Oct 21

Andrew Jackson
 First poor man to become president
 Strongest supporters were from the South
 - Indian Removal Act of 1830
 - However, tariff issue changed this
 Politics was made more democratic in this era
 1)property requirements were dropped
 2) “Rotation in Office”

 Growing acceptance of democracy and confidence in human beings and their
ability to be responsible and improve themselves
- -Self-Help book phenomenon
 Mormon Faith formed in this period
- “American Christianity”, the sole American faith that has gone global
 Abolition of Slavery got people wondering about innateness of people because of
its causation of the civil war
 First Factories were built by water and used steam power (Textile mills)
- -Had to be along a stream or river. Limited location options
- -Winter could freeze the water and the factory
 Steam Engines allowed factories to be built apart from rivers
- -Greatly accelerated industry
 Textile/etc. Mills weren’t built in the south because they couldn’t use water power
(not many fast moving rivers in the south)
- Made south not get as industrialized as north
Industrial Revolution
 1) Magnified separation between North and South
 2) Created huge amounts of wealth which was invested in other areas of economic
life like transportation
 3) Improved Standard of living (Ready to wear clothing was very exciting)
o Dressed better, bathed more often
 4) Caused Pollution
 5) Increased social stratification (wealth wasn’t distributed equally) more
profound degrees of inequality
o Issue of inequality will become a powerful political issue
o Created Opportunities for Women (leave the home and get engaged in the
workplace)
o Direct correlation between women’s rights movement and industrial
revolution
o -created more leisure time in exchange for domestic stuff
 -able to read, and get involved in things other than domestic duties
Tocqueville came to America to study our democracy
-Impressed with Americans quest to acquire more material goods
-hardworking and ambitious
 -Thought the rest of the world would benefit from these ideas
-You can move up from nothing to success
-Americans Aspired, they were restless
-Downside: Stress, but he thinks this restless energy is a good
quality of democratic culture
-Commented on harsh treatment of blacks (why is it this way he wondered)
-Americans were welcoming to other whites, generous, engaging
-Observed suffering Choctaw Indians juxtaposed among this wonderful white
society
• Between 1800-1821 there were many States added to the Union
• The interest of western states weren’t the same as interest of eastern
• Complicate national politics
• Money supply, slavery, the nat’l bank; every state has its own regional policies
and so it complicates national government
• People migrated as units, They were very sociable
o Americans have an unaffected, gregarious, relaxed nature
o This friendliness is a function of the western experience
• Gender separation in labor (men’s work and women’s work) but it was messier
than it was back east
o -Ever since the 1600’s, there’s always been a frontier somewhere in the
US, and women are right in the thick of it in all the physical labor
 -Endurance, pragmatic intelligence of women was being
demonstrated to generations of Americans
• Entertained themselves with Ganders and sewing bees
o -Marbles, Square dancing, Guitar and Banjoe, fiddle integrated to help
produce sounds of American country music (showed trans-country [cross-
fertilization] relations of America)
• Indian Policy
• -Deep South Ga Al, Mississippi
• -Large Demand clear land to grow cotton
o -Growth of textile industry required a boom in need
o -Perfect place to grow cotton
o -Pressure on Indians was huge
• -Wanted to relocate Indians to “Indian Country” (Ok, Ark)
• -The Five Civilized Tribes
• Cherokee 2) Seminole 3) Creek 4) Choctaw 5) Chickasaws
 -All except for Seminole were moved to “Indian Country”
• Jackson did not like Indians, he saw them kill people as a boy, waged war against
them, he had very little regard; This sentiment was widely shared by most
westerners
• Cotton economy created great demand for more land
o Pressure on Indians as southern states tried to relocate them to the west (to
Ark, and ok)
o -Not consistent with laws. Washington-Federal gov’t entreated with the
 Indians ( they were kinda like another country, therefore it is foreign
policy so the nat’l gov’t deals with it)
o But Jackson endorsed letting states manage Indian affairs inside their own
borders
 -Basic states right, but challenged by Cherokee Nation in The
Federal court
