Josh Plummer, S.E.

Director of Technical Support and Training

 Analysis Requirements
of the 2006 IBC
Fundamental Points of Discussion
• Real Behavior will NOT exactly match
the assumed behavior
• Is the cost (in time and effort) worth
the increase in accuracy?
• What is the Standard of Care in the
Engineering community?
• Is there a gap between the code
requirements and the standard of
care?
 Analysis Requirements
of the 2006 IBC

Errors from Typical Analysis

Assumptions
• Linear Elastic Materials
– Materials are NOT elastic
– Normally corrected by using adjusted
elastic properties (EI or EA)
• 1st Order Analysis
– Lateral Stiffness can be significantly
affected by deflection for moment frames
– Normally corrected by using a P-Delta or
2nd Order analysis
 Analysis Requirements
of the 2006 IBC

Requirements for Material

Non-Linearity
AISC
• Material Yielding
ACI
• Cracking of Concrete
ASCE-7
• Material Yielding or Cracking
during seismic events
 Analysis Requirements
of the 2006 IBC

Material AISC – Chapter C (Stability)

Non-Linearity • Ignored in previous editions of the AISC
specifications
(AISC) • Section C1.1 requires “Member stiffness reduction
due to residual stresses.”
• Accounted for by using the stiffness reduction
requirements of the Direct Analysis Method
• May be ignored in many cases based on the
Chapter C Effective Length Method (ELM)
– When investigating a braced frame
– If a K > 1.0 is used for moment frames
 Analysis Requirements
of the 2006 IBC

Material Material Non-Linearity in the Direct

Non-Linearity Analysis Method (Appendix 7)
(AISC) Axial Stiffness Reduction
• 0.8EA – For Members Whose Axial
Stiffness Contributes To Lateral Stability of
Structure
Flexural Stiffness Reduction
• 0.8τbEI – For Members Whose Flexural
Stiffness Contributes To Lateral Stability of
Structure
– Tau (τb) Varies Based on Axial Load
 Analysis Requirements
of the 2006 IBC

Material ACI 318 – 2005 Section 10.10.1

Non-Linearity • Material Nonlinearity
(ACI) • Cracking
• Duration of Loads
• Shrinkage
• Creep
• Interaction with Foundation
• Member Curvature (P-Little Delta)
• Lateral Drift (P-Big Delta)

ACI 318 – 2005 Section 10.11

• Allowed as an alternate to the above
requirements
 Analysis Requirements
of the 2006 IBC

Material ACI 318 – 2005 Section 10.11.1

Non-Linearity
(ACI) (Magnified Moments)
• Section establishes the proper ELASTIC
stiffness for considering P-Delta effects
• Icracked could be set for each member
based on Ieffective (section 9.5.2.3)
Ie = (Mcr / Ma)3 Ig + [1- (Mcr / Ma)3 ]*Icr
• This Effective I value would have to be
established through iteration
• This Effective I value would change with
EVERY load combination
 Analysis Requirements
of the 2006 IBC

Material ACI 318 – 2005 Section 10.11.1

Non-Linearity (Alternative)
(ACI)
• I cracked (for Ultimate Level Loads)
• 0.35 * Igross for beams
• 0.70 * Igross for columns

• I cracked (for Service Level Loads)

• 0.5 * Igross for beams
• 1.0 * Igross for columns
 Analysis Requirements
of the 2006 IBC

Material ACI 318 – 2005 Section 10.11.1

Non-Linearity (Alternative)
(ACI)
• Axial stiffness (EA) doesn’t need to be
modified

• Wall Stiffness
• Assume same value as
columns (0.7*I gross)
• If M > Mcrack then reduce
stiffness to 0.35*Igross

• Duration of Load Handled by dividing by

(1 + bd) = 1.0 (for Lateral Forces)
 Analysis Requirements
of the 2006 IBC

Material ASCE-7 Section 12.7.3

Non-Linearity (Structural Modeling)
(ASCE)
• Stiffness of Concrete and Masonry
elements SHALL consider effects of
Cracked Sections
• For steel moment frame systems, the
contribution of panel zone shear
deformations to overall story drift
shall be included
 Analysis Requirements
of the 2006 IBC

