AQM (eRAN13.1 01)

eRAN
AQM Feature Parameter Description
Issue 01
Date 2018-04-10
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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Issue 01 (2018-04-10) Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. i

eRAN
AQM Feature Parameter Description Contents
Contents
1 Change History.............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 eRAN13.1 01 (2018-04-10)............................................................................................................................................1
1.2 eRAN13.1 Draft B (2018-03-30)....................................................................................................................................1
1.3 eRAN13.1 Draft A (2018-01-15) (FDD)........................................................................................................................2
1.4 eRAN13.1 Draft A (2018-01-15) (TDD)....................................................................................................................... 2
2 About This Document.................................................................................................................. 4

2.1 Applicable RAT.............................................................................................................................................................. 4
2.2 Features in This Document.............................................................................................................................................4
2.3 Feature Differences Between FDD and TDD.................................................................................................................4
3 Overview......................................................................................................................................... 5
4 AQM.................................................................................................................................................6
4.1 Principles........................................................................................................................................................................ 6
4.2 Network Analysis........................................................................................................................................................... 7
4.2.1 Benefits........................................................................................................................................................................ 7
4.2.2 Impacts.........................................................................................................................................................................8
4.3 Requirements.................................................................................................................................................................. 9
4.3.1 Licenses....................................................................................................................................................................... 9
4.3.2 Software.......................................................................................................................................................................9
4.3.3 Hardware..................................................................................................................................................................... 9
4.3.4 Others...........................................................................................................................................................................9
4.4 Operation and Maintenance............................................................................................................................................9
4.4.1 Data Configuration...................................................................................................................................................... 9
4.4.1.1 Data Preparation..................................................................................................................................................... 10
4.4.1.2 Using MML Commands......................................................................................................................................... 10
4.4.1.3 Using the CME....................................................................................................................................................... 10
4.4.2 Activation Verification.............................................................................................................................................. 10
4.4.3 Network Monitoring.................................................................................................................................................. 11
5 Parameters..................................................................................................................................... 12
6 Counters........................................................................................................................................ 13
7 Glossary......................................................................................................................................... 19
Issue 01 (2018-04-10) Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. ii

eRAN
AQM Feature Parameter Description Contents
8 Reference Documents................................................................................................................. 20
Issue 01 (2018-04-10) Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. iii

eRAN
AQM Feature Parameter Description 1 Change History
1 Change History
This chapter describes changes not included in the "Parameters", "Counters", "Glossary", and
"Reference Documents" chapters. These changes include:
l Technical changes
Changes in functions and their corresponding parameters
l Editorial changes
Improvements or revisions to the documentation
1.1 eRAN13.1 01 (2018-04-10)

This issue includes the following changes.
Technical Changes
None
Editorial Changes
Deleted the descriptions of MLBFD-12100242 Active Queue Management (AQM).
1.2 eRAN13.1 Draft B (2018-03-30)

This issue includes the following changes.
Issue 01 (2018-04-10) Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 1

eRAN
Technical Changes
Change Description Parameter RAT Base Station Model
Change
Converted None FDD l 3900 and 5900 series base

MLBFD-12100242 stations
Active Queue l DBS3900 LampSite and
Management (AQM) into DBS5900 LampSite
a commercial feature.
l BTS3912E
l BTS3911E
None None TDD N/A
Editorial Changes
Added deactivation command examples. For details, see 4.4.1.2 Using MML Commands.
1.3 eRAN13.1 Draft A (2018-01-15) (FDD)

This issue introduces the following changes to eRAN12.1 02 (2017-06-29).
Technical Changes
Change Description Parameter Change Base Station Model
Added support for None l DBS3900 LampSite

MLBFD-12100242 Active Queue and DBS5900
Management (AQM) on DBS3900 LampSite
LampSite and DBS5900
LampSite.
Editorial Changes
Incorporated both FDD and TDD descriptions into this document.
Reorganized this document using a new template.
1.4 eRAN13.1 Draft A (2018-01-15) (TDD)

This issue introduces the following changes to eRAN TDD 12.1 01 (2017-03-08).
Technical Changes
None

eRAN
Editorial Changes
Incorporated both FDD and TDD descriptions into this document.
Reorganized this document using a new template.

eRAN
AQM Feature Parameter Description 2 About This Document
2 About This Document
2.1 Applicable RAT

This document applies to FDD/TDD.
2.2 Features in This Document

This document describes the following FDD features.
Feature ID Feature Name Section
LBFD-001027 Active Queue Management 4 AQM

(AQM)
This document describes the following TDD features.