o Cherokee Nation v Georgia
o Worcester v Georgia
o -Marshall ruled that only the fed gov’t could entreat
with Indians
(unconstitutional for states to do it) didn’t argue
against overall
removal of Indians
o Jackson orders Us Army to remove Indians
• By 1838, All these tribes had been defeated decisively in war or had been
marched by militias and the Army
o Trail of Tears 1838- Large part of the Cherokee nation was forced
marched from northern Georgia to Oklahoma
• -Many died of starvation and disease
• -Not a proud moment in American history
• -Cherokee’s were trying to assimilate (adopt the ways of)
to the American way of life
• Their own alphabet and newspaper
• Intermarriage with whites
• Adopted private property and private agriculture
o became farmers with modern agricultural
techniques
o some became slave owners
o All this didn’t matter, still pushed out
• Creeks and Seminoles fought the US Army under command of Andrew Jackson
o -New Orleans and Creeks and Seminoles gave Jackson a good name as
general
o He had a lack of sympathy for Indians, he was born in the frontier, viewed
them as unworthy of the same moral consideration
o New Englanders like Ralph Waldo Emerson and Thoreau and the general
NE public were are against the treatment of these Indians in the Southern
States
• Panic of 1819
• caused by Farmers and the Market Economy
 -crops are being growing with the intention of making income
from raising cash crops grains north cotton/grains south
o entering the market economy, growing with intention of selling it in
distant economies for money which they would deposit in banks
 -Credit is important in a money economy (need loans for acreage
 that is big enough to be viable in the market economy), borrowing
money to buy land becomes commonplace
o Farmers become vulnerable to price fluctuations. You’re making more
risks
• moving from Jeffersonian Ideal of a moderate self reliant farmer to someone who
is aspiring to generate income farming in the form of money above that (there is
potential to thrive and to get clobbered)
• The 1st depression in the new era of the market economy (the economy is
shrinking, unemployment goes up/incomes go down, brings value of land down
because people have to sell it because they cant afford to pay off debt)
o -prices for cotton and grains are high, transportation improvements in the
west; good times
o -People are borrowing money, the value of land is going up as profitability
of farming becomes more evident
• -Around 1818. The prices of farmed goods began to fall, incomes began to
decline, put pressure on farmers who had debt, they reach the conclusion that they
need to sell land or else the bank is going to be foreclosed on (value of land goes
down, depresses peoples wealth even more) People are learning that in this
system there are systems of growth and contraction (American Farmers are not
used to this)
o BLAME the Banks and paper money for all this (thought they were
irresponsible for giving loans to people who shouldn’t have gotten them)
• Banks managed the money supply in this era
o ii) Fueled a speculative orgy by allowing too many
loans

• Market Economy volatility is very disruptive to peoples lives

o -creates anxiety/confusion, political anger, blame pointed at banks (and
paper money)
• in the 19th century, A problem with paper money is that if gov’t prints it out of
proportion, it causes huge inflation
o Banks were issuing more credit than they should have been. National bank
was asking banks to redeem its paper money in gold
o too much credit fueled a real estate bubble (land values increase
[westerners happy])
 -farm prices and revenues for farmers falling
 -Americas first taste of the full business cycle of market capitalism
o -Generated a hostility towards…
 1) National Bank (banks in general)
 2) Paper Money
• The Transportation Revolution
o Railroads, Canals (create a vast water highway), Paved roads (don’t get
too muddy to use), Steam Boats (could go upstream)
o Erie Canal
o -built by Irish immigrants, not by engineers, built it on the fly
 o -Lowers shipping costs, lowers costs of products
o Tie markets together (between south north Midwest etc), north and west os
becoming one giant symbiotic economic market, whereas the south is
becoming separated
 -In South, Cotton was so profitable that it killed incentive to do
other things
o Expands incentive to be Productive (You can sell anything far away from
home)
o -expands incentive by expanding markets, gives people incentive to be
more productive
o Growth of Towns and Cities (North increasingly urban due to Trans. Rev.
