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When two objects are in thermal contact with each other, heat
energy is transferred from one object to another. Compare
the rate of heat energy transfer from hot object to cold object
and from cold object to hot object.
There is a net flow of heat energy from the hotter object to the
colder object.
The hot object cools down, while cold object becomes hotter.
After some time, heat energy is transferred at the same rate
between the two objects.
When the rate of heat energy transfer between two objects in thermal contact
is the same, the two objects are in thermal equilibrium.
1. Glass Tube
What is the advantage of using glass?
It is transparent so level of liquid can be seen easily.
4. Mercury
State the physical property of mercury that makes it suitable
to be used in liquid-in-glass thermometer.
1. Opaque colour - can be seen easily.
2. Expands at a constant rate – more accurate
6. Bulb
1. Thin glass wall
Advantage : increase the rate of heat exchange between
the liquid and the object, hence increase its sensitivity.
2. Large Bulb
Advantage : increase the volume of the liquid, hence
increase its sensitivity.
1. Given the length of steam point, L100 is 14.9 cm and the length of ice point of a
mercury thermometer, L0 is 3.6 cm. What is the temperature of a liquid when
the length of mercury thread, L in the same thermometer used gives a reading
of 9.0 cm?
= x 100˚C
= x 100˚C
= 47.8 ˚C
= x 100˚C
= x 100˚C
= 80 ˚C
𝐿 𝐿
For a mercury-in-glass thermometer, 𝜃 = x 100˚C
𝐿 𝐿
, , c
J J
(WATER)
= ____________ J
(ALUMINIUM)
= ____________ J
2. Explain why the gaps between the immersion heater and thermometer in the
aluminium cylinder are filled with oil?
Oil is a good heat conductor compared to air. Thus the heat transfer between
the heater and aluminium cylinder, and between thermometer and aluminium
cylinder are more efficient.
3. Why did the temperature continue to rise after the power supply has been
switched off?
Thermal equilibrium has not reached yet. There is still a net flow of heat from
heater to water.
4. Why the values of specific heat capacity of water and aluminium from the
experiment are higher than the actual values?
The experiment value is higher than actual value because there is a heat loss
to the surrounding during the experiment.
5. State one of the precaution step while carry out this experiment.
The experiment must be carried out in still air or switch off the fan to reduce the
heat loss.
1. Water as a
2.
Explain how sea breeze occur :
During the day time, heat energy from the sun is absorbed by the sea
and the land.
Sea has a higher specific heat capacity
Temperature increase slower
Sea cooler than land
Land has a lower specific heat capacity
Temperature increase faster
Land warmer than sea
Hot air above land rises
3.
During the night time, heat lost from the sea and land.
2. 255 g block of an aluminium at 143 0C is cooled until 43 0C. Find the amount of
heat is released. (Specific heat capacity of aluminium = 900 J kg-1 C-1).
(ICE)
= ____________ J
(WATER)
= ____________ J
Given,
Specific heat capacity of water = 4 200 J kg-1 C-1
Specific heat capacity of ice = 2 100 J kg-1 C-1
Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.36 X 105J kg-1
Specific latent heat of vaporisation of ice = 2.26 X 106J kg-1
1. An immersion heater rated at 800 W is fitted into a large block of ice at 0 0C.
How long does it take to melt 0.5 kg of ice?
Q = ml
Pt = 0.5 x (3.36 x 105 )
800 x t = 302 400
t = 210 s
Q = mLf + mc
= (1.4)(3.36 x 105) + (1.4)(4200)(30)
= 646 800 J
3. Find the amount of heat needed to convert 0.5 kg of ice at -15 0C into steam at
100 0C
4. Calculate the amount of heat needed to convert 100 g of ice at 0 0C into steam
at 100 C.
Boyle’s law states that the Charles’ law states that Pressure law states that
pressure of a fixed mass the volume of a fixed mass the pressure of a fixed
of gas is inversely of the gas is directly mass of gas is directly
proportional to its volume proportional to its absolute proportional to its absolute
provided when the temperature when its temperature when its
temperature of the gas is pressure is kept constant. volume is kept constant.
kept constant.
P1V1 = P2V2
= =
: volume of air
: pressure of air
: temperature
: temperature of air
: temperature of gas
: pressure of gas
: volume of gas
P1V1 = P2V2
(1)(28) = (P2)(28-13)
P2 = 1.87 atm
V1 = V2 , 22 = V2 .
T1 T2 42 + 273 71 + 273
V2 = 24.03 m3
3. The air pressure in a container at 28 0C is 1.3 x 107 N m-2. The container is heated
until the temperature is 69 0C. What is the final air pressure if the volume of the
container is fixed?
P1 = P2 , 1.3 x 107 = P2 .
T1 T2 28 + 273 69 + 273
P2 = 1.5 x 107 N m-2