Feature ID Feature Name Section
TDLBFD-001027 Active Queue Management 4 AQM

(AQM)
2.3 Feature Differences Between FDD and TDD

FDD FDD Feature TDD TDD Feature Differen Section
Feature ID Name Feature ID Name ce
LBFD-0010 Active Queue TDLBFD-0 Active Queue None 4 AQM

27 Management 01027 Management
(AQM) (AQM)

eRAN
AQM Feature Parameter Description 3 Overview
3 Overview
Congestion has become a bottleneck in network development due to the limitation of resource
capacity and processing capability of networks. End-to-end Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP) congestion control techniques have been the primary methods to control IP network
congestion. However, edge nodes in a network may not be able to obtain accurate information
about network status in time. Therefore, it is hard for these TCP congestion control techniques
to solve all congestion problems in the network.
To address this issue, congestion control techniques based on intermediate network nodes,
such as AQM, have been developed.

eRAN
AQM Feature Parameter Description 4 AQM
4 AQM
4.1 Principles
Huawei AQM applies to non-guaranteed bit rate (non-GBR) services.
AQM is controlled by the CellAlgoSwitch.AqmAlgoSwitch parameter.
As an IP network node, the eNodeB uses AQM to check data packet queue lengths. AQM
compares the average queue length with the minimum and maximum congestion thresholds,
and then performs the following operations based on the comparison result:
l Average queue length ≤ Minimum congestion threshold
AQM does not drop any packets because the queue is not congested.
l Minimum congestion threshold < Average queue length < Maximum congestion
threshold
AQM drops some packets because the queue is congested to some extent. The
probability of dropping packets increases linearly with:
– The average queue length
– The amount of data successfully sent from the core network to the eNodeB
l Average queue length ≥ Maximum congestion threshold
AQM drops every newly arrived packet because the queue is severely congested.
The minimum congestion threshold is automatically calculated by the eNodeB based on the
real-time air interface data rate.
The maximum congestion threshold is equal to the minimum congestion threshold multiplied
by eight.
As shown in Figure 4-1, the red lines denote the packet loss rates and Max represents the
maximum packet loss rate of a non-GBR service in the congestion avoidance area.

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Figure 4-1 AQM working areas
4.2 Network Analysis
4.2.1 Benefits
AQM offers the following benefits:
l Proactively detects possible congestion in the queues and minimizes the congestion
probability by dropping packets.
l Maintains shorter queues to balance the throughput and transmission delay.
l Avoids TCP global synchronization caused by simultaneous data overflow of multiple
queues.
NOTE
TCP global synchronization happens as follows:

Data traffic is generally bursty, and data packets arrive at a queue suddenly. A large number of packets
will be dropped when the queue becomes full, or is getting close to becoming full. Upon packet loss
detection, multiple TCP senders adaptively and sharply decrease their send window. Consequently, the
packet arrival rate declines quickly and the network congestion is relieved. After detecting that the
network is no longer congested, the TCP senders start to increase transmission rates, which again results
in network congestion. In the procedure, each sender decreases and increases transmission rates
repeatedly at the same time as other senders.
It is recommended that AQM be enabled when both of the following conditions are met:
l The average processing delay of downlink Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)
service data units (SDUs) for services carried on data radio bearers (DRBs) is larger than
500 ms per packet.
The average processing delay of downlink PDCP SDUs for services carried on DRBs
can be monitored by dividing L.Traffic.DL.PktDelay.Time.QCI.x by
L.Traffic.DL.PktDelay.Num.QCI.x, where x indicates a QCI. For details about related
counters, see Table 4-1.