and Industrialization, which is not happening in the South very much)
o Yet the 10 richest states were all in the South
• Factory Life
• Pros
o -Cheaper Goods
 -Income goes further
• Cons
o Pollution
o Structured Lives
 -Day was highly regulated on a tight schedule (by time)
 -Curfews, had to attend church, moral police, and certain dwellings
o 3)Generated more Inequality (emerging middling class, the super wealthy,
lawyers/doctors, the middle class, the urban factory/working class, the
farmers)
o Machine made: can make better products at a lower price
 -Eli Whitney came up with the idea of interchangeable parts
o First tried it with a musket
 -If a part brakes, replace the part not the whole
o makes goods last longer, Huge advantage for consumers
o More opportunity for work (European Immigrants, People coming from
outside of cities, wages were pretty good compared to a normal eastern
farmer or in Europe)
o Company had to keep their integrity high to the general public
• Scared of young women having different virtues living away from home
o -Built dormitories, had to go to church
 -Young men in NE had migrated westward for farming
o This was considered women’s work
• Samuel Slater
o -worked in English textile mills
o he knew how to make machines to make cloth in his mind
o -Laws in Britain that people couldn’t share these ideas with other
countries
o -Snuck out of Britain and made new mills in Pawtucket
  -Water powered, only made Cloth
o -Eventually finished cloth people could buy finished clothing from one
factory by the time of the civil war
o -Did not spread to the south (lack of investment incentive [wealthy people
were making enough growing cotton]
o Upper South sold people to the cotton belt states
o -Tobacco wasn’t as profitable as cotton
o -after 1808 all salve commerce was internal
o -Demand for slaves in new cotton growing western
areas caused these
people to profit off of selling slaves
• Industrial Revolution overview
o -Starts with little tasks related to cloth, tool, cutlery, and other
manufactured goods (Bits are made one place, other bits made elsewhere,
put together)
o -But people figure out how to manufacture the entire thing under one roof
• Way more Efficient
• Higher Quality goods
• -Eli Whitney develops the idea of interchangeable parts
(important in the concept of making the whole object in one
place)
• Inequality
o I. Rev. causes various degrees of success as measured by how much
money you have
• More gradations of class
o -For Country people: it is more difficult for them to acquire manufactured
goods (so it is more obvious based on their clothes and home)
• Changed by Railroads
o -Pauperism (elderly or disabled couldn’t support themselves, dependent on
family members or good graces of neighbors) (peoples life expectancy
was much shorter because elderly weren’t cared for very well)
o Generates more extremes of social status (more complex)
o -How Fluid is it?
• There has always been a good amount of social mobility in America
• But most people get wealthy because they were born in to wealth
• But rags to riches story were still alive (keep the American dream alive)
o -Gender and Racism, the Capitalist system(free market system generates a
lot of inequality) affect inequality
• Social Relationships
o -The growth of cities, trans rev, ind rev etc encouraged differences with
how people related to each other
o -Adopting and celebrating INDIVIDUALISM
• part of egalitarian democratic ethos of the time
• Reverence for community and permanence of place was being torn
 • -Always on the move looking for the next best opportunity
o leave it all behind for the sake of money
 Ex: The Professions
o Willingness to challenge authority (goes back to American Revolution,
Great Awakening, and Roger Williams)
o Assault on the professions (anyone could become a doctor
by 1850)
o Patriarchy breaks down; Young people start to acquire right to marry out
of love
o -Daughters getting married outside of birth order
• Voices of the American Past
o Frances Wright made a little utopian community
o -Racial mixing, wanted to eventually emancipate the slaves
o -Opposed the bank
o -Became a radical advocate for change
• She wants equality of outcome (Practical Equality [socialism])
• But one class, but one family
• Uses Declaration of independence for the requisite of it
• We today are prepared to accept inequality of outcome to provide liberty
o Aristocrats had a more Romantic view of these Factories
o But the conditions really aren’t so great
o Mill girls were even organizing the first strikes in American industrial
history
• Earliest indication of Union activities
o Promoting the Erie Canal
o It will help the economy (promote the growth of the great lakes region)
o Growth of the western region of the country
o -Promotes Nationalism (whole country will be better off)
