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First question:
dx dy
= x(y − 1) = − (2y + (x − 1)(x − 4))
dt dt
Critical points: x = 0 or y = 1, and 2y + (x − 1)(x − 4) = 0 implies if
x = 0 then y = −2). If y = 1 then
(x − 1)(x − 4) + 2 = 0
or
x2 − 5x + 6 = 0
or (x − 2)(x − 3) = 0, so x = 2 or x = 3. So there are three critical points
The matrix is
∂F ∂F
" # " #
∂x ∂y y−1 x
A= ∂G ∂G =
∂x ∂y
−2x + 5 −2
λ2 + 2λ + 3 = 0
√ √
so λ = 12 (−2 ± 4 − 4 · 3) = −1 ± 2i
This is a stable spiral.
1
At the critical point (2, 1), the matrix is
" #
0 2
A=
1 −2
√
The eigenvalues λ satisfy λ2 + 2λ − 2 = 0 so λ = −1 ± 3. This is a saddle
point.
Sect. 9.2 #5(a)
dx
dt
= x(1 − y), dy
dt
= y(1 + 2x)
Critical points:
x = 0 OR y = 1 (1)
AND
y = 0 OR x = −1/2 (2)
From( 1), if x = 0 then the possibility x = −1/2 in (2) is impossible, so
for (2) to be satisfied, we require y = 0. Thus one critical point is (0, 0).
On the other hand, if y = 1 is satisfied (in (1)) then y = 0 is impossible
in (2), so we must have x = −1/2. Thus there is one more critical point
(−1/2, 1).
Sect. 9.2 #7(a)
The critical points are:
x(1 − x − y) = 0 → x = 0 OR x + y = 1 (3)
1 y 3x
y( − − ) = 0 → y = 0 OR 3x + y = 2 (4)
2 4 4
First consider x = 0 in (3).
This forces y = 0 or y = 2 in (4). So there are two critical points (0, 0)
and (0, 2).
If on the other hand x + y = 1 in (3), then y = 0 in (4) yields the critical
point (1, 0). We can also solve (4) by 3x+y = 2 which gives x = 1/2, y = 1/2.
So the critical points are (0, 0), (0, 2), (1, 0) and (1/2, 1/2).
Sect. 9.2 #24(a)
dx dy
= y, − x + x3 /6
dt dt
This leads to
2
dy −x + x3 /6
=
dx y
or
ydy = (−x + x3 /6)dx
or
y 2 /2 = −x2 /2 + x4 /24 + C
or
x2 + y 2 − x4 /12 = C.
Sect. 9.3 #3
dx
= (1 + x) sin(y) (5)
dt
dy
= 1 − x − cos(y) (6)
dt
(0, 0) is a critical point because the right hand sides of equations (5) and
(6) vanish at this value.
Using the Taylor expansion of sin(y),
sin(y) = y − y 3 /3! + . . .
|1 − cos(y)| ≤ |y|2
√
Since |y| ≤ x2 + y 2 it follows that the system is almost linear.
The corresponding linear system is
! !
d x x
=A
dt y y
where " #
0 1
A= .
−1 0
The eigenvalues are ±i, so (0, 0) is a center.
Sect. 9.3 #26
3
(a)(0, 0) is a critical point because the right hand side of both equations
(i) and (ii) is 0 when x = y = 0.
The linear part is !′ !
x x
=A
y y
where " #
0 1
A= .
−1 0
So the eigenvalues are ±i and the critical point is a center.
(b)The system is almost linear because the nonlinear part is
!
x
~v = r2
y
1
r=q
2(C − t)
rdr = −r4
4
so
dr
= −dt
r3
and
1
=t+C
2r2
or
1
r=q
2(t + C)
which tends to 0 as t → ∞.
Sect. 9.3 #30
d2 x dx
+ c(x) + g(x) = 0
dt 2 dt
dx
Substituting y = dt
this becomes the system
dx
=y
dt
dy
= −c(x)y − g(x)
dt
(b) The right hand side is 0 when x = 0 and y = 0 since g(0) = 0.
Subtract ! !
x x
A = −c(0)y − g ′ (0)x
y y
we obtain the linear system
dx
=y
dt
dy
= −c(0)y − g ′ (0)x
dt
The nonlinear part is
5
so |g(x) − g ′ (0)x|/r → 0 as r → 0.
(c) The linear part is
" #
0 1
A= ′
−g (0) −c(0)
6
G(x, y) = −x − yf (x, y).
As above, choose V (x, y) with ▽V = (2ax, 2cy) so