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l The value of the Discard timer parameter for the QCI is larger than 500 ms.
The parameter value can be queried by running the LST RLCPDCPPARAGROUP
command.
Table 4-1 Counters related to the average processing delay of downlink PDCP SDUs for
services carried on DRBs
Counter ID Counter Name
1526727922 L.Traffic.DL.PktDelay.Time.QCI.6
1526727923 L.Traffic.DL.PktDelay.Num.QCI.6
In the following scenarios, AQM offers no gains or could even have slightly negative effects:
l AQM helps reduce only TCP traffic on a bearer when both TCP and User Datagram
Protocol (UDP) services are carried on the bearer.
l AQM drops packets randomly during network congestion. Therefore, if AQM drops
packets of interactive services, user experience in these services deteriorates.
l The eNodeB does not enter the congestion state when the data rates of cell edge users
(CEUs) fluctuate due to interference, and therefore AQM offers no obvious gains for
such UEs.
l Dropping packets causes throughput fluctuation, and the fluctuation is more obvious
when there are only a small number of TCP connections, for example, one or two
connections.
l Non-GBR services of a UE will not be congested when the downlink UE throughput on
a bearer exceeds 30 Mbit/s. In this scenario, AQM offers no obvious gains.
4.2.2 Impacts
Network Impacts
AQM has the following impacts on throughput:
l The cell throughput and the throughput of some UEs fluctuate.
– If a cell has both CEUs and cell center users (CCUs), AQM will decrease the
throughput of CEUs because CEU services are easily congested. CCU services are
rarely congested, and therefore AQM will increase the throughput of CCUs. This
increased throughput is larger than the decreased throughput for CEUs. In this case,
the overall cell throughput increases.
– If a cell has only CEUs or CCUs, AQM has little impact on cell throughput.

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l The throughput of GBR services increases.

If GBR and non-GBR services coexist in a cell and the actual GBR service rate is less
than the subscribed GBR service rate, the decrease in the throughput of non-GBR
services possibly brings more scheduling opportunities to GBR services. This may
increase the throughput of GBR services.
Function Impacts
None
4.3 Requirements
4.3.1 Licenses
There are no license requirements.
4.3.2 Software
Prerequisite Functions
None
Mutually Exclusive Functions

None
4.3.3 Hardware
Base Station Models
No requirements
Boards
No requirements
RF Modules
No requirements
4.3.4 Others
None
4.4 Operation and Maintenance
4.4.1 Data Configuration

eRAN
4.4.1.1 Data Preparation

Table 4-2 describes the parameters used for function activation.
Table 4-2 Parameters used for activation

Parameter Name Parameter ID Setting Notes
AQM algorithm switch CellAlgoSwitch.AqmAlgoS Turn on the switch.

witch
4.4.1.2 Using MML Commands
Activation Command Examples

//Turning on the AQM algorithm switch
MOD CELLALGOSWITCH: LocalCellId=0, AqmAlgoSwitch=AqmAlgoSwitch-1;
Deactivation Command Examples

//Turning off the AQM algorithm switch
MOD CELLALGOSWITCH: LocalCellId=0, AqmAlgoSwitch=AqmAlgoSwitch-0;
4.4.1.3 Using the CME

For detailed operations, see CME-based Feature Configuration.
4.4.2 Activation Verification

Before the verification, ensure that:
l The downlink throughput of the UE is lower than 10 Mbit/s. The downlink throughput
can be controlled by decreasing the bandwidth of a cell or by increasing the number of
UEs in the cell.
l The UE properly accesses the network, connects to the download server, and runs FTP
download services.
l Multiple large files that are larger than 1 GB and multiple small files are available on the
server for downloading.
NOTE
The size of a small file can be determined based on the air interface throughput of the UE. If the
time for downloading a file while downloading one or multiple large files is within 10s, the file is
a small file.
The verification procedure is as follows:
Step 1 Run the MOD CELLALGOSWITCH command with the AqmAlgoSwitch option of the
CellAlgoSwitch.AqmAlgoSwitch parameter deselected to disable AQM. Then, enable the UE
to access the given cell.
Step 2 Download one or more large files and the small files simultaneously. Then, record the small
file download latency. Repeat the test and average the recorded values. The average value
works as the small file download latency with AQM disabled.