o It will make us more intelligent and virtuous
o Its like “city upon a hill”
• Five Points
o Intersection of 5 streets in Manhattan
o -center of the poor peoples crime and social gathering
• Democracy becomes more Democratic in this Era
o Made the system more democratic for white men
• All white men could vote in America by 1830
• -Property requirements had been dropped
o Right to vote for Black men is taken away
• More Democratic
o -Voting private
o -Property qualifications
o lifted for right to run for office (still wealthier people were the ones who
ran)
 o and to vote
o -Electoral College was reformed and made more democratic
o Old Way
• -State legislatures elected state reps, they went and they
would vote for who the president would be (no popular
vote)
• You vote for the people who vote for the people who vote for the president (3
levels of Filters)
• Gives small states more input in the president selection
process
o New Way
• -But in the 1830’s, states began to change the way they
chose their electors so that the voters of the state chose the
representatives
• Popular vote is playing a more significant role in election
of president
• Vote for the electors who vote for prez (2 levels of filter)
• Election of 1824
o John Quincy Adams (son of Adams)
o -William H. Crawford
o -Andrew Jackson (Hero of Battle New Orleans, Seminole and Creek wars,
a wealthy plantation owner, a self made loved and revered individual)
o -Henry Clay (American System, comfortable worth federalist notions even
though he was a demo-repub)
 -Jackson won majority of Popular votes (by quite a lot)
 -But no candidate got the Majority in the Electoral Vote
 -Goes to the House of Representatives (1 vote per state)
o John Quincy Adams was elected
o Clay endorsed Adams and dropped out of race, told his supporters in the
house
• Adams made Clay his secretary of State
• Charges of a corrupt bargain from Jackson’s group
o Seemed like a “Corrupt Bargain”
o That Clay
 Jackson loyalists decided that they would make his life miserable
and get ready for 1828 (Jackson whooped his ass in 1828)
• 1828- Name changed from Democratic-Republicans to Democratic Party (more
comfortable with democracy and being with the common people and the
revolutionary ideals)
• Andrew Jackson
o Loved by most Americans,
o -and Hated by a certain segment ( a lightning rod)
o Personification of American Ethos
o A Self-Made man, born poor and made himself rich by his election
  -He hated the national bank because of his economic suffering in
the Panic of 1819
 Hated by some
o He swore a lot, Gambled, Smoked, Drank, Put spittoons in the
oval office
• Not presidential behavior
• He Killed people in duels (only prez to ever kill people outside of war)
o Cruelty with Indians was somewhat unpopular
o -The Embodiment of the American Dream (a living egalitarian model)
 -First prez to have an open reception after election, but the White
House was trashed and chaotic
• Wild Party at eh White House is a window into people suspicious of Democracy
o Peggy Eaton (Wife of the Secretary of War)
o Mrs. Calhoun alleged that she was a prostitute
 -Jackson made a public point of embracing the Eaton’s
• That all these rumors aren’t important to him
o In the Election of 1824, Jackson was very mad about people making
rumors about his second wife, so he didn’t tolerate it this time
• People could relate to this guy
• This is why they adored him
• Others said he was condoning Immorality
o Economic Policy
• American System was growing increasingly unpopular than back in
1816
• ----He is trying to find a middle ground between the states
rights strict construction agriculturalists and the ones who
say industrialization is okay and makes cities stronger and
economy bigger which is good for agriculture too
• Part of Economic party that was more comfortable with American System were
Henry Clay loyalists who would go on to form the Whig Party
• Inconsistent with Internal Improvement builds
o If it involved more than one state, he would sign it
o Wouldn’t sign intrastate ones
• South Carolina Nullification Crisis
o 1828 last months of Adams prez, Congress passed a tariff bill with the
highest protective tariff America had ever seen
o People were coming to believe that tariffs were bad (payed more for their
goods, exporters had to pay a penalty) (Especially S Car. )
o SC Legislature nullifies the Tariff of 1828
o -First time that a state legislature passed a bill
nullifying a
national law
o Right of Nullification had been proclaimed in to Kentucky and Virginia
resolutions (but they didn’t actually nullify the A and S Acts, but these
 did)
o Jackson’s Reaction
o Sent the Army down to S.C. (Force Act passed by Congress)
- Told them Nullification is illegal
• -1830- Compromise Tariff bill passed (accepted by S.C.)