Material ASCE-7 Panel Zone Shear

Non-Linearity • What is Panel Zone Shear Deformation?
(ASCE)
 Analysis Requirements
of the 2006 IBC

Material ASCE-7 Panel Zone Shear

Non-Linearity • What does “for contribution to overall story drift”
mean?
(ASCE) – Implies that it may only be important for
Inelastic Drift and Building Separation
– May not be required for P-Delta
• Does this refer to the elastic or in-elastic
behavior of the panel zone?
– Inelastic Behavior and Capacity important for
seismic design
• NEHRP 2003 commentary says
– Panel Zone may be ignored if centerline
modeling is used
– If clear span modeling is used, then panel
zones should be considered
– See also commentary to AISC 341-05
 Analysis Requirements
of the 2006 IBC

Errors from Typical Analysis

Assumptions
• Linear Elastic Materials
– Materials are NOT elastic
– Normally corrected by using adjusted
elastic properties (EI or EA)
• 1st Order Analysis
– Lateral Stiffness can be significantly
affected by deflection for moment frames
– Normally corrected by using a P-Delta or
2nd Order analysis
 Analysis Requirements
of the 2006 IBC

Requirements for P-Delta or 2nd

Order Analysis
2nd Order Effects (P-Delta)
• ASCE-7
• AISC
• ACI
 Analysis Requirements
of the 2006 IBC

Definition of P-D Effect

P-Δ is the effect
of story drift

P-d is the
curvature effect

P-d is ignored in
most cases
 Analysis Requirements
of the 2006 IBC

P-Delta ASCE – 7 and P-Delta

Requirements • P-D Required by Section 12.7.3
(ASCE) • Calculations Governed by Section
12.8.7.
• No attempt made to include (P-d)
• May be ignored when stability
coefficient (θ) is less than 0.10
• Stability coefficient is not allowed to
exceed:
θmax = 0.5 / (bCd) < 0.25
 Analysis Requirements
of the 2006 IBC

P-Delta Definition of Stability Coefficient θ

Requirements • Stability Coefficient θ is the ratio of
(ASCE) increased shear to original story shear

Moment = PΔo

Vi = PΔo / H

θ = Vi / Vo

θ = PΔo/ (H Vo)
 Analysis Requirements
of the 2006 IBC

P-Delta Hand Calculation of P- Δ effect using θ

• Incremental Deflection (due to Vi) = Δo* θ
Requirements
(ASCE) • New Deflection = Δo + Δo θ = Δo(1 + θ)
• After amplifying the incremental deflections, the
total deflection becomes an infinite series
ΔTotal = Δo(1 + θ + θ2 + θ3 + θ4 + ….)
ΔTotal = Δo / (1 – θ)
• Amplify original story shear by 1 / (1-θ) to account
for P-Delta effect by hand
• Stability coeff gives a good “back of envelope”
method of accounting for P-Delta by hand or for
verifying your analysis program results
 Analysis Requirements
of the 2006 IBC

P-Delta ASCE-7 and P-Delta (cont...)

Requirements
(ASCE) Important Notes or Inconsistencies
1. Stability coefficient inherently ignores
P-Little Delta
2. P-Big Delta can be performed with
elastic deflections!
3. Implies that P-D can be performed
with strength level lateral forces, but
service level gravity forces
 Analysis Requirements
of the 2006 IBC

P-Delta ASCE-7 (explained in FEMA 450-2)

Requirements
Why not use inelastic deflections Cd * Δe?
(ASCE)
1. Dynamic / Inertial nature of seismic forces.
By the time Δ is observed ground motion may
be moving to stabilize the structure.
2. Typical over strength of structures required to
control drift. This is more of a factor in higher
seismic zones
3. Few stability related failures in past Seismic
events don’t justify the tremendous additional
cost associated with using inelastic
deflections for P - Δ.
 Analysis Requirements
of the 2006 IBC

P-Delta AISC and P-Delta

Requirements
(AISC) • P-Δ (Big Delta) Analysis
Always Required
• P-δ (little delta) Analysis
Can Be Ignored If αPr < 0.15PeL
Watch For:
– Weak Axis Frames
– Members w/ Similar Bending Properties
About Both Axis (i.e. Tubes & Pipes)
– Cantilever Columns
 Analysis Requirements
of the 2006 IBC