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Step 3 Run the MOD CELLALGOSWITCH command with the AqmAlgoSwitch option of the
CellAlgoSwitch.AqmAlgoSwitch parameter selected to enable AQM. Then, enable the UE to
re-access the given cell.
Step 4 Download one or more large files and the small files simultaneously. Then, record the small
file download latency. Repeat the test and average the recorded values. The average value
works as the small file download latency with AQM enabled.
Step 5 Compare the two average values and verify that the small file download latency is shortened
after AQM is enabled.
----End
4.4.3 Network Monitoring

Benefit Monitoring
After AQM is enabled, the average processing delay of downlink PDCP SDUs for services
carried on DRBs may decrease slightly.
The average processing delay of downlink PDCP SDUs for services carried on DRBs can be
monitored by dividing L.Traffic.DL.PktDelay.Time.QCI.x by
L.Traffic.DL.PktDelay.Num.QCI.x, where x indicates a QCI. For details about related
counters, see Table 4-1.
Impact Monitoring
The number of downlink PDCP SDUs discarded for services carried on DRBs may increase
slightly. Table 4-3 describes related counters.
Table 4-3 Counters related to the number of downlink PDCP SDUs discarded for services
carried on DRBs
Counter ID Counter Name
1526726863 L.PDCP.Tx.Disc.Trf.SDU.QCI.6

eRAN
AQM Feature Parameter Description 5 Parameters
5 Parameters
Table 5-1 Parameters

MO Parame MML Feature Feature Description
ter ID Comma ID Name
nd
CellAlg AqmAlg MOD LBFD-0 Active Meaning:

oSwitch oSwitch CELLA 01027/ Queue Indicates whether to enable the Active Queue
LGOSW TDLBF Manage Management (AQM) algorithm.
ITCH D-00102 ment
LST 7 (AQM) If this switch is on, the AQM function is enabled to
CELLA prevent or control congestion. The length of the data
LGOSW transmission queue is maintained at a relatively small
ITCH value to help achieve an appropriate trade-off between
throughput and latency.
If this switch is off, the AQM function is disabled.
This parameter applies only to LTE FDD and LTE
TDD.
GUI Value Range: AqmAlgoSwitch
Unit: None
Actual Value Range: AqmAlgoSwitch
Default Value: AqmAlgoSwitch:Off

eRAN
AQM Feature Parameter Description 6 Counters
6 Counters
Table 6-1 Counters

Counter ID Counter Name Counter Feature ID Feature Name
Description
1526726863 L.PDCP.Tx.Disc.Tr Number of Multi-mode: None Radio Bearer

f.SDU.QCI.6 downlink PDCP GSM: None Management
SDUs discarded for Radio Bearer
services carried on UMTS: None
Management
DRBs with a QCI LTE:
of 6 in a cell LBFD-002008 Basic Scheduling
TDLBFD-002008 Basic Scheduling
LBFD-002025
TDLBFD-002025
NR: None

Management
LBFD-002025
TDLBFD-002025
NR: None

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Description

Management
LBFD-002025
TDLBFD-002025
NR: None

Management
LBFD-002025
TDLBFD-002025
NR: None
1526727922 L.Traffic.DL.PktDe Total processing Multi-mode: None Radio Bearer

lay.Time.QCI.6 delay of downlink GSM: None Management
PDCP SDUs for Radio Bearer
DRB services with UMTS: None
Management
the QCI of 6 in a LTE:
cell LBFD-002008 Basic Scheduling
LBFD-002025
TDLBFD-002025
NR: None
1526727923 L.Traffic.DL.PktDe Number of Multi-mode: None Radio Bearer

lay.Num.QCI.6 successfully GSM: None Management
transmitted Radio Bearer
downlink PDCP UMTS: None
Management
SDUs for DRB LTE:
services with the LBFD-002008 Basic Scheduling
QCI of 6 in a cell TDLBFD-002008 Basic Scheduling
LBFD-002025
TDLBFD-002025
NR: None

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Description

Management
LBFD-002025
TDLBFD-002025
NR: None

Management
SDUs for DRB LTE:
LBFD-002025
TDLBFD-002025
NR: None

Management
LBFD-002025
TDLBFD-002025
NR: None

Management
SDUs for DRB LTE:
LBFD-002025
TDLBFD-002025
NR: None

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Description

Management
LBFD-002025
TDLBFD-002025
NR: None

Management
SDUs for DRB LTE:
LBFD-002025
TDLBFD-002025
NR: None
1526729466 L.RLC.FirstPacket Number of times Multi-mode: None Active Queue