• Never repealed the nullification bill
• Therefore, S.C. had not acknowledged that nullification wasn’t right (Idea that
Nullification is an option for states)
o Jackson stood for Federal Supremacy
• The Bank War
o Henry Clay sponsored a bill to re-charter the Nat’l Bank for the 3rd time
• Thought the bank was a winning political issue for him
• He forced Jackson’s hand anticipating the election of 1832
o Thought voters would support him
o Jackson vetoes the bill, Bank became the central issue (a referendum on
the nat’l bank) Jackson wins
• Bank became symbolic
o Run by Nicolas Biddle (snobby easterner)
o Personified everything that south/west
Americans despised about easterners
o Jackson used the idea that bank is only
run and has interests in Easterners
• -2) This Bank is a monopoly (got all
the
gov’t tax
revenues as deposits) (unfair

competitive
advantage over other banks)
o Let states fund the banks, leans towards
states rights
o Hated the Panic of 1819 Bank
o Argued Bank was unconstitutional
o -Supreme court in
McCullough v Maryland had
said Bank was constitutional
o Trying to straddle the fence of his party divide
• -American people had spoken, they disapproved about the
Bank
o During Second term
• Made a decision to withdraw all federal deposits in the national bank (out of spite)
o -Put them in several state banks (Pet Banks)
o Mostly political supporters of Jackson ran pet Banks
o Public said it was a Corrupt Bargain! (Anti-Jackson’s)
 o Pet Banks start loaning money like crazy
 _ Get a repeat of 1819
• Huge boom of value of real estate
• Depression caused by things going on in Europe and things going on in America
o US was existing in a global economy as early as 1837
 -Jackson ended up hurting the farmers and agricultural people
• These state banks loan a lot of money, make another bubble, burns these people
like he despised when he had been burned in his early life
o Jackson blamed paper money in the midst of the Depression
• Use of coins would have better
• Specie Circulator 1837- Restricted land sales to coin only
o Made situation worse (wasn’t that much coin in circulation)
o Deflation (falling prices of land)
o Martin Van Buren was in a hole during his entire presidency
• 1840 Campaign
o Democrats
• Want gov’t to let them live their own life
• Maximum democracy

 Whigs
• a)Party of financiers, industrialists, former demo-repubs
who liked the American system
and wanted the federal gov’t involved in promoting
economic growth
• (anyone who saw their economic interests as tied to
industrialization)
• In favor of nationalism, higher standard of living, Temperance
Movement]
• wanted gov’t involved in helping us regulate ourselves (Alcohol
and education)
• -Whigs nominate William Henry Harrison (War Hero back in 1812)
o Made up this image that he was an ordinary man (“Joe-Common Man” )
o HS: The first modern campaign strategy ( to appeal to common people
instead of trying to exalt themselves)
o He died 30 days into his office
• Rise of Popular Religion
o -2nd Great Awakening
• Since 1730, there has always been a strong current of religious belief manifesting
in some part of America
• Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians are most prevalent
• Open Camps: People gather and celebrate their faith
o The Abolition movement and Temperance movement emerged out of this
evangelical community
o A Wonderful example of egalitarian democracy in our culture
 (Americans define religion for themselves, so we have the greatest
investment in faith [truly their own choice])
o The Burned Over District
• People are running around saying stuff about damnation (fires of hell
are coming through the ground)
o Founding of the Mormon Faith
o - Joseph Smith (started the faith in Burned Over D)
o a) Discovered the book of Mormon which had been buried
o b) Tell story of Jesus coming to North America and telling
native Americans and converting them to Christianity, and he then
punished them after they forgot about Jesus and that’s why they are so
behind
o - Brings faith into the history of the Americas for the first time
o - After Smith died. Brigham Young took over and they marched to
Mexico (Utah) and they settled in an inhospitable environment (Salt Lake
City)
o Charles Finney
o - Trained minister (not a typical minister)
