Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS)

1) Coding
Variable View……………………………….
Data View…………………………………..
2) Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA)
KMO and Bartlett’s test………………………
Total Variance Explained…………………….
Pattern Matrix………………………………..
1) Coding
(** On the left bottom, there are Data View & Variable View)

Variable view

i) NAME
Simply put the name of the variable in the name column.

ii) TYPE
Numeric

iii) WIDTH
8

iv) DECIMALS
Only two are enough. So write 2 in the cell.

v) LABEL
Copy the NAME column and paste it into this column.

vi) VALUE
Click on “…” 3 dots in the cell. An interface will appear.
  In the VALUE box, put the number i.e. 1, 2, 3…
 In the LABEL box, put the description/option i.e. Male/Female or
SA/A/N/D/SD.
 Then click ADD option, inserted data will automatically move into large
box.
 Then click “OK”.

vii) MEASURE
When we click on the cell, three types of scales will be appear

 Scale or Interval scale is selected for those questions which are measured on
Likert scale (SA/A/N/D/SD).
 Nominal scale is applied on demographic information.

Data view
Name of all the variables (including all questions) will become name of the columns in
the DATA VIEW. After that, we have to code all the responses manually.
2) Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA)
Purpose of this analysis to check that either our respondents understand our variables as
we are or not.
We don’t apply this analysis on demographic information.
.
In this analysis, we apply three tests.
A) KMO and Bartlett’s test
-KMO tells us either our sample size sufficiently large or not?
-Bartlett’s test tells us that our respondents should not understand all
different variables as a single variable.
B) Total Variance Explained
To check number of variables, individual variation & cumulative variation
occurred by all variables.
C) Pattern Matrix
To screen out questions which are creating disturbance in data.

Process to apply EFA

 Go to “Analyze”
 Then “Dimension reduction”
 Then “Factor”

An interface will appear named “FACTOR ANALYSIS”.

 Apart from Demographics, insert all the questions into the variable box.
Then,

 DESCRIPTIVE
Click KMO and Bartlett’s test of sphericity
And then click “Continue”.

 EXTRACTION
1st extraction point tell us about Software-Driven number of variables.
2nd extraction point tell us that how many number of variables we want to keep.

 Rotation
Click on “Direct Oblimin” when there is correlation in variables. Mostly Direct Oblimin
method is used in literature.
  OPTIONS

………………………………………………………………………………………..
After passing this process, click OK….
Then, you will get a “Productivity sheet”.

Rules to be followed under EFA

KMO and Bartlett’s test
 KMO > 0.65
 Sig. < 0.05
Total Variance Explained
 variable value > 1
 Cumulative % > 45%
 % of Variance < 50% of cumulative percentage
Pattern Matrix
 Item which is not considered under even one of the variables ought to be eliminated.
 Variable having less than 3 items must be eliminated.
 If value of item is repeating in more than 2 variables must be eliminated.
 If value of an item is repeating in 2 variables, it is only acceptable when value
difference is greater than 0.2... If it is not then simply eliminate it.
 There is a probability of occurring a new variable according to the situation.
 +ve & -ve values of items can’t come under one variable at the same time. It should be
all positive or all negative.