Delay.NonGBR.Ind delay of the first GSM: None Management
ex0 non-GBR RLC (AQM)
packets ranges UMTS: None
LTE-A Introduction
within index 0 LTE:
LBFD-001027
LAOFD-001001
NR: None

LTE-A Introduction
within index 1 LTE:
LBFD-001027
LAOFD-001001
NR: None

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Description

LTE-A Introduction
within index 2 LTE:
LBFD-001027
LAOFD-001001
NR: None

LTE-A Introduction
within index 3 LTE:
LBFD-001027
LAOFD-001001
NR: None

LTE-A Introduction
within index 4 LTE:
LBFD-001027
LAOFD-001001
NR: None
1526729471 L.AQM.PacketDro Number of packets Multi-mode: None Active Queue

pNum.QCI.6 discarded by AQM GSM: None Management
for services with (AQM)
QCI of 6 UMTS: None
LTE:
MLBFD-12100242
NR: None

QCI of 7 UMTS: None
LTE:
MLBFD-12100242
NR: None

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Description

QCI of 8 UMTS: None
LTE:
MLBFD-12100242
NR: None

QCI of 9 UMTS: None
LTE:
MLBFD-12100242
NR: None

eRAN
AQM Feature Parameter Description 7 Glossary
7 Glossary
For the acronyms, abbreviations, terms, and definitions, see Glossary.

eRAN
AQM Feature Parameter Description 8 Reference Documents
8 Reference Documents
None

AQM (eRAN13.1 01)

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eRAN

AQM Feature Parameter Description

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Trademarks and Permissions

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Issue 01 (2018-04-10) Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. i

2 About This Document.................................................................................................................. 4

Issue 01 (2018-04-10) Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. ii

Issue 01 (2018-04-10) Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. iii

1.1 eRAN13.1 01 (2018-04-10)

1.2 eRAN13.1 Draft B (2018-03-30)

Issue 01 (2018-04-10) Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 1

Converted None FDD l 3900 and 5900 series base

None None TDD N/A

1.3 eRAN13.1 Draft A (2018-01-15) (FDD)

Added support for None l DBS3900 LampSite

Reorganized this document using a new template.

1.4 eRAN13.1 Draft A (2018-01-15) (TDD)

Issue 01 (2018-04-10) Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2

Issue 01 (2018-04-10) Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 3

2 About This Document

2.1 Applicable RAT

2.2 Features in This Document

LBFD-001027 Active Queue Management 4 AQM

This document describes the following TDD features.

TDLBFD-001027 Active Queue Management 4 AQM

2.3 Feature Differences Between FDD and TDD

LBFD-0010 Active Queue TDLBFD-0 Active Queue None 4 AQM

Issue 01 (2018-04-10) Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 4

Issue 01 (2018-04-10) Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 5

Issue 01 (2018-04-10) Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 6

Figure 4-1 AQM working areas

4.2 Network Analysis

TCP global synchronization happens as follows:

Issue 01 (2018-04-10) Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 7

Issue 01 (2018-04-10) Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 8

l The throughput of GBR services increases.

Mutually Exclusive Functions

4.4 Operation and Maintenance

4.4.1 Data Configuration

Issue 01 (2018-04-10) Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 9

4.4.1.1 Data Preparation

Table 4-2 Parameters used for activation

AQM algorithm switch CellAlgoSwitch.AqmAlgoS Turn on the switch.

4.4.1.2 Using MML Commands

Activation Command Examples

Deactivation Command Examples

4.4.1.3 Using the CME

4.4.2 Activation Verification

The verification procedure is as follows:

Issue 01 (2018-04-10) Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 10

4.4.3 Network Monitoring

Issue 01 (2018-04-10) Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 11

Table 5-1 Parameters

CellAlg AqmAlg MOD LBFD-0 Active Meaning:

Issue 01 (2018-04-10) Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 12

Table 6-1 Counters

1526726863 L.PDCP.Tx.Disc.Tr Number of Multi-mode: None Radio Bearer

1526726869 L.PDCP.Tx.Disc.Tr Number of Multi-mode: None Radio Bearer

Issue 01 (2018-04-10) Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 13

Counter ID Counter Name Counter Feature ID Feature Name

1526726875 L.PDCP.Tx.Disc.Tr Number of Multi-mode: None Radio Bearer

1526726881 L.PDCP.Tx.Disc.Tr Number of Multi-mode: None Radio Bearer