o - Believing in Self Defining Christianity
o -Doctrine of Perfectionism (living w/out sin)
o - Impossible in traditional Christianity, he argues against belief of
original sin
o - Belief in being Born again (touched by the grace of God, and
living life on a path where one could live w/out sin)
o - Popular in Burned Over District (hotbed of evangelic idealism in
NY)
o The invention of the blow job/blumpkins
• The Second Great Awakening
• Unitarianism
o Many Transcendentalists were Unitarians
• -Were Ex-Christians who rejected the divinity of Jesus
o Said that he was an important teacher and emulator but he isn’t
the son of God
o Interested in all Faiths (we can learn something from each one)
o Emergence of Secular Humanism (rational bent on interpreting
the world which is very embracing of human
potential (humanism)
• Among intellectuals and northeast and then west,
embrace of more secularism and Unitarianism
• Reform Movements
o Making it more Democratic (white men benefit)
• -Women and free blacks are involved in all these next movements
• Not part of political system, but are getting engaged in political issues thru these
reform movements
 o Temperance Movement
• Reduction of Alcohol consumption
• Some became advocates of Prohibition (Maine) (People who viewed alcohol as a
sin were the ones who drove to prohibition) but for some it was a health issue
• American Temperance Society
o Lyman Beecher is their main spokesman
o A Female driven cause
o women didn’t drink in public, but
drinking was huge for men
o Negative impacts on women: Spousal abuse, lack of
income, not taking care of children also
influence women to get involved

• Public School Reforms

o -Horace Mann
o A Whig in the House of Representatives
o Superintendent of Mass. Schools
o Advocated for introduction of public schools where they didn’t exist
o Advocated use of Age segregation (Grade levels so they are intellectual
similar)
o Common Curriculums across states
o a)Introduces accountability (evaluate what’s going on in schools)
• Common Textbooks (McGuffey Reader)
 -Advocated Teacher training (normal schools
o Strictly scheduled school day for punctuality and time management
o Challenge: Had to convince voters that they should be taxed to pay for
public schools
o “Republican Motherhood” now financed in publicly financed public
schools
o Make good citizens
o More literate workers for new industrial economy
o Business leaders in the North E/W supported schools
o Taught them to be punctual
o Great engine of assimilation for Immigrants (teach immigrants to be like
us)
o Didn’t take root in the south (no business community) agricultural land
owners didn’t see the need (averse to pay tax)
• Put the south behind in education for a long time
• -Women enter teaching in these years
• Age segregation created a feeling that a women could control these group
• First profession that they could enter, Female majority
• The Abolition Movement
o Led to the Civil War (issue that spearked it) Most important reform
movement
 o -Wlaker wrote Appeal; saying that blcks needed to use violence to end
slavery
o Divided among wheteher blacks should have political and social equality
to whites (such as voting) (some though they just shouldn’t be slaves, but
not equal either) DON’T HAVE FULL THROATED
EGALITARIANISM
• Made the dangerous assertion that institution of slavery could not be eradicated
without adoption of violence (true)
o Most Quakers were abolitionists
o The American Colonization Society
• Wanted to send the slaves back to Africa (Liberia)
• Blacks didn’t wanna go back to Africa (majority viewed US as their home)
• Abe Lincoln was a part of this society
• People against slavery weren’t exactly confident about blacks and
whites living together in US on equal terms
o Did they have to compensate the slave owners for their lost wealth( they
were losing a lot with abolition) [a sticky issue]
• What are you gonna do, TAX? Just to pay people who are doing
immoral thingsNO (northerners said they should just tax
the south)
o How do you Implement? {Gradual or all of a sudden}
• NY and NJ abolished by making whoever was born free, but adults were slaves
for life
• Other states abolished it immediately
o Do you give them full equality
• Would we give them land, from where?
