
( )()
𝐹1 = 17.3√
(7.4375)(38.622)
𝑭𝟏 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟔𝟎𝟗𝟗𝟔𝟔𝟖𝟔𝟏 𝒎
Optimum Fresnel clearance radius at the point of obstruction
𝐻 = (0.6)(𝐹1 )
𝐻 = (0.6)()
𝑯 =m
Total Height of obstruction (m,AMSL)

ℎ𝑜 = 𝑒𝑏 + 𝑇. 𝐺 + 𝐸𝑜 + 10𝑚
ℎ𝑜 = +10𝑚
𝒉𝒐 = 𝟖𝟗. 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟓𝟐𝟗𝟒𝟏𝒎
Antenna Height at Site A (m,AMSL)
ℎ𝑎 = 𝐸𝑎 + 𝑎𝐴
ℎ𝑏 = 𝐸𝑏 + 𝑎𝐵
𝑎𝐴 = Antenna height at Site A
𝑎𝐵 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒𝐵
LET 𝒂𝑩 = 𝒎(𝑨𝑮𝑳)
ℎ𝑏 = 𝑒𝑏 + 𝑎𝐵
ℎ𝑏 = 𝑚 + 𝑚
𝒉𝒃 = 𝟖𝟖𝒎(𝑨𝑴𝑺𝑳)
Antenna Height at Site A
𝑑𝐵 (ℎ𝐴 − ℎ𝐵 )
𝐻= + ℎ𝐵 − ℎ𝑜
𝐷𝐺𝐶
𝐷𝐺𝐶
ℎ𝐴 = [𝐻 − (ℎ𝐵 − ℎ𝑜 )] + ℎ𝐵
𝑑𝐵

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ICCT COLLEGES FOUNDATION INC.

V.V. Soliven Avenue II, Cainta, Rizal

In Partial Fulfilment for the Requirements in

ENGR. IVANLEE MENDOZA

Engr. Ivan Lee Mendoza

1.7.1 Radio Frequency Propagation Gain

VI. Safety Engineering

VIII. Technical References

POINT TO POINT DISTANCE: 50.3km

FAULT LINE SUSCEPTABILITY

Nearest Active Fault Line: 70.3km

Nearest Active Fault Line: 28.0km

Soil Type (Angeles, Pampanga)

Soil Type (Guinguinto, Bulacan)

Angeles City, Pampanga

• In terms of landslide susceptibility, no barangays in Angeles City have the

In terms of landslide susceptibility, Guiguinto Bulacan have no potential for

Angles City, Pampanga

www.myweather2.com › Local Weather Forecast › Philippines ›

Angeles City, Pampanga

Wind Characteristics of the Philippines

LINE OF SIGHT CONSIDERATION

Microwave towers. Microwave is a form of line of sight communication, because it

Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies that range from

The main advantage of using microwaves in communications is that it has the

Aside from those mentioned earlier, another line-of-sight application

OVERVIEW OF THE DESIGN

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DESIGN

This project will be a significant endeavor in promoting good work

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

 According to our research, these location has a low percentage of failure

 We based on our computations and some researched information regarding

How can you attain a good reliable system?

What are the factors needs to consider?

 This proposed project aimed to expand the communications system of the

 To design a reliable point-to-point Microwave Cellular Communications

 To design a Microwave Link System having the ideal reliability of 99.9999%

 To know the general principles of Microwave Communications

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

 Wireless technologies such as 2G, 3G and 4G.

 We cannot consider a type of waveguide like Elliptical and Circular, instead

Brgy. Anunas, Angles City, Pampanga

Brgy. Ilang-Ilang, Guiguinto Bulacan

V. MICROWAVE PATH LINK AND RELIABILITY

5.3 Operating Frequency

fU UPPER FREQUENCY GHz

fL LOWER FREQUENCY GHz

DGC Total Distance (km)

T.G Tree Growth (m) 15km

da Distance between the Point

db Distance between the Point

AMSL (Above Mean Sea Level)

AGL (Above Ground Level)

GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCE

Longitude of Site B 121° 15'50.0"E

Latitude of Site A 14°17'7.65"N

Latitude of Site B 14°8'1.24"N

DGC = Great Circle Distance

DGC= 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏[(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑳𝒂𝒕𝑨)(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑳𝒂𝒕𝑩) + (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑳𝒂𝒕𝑨)(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑳𝒂𝒕𝑩)(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑪)]

1 Nautical mile = 1.852km

ho =Total Height of obstruction (m,AMSL)

Earth Bulge at the point of obstruction (m,AMSL)

First Fresnel radius at the point of obstruction