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B E Law
School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering
University of Queensland
1 Introduction
Fig 1. Fourth order model synchronous machine
block diagram
Generally, the use of a second order model of
A PID controller is used to improve the dynamic
synchronous generator for simulation is inadequate
response and also reduces or eliminates the steady
for transient study as units of microseconds are
state error [2]. Therefore, the proposed AVR system
crucial to the performance of the machine. Hence,
block diagram for simulating a fourth order model of
there is a need to analyse exclusively the model of
synchronous generator with the rest of the appropriate
synchronous machine in the power system.
excitation system components is shown in Fig. 2.
This paper demonstrates the simulation of the
transient response of synchronous machine connected
to an infinite bus using Matlab Simulink. The aim of
this paper is to produce a program that can closely
simulate the operation of the synchronous machine
using a range of transfer functions in order to
determine the transient response for any synchronous
machine. With proper modelling of the synchronous Fig 2. Block diagram of the proposed AVR system
machine in the power system, a better understanding with PID controller
of how the machine reacts under sudden large A model of steam turbine is used in this paper.
disturbances during transient conditions can be With the use of an integrator, it can restore the speed
achieved and hence a better controller of the or frequency to its apparent value by monitoring the
synchronous machine can be designed. average error over a period of time to correct the
1
Simulation of The Transient Response of Synchronous Machines
offset. Due to the weak coupling relationship between the changes in the transient response of the machine
the AVR and AGC, the voltage and frequency are can be reflected. There are many perspectives in the
regulated separately. The study of coupling effects of investigation of the machine responses in the power
the linearized AVR and AGC can be found in Kundur system. The work presented in this paper is
[2] and Anderson [3] which discussed that small considered a small part in power system control.
change in the electrical power DPe is the product of
the synchronizing power coefficient PS and the Acknowledgment
change in the power angle D“ . Therefore, the overall
simulation of a fourth order model of synchronous I would like to thank first and foremost my
machine is shown in Fig. 3. supervisor Dr Allan Walton, for his patience, care
and guidance given to me throughout the duration of
my thesis. Lastly I would like to dedicate this to Ms
4 Results and evaluation Chiao Lin Tay for her love and understanding as well
as her tremendous moral support during my study.
The results of the simulation are correctly
reflected on the plots. The variations of References
KI, Kp, Ki and Kd were made to deduce how each
variable affect the transient response of the 1. A. Walton, ” A Systematic Analytical Method for
synchronous machine. Changes in the excitation gain the Determination of Parameters of Synchronous
were also conducted to analysis the output with a set Machines from the Results of Frequency
of values for the various controller gains. By having Response Tests„, Journal of Electrical
the results of lower order model simulation, Engineering-Australia, Vol. 20 No. 1, 2000, pp.
comparisons were made and the changes between 35-42.
different order models were almost undetectable due 2. P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control,
to the connection to an infinite bus. The various McGraw-Hill Inc., 1994.
controller gains must be adjusted simultaneously to 3. P.M. Anderson and A.A. Fouad, Power System
satisfy the output response of the system. Control and Stability, IEEE Press, 1994.
5 Conclusion Biography
The simulation of the transient response of Bok Eng is currently finishing his
synchronous machine has been successful. The only degree in Electrical & Electronics
restriction is that the small changes in response are Engineering in the University of
not reflected clearly due to the strong grid between Queensland and is expected to
the machine and the infinite bus. The proposed graduate by end of 2001. His major
solution is to connect the output terminal to an actual interests include computer
load virtually by a mean of connecting an additional technology, power system analysis,
feedback of current at the terminal output. In this way anti-hacking research and Internet development.
Fig 3. Simulation model for the fourth order machine time constants