• Teach them about our economy? How?
o How are they going to be functioning members of our
competitive economy all of a sudden
o William Loyd Garrison
• Founder of The Liberator Founded in 1830
• A Radical
o Believed in Female equality
o An Anarchist (Gov’t condoned slavery)
o Burned the Constitution
o Cons’t: A Covenant with the devil
o Not real popular, but he got attention
o By the Civil War, his POV became more
respectable
o – Wanted
o Fredrick Douglass
• A runaway slave (of mixed parentage)
• Adopted by an Abolitionists family in Mass.
o Had benefits of a white man in north at the time
 • The single most famous African American in the 19th C.
o Great Integrity, Respected even by opposition
• Fugitive Slave Provision wasn’t being enforced
• -Drove southerners crazy
• -Shows how the federal laws weren’t being enforced)
- He said “Free Us and we will take care of ourselves”, don’t worry about it just
let us be free
Sojourner Truth
- Born a slave in NY and freed by her owner
- Supported Abolition and Women’s rights
a) Powerful On the lyceums circuit
Stanton
- Organized Seneca Falls Convention
Modd
- One of the First female graduates of college in the Us
- Kept her maiden name in marriage (radical)
- Hundreds of Abolition Societies
-Indiana and Illinois made it illegal for blacks to live there (inhabited by southern folks
who had white supremacist thoughts)
-Ohio full comfortable embrace (people mainly came from NE)
Gag Rule
-Forbid debate on slavery in the House and Senate (For 9 yrs)
- Souther states all passed laws that forbid the transmission of abolitions literature
thru the us mail
-held as constitutional by the Us courts
- Scared it would incite violence
-Lifted in 1845 by John Quincy Adams (while member of house)

Sarah and Angelina Grimke

a) Southerners, children of slave owners
b) Married northern men and became fervent Abolitionist on the lyceum circuit
- Caused uneas
- Men uncomfortable with women having so much power on this cuase
-Women elected to be a leader in the American Anti-Slavery Society, it
divided them up because of this (within abolition movement there was great tension over
the equality of women)
World Anti-Salvey Convention in London
a) Biggest event the Aboltition movement had ever seen
b) Women were stunned to learned that they had to sit in a back room screened
off from the rest of the people for the whole conference
- Anthony Stanton and Modd got back and resolved to fight for female
equality
- Seneca Falls Convention organized
a) Full equality between men and women
-Right to vote, property, initiate legal proceedings, marry,
 exclusion from the professions, divorce laws
liberalized (initiation and custody of children), be in the
legislature, sexual double standard (promiscuity)
[pointing out hypocrisy in culture], to be in the
ministry
- marriage is too patriarchal in the law
- married women pay taxes on property that their
husband owns
Changed: Property, Divorce laws, progress in educational opportunities (colegs
become coed) in the 1860’s (the other stuff had to wait longer)
Dorothea Dix
- Crusader for mental health reform and Prison reform
- She wanted to help people with mental illness get better
a) Advocate of insane asylums (mental health hospitals)
b) people wouldn’t be abandoned in the streets anymore
-Early window in the belief of Perfectibility of People (even the
mentally ill)
- With growth of cities, street crime was more prevalent
a) Municipal jail and stockade wasn’t effective for this large criminal
behavior
b) Thought prison should be places where people get rehabilitate not just
punished (they were salvageable)
Ralph Waldo Emerson
- A segway into Utopian Communities
a) Socialist, others exploring sexuality (plural marriage)
b) Radical/exotic experiments
c) Believed they had discovered the an answer to how to live and how to
be happy
- Socialists transcendentalists
-We can model for the rest of the world how to be happy and more
productive
7 days!!!!
Bl4Ck 0p5