P-Delta AISC and P-Delta

Requirements
(AISC) Example: W12x65 Column (L = 15’)
Strong Axis in Plane of Bending
PeL = 4704 kips Py = 955 kips
ΦPn = 662 kips → 0.14PeL
Weak Axis in Plane of Bending
PeL = 1539 kips Py = 955 kips
ΦPn = 662 kips → 0.43PeL
 Analysis Requirements
of the 2006 IBC

P-Delta P-Little Delta “Benchmark” Problems

Requirements
(AISC)
Case 1

Case 2
 Analysis Requirements
of the 2006 IBC

P-Delta Benchmark – Case 1

Requirements
(AISC)
Zero Joints

One Joint

Three Joints
 Analysis Requirements
of the 2006 IBC

P-Delta Benchmark – Case 1

Requirements
Case 1: Deflection Amplification
(AISC)
3.50

3.00
Amplification Factor, Yma

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Axial Force Normalized by Euler Buckling Load, P/Pe

RISA (1 Node) RISA (3 Nodes) RISA (10 Nodes) AISC Benchmark

 Analysis Requirements
of the 2006 IBC

P-Delta Benchmark – Case 1

Requirements
Case 1: Moment Amplification
(AISC)
3.50

3.00
Amplification Factor, Mma

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Axial Force Normalized by Euler Buckling Load, P/Pe

RISA (1 Node) RISA (3 Nodes) RISA (10 Nodes) AISC Benchmark

 Analysis Requirements
of the 2006 IBC

P-Delta ACI 318 - 2005

Requirements • P-D Governed by 10.11 ~ 10.13
10.11 Magnified Moments - General
(ACI)
10.12 Magnified Moments – Non-sway
10.13 Magnified Moments - Sway
• Section 10.11 Gives criteria for establishing
an effect elastic stiffness due to cracking
• Slenderness effects may be ignored when:
KL / r ≤ 34 – 12 (M1 / M2) (Non-sway)
KL / r ≤ 22 (Sway)
KL / r > 100 NOT allowed (10.11.5)
• A frame may be considered non-sway if:
Q = θ ≤ 0.05 (10.11.4.2)
 Analysis Requirements
of the 2006 IBC

P-Delta ACI 318 – Nonsway frames

Requirements • When slenderness effects must be
(ACI) considered:
• P-δ is accounted for using an amplified
moment Mc

Mc = M2 * Cm / (1 – (Pu / 0.75 Pc) ≥ M2

• Similar to B1 factor for steel or the old
H1-1 equation for Green Book
• Main difference is in derivation of EI
for elastic buckling
 Analysis Requirements
of the 2006 IBC

P-Delta ACI 318 – Nonsway frames

Requirements EI = (0.2EcIg + EsIse) / (1 + bd)
(ACI)
or
EI = 0.4EcIg / (1 + bd)

• When you assume 0.6 = bd (ratio of

sustained load to max load) equal
EI = 0.25EcIg
• Also, it defines an minimum M2 value
to use if no moment occurs
M2 = Pu (0.6 + 0.03h)
 Analysis Requirements
of the 2006 IBC

P-Delta ACI 318 –Sway frames

Requirements • Second Order Analysis required by
(ACI) Section 10.13.4.1
• Must use Reduced stiffnesses for 2nd
order analysis 10.11.1 (0.35 and 0.7
Igross)
• P-δ is ignored unless:
Lu / r > 35 / √ ( Pu / f’cAg)

• When required P-δ is again

accounted for using an amplified
moment Mc
Mc = M2 * Cm / (1 – (Pu / 0.75 Pc) ≥ M2
 Analysis Requirements
of the 2006 IBC

In Review:
• Linear Elastic Materials
– Materials are NOT elastic
– AISC and ACI correct for this by using
adjusted elastic properties (EI or EA)
• 1st Order Analysis
– Lateral Stiffness can be significantly affected
by deflection for moment frames
– Normally corrected by using a P-Big Delta or
2nd Order analysis. This can be easily verified
by hand calculations.
– P-Little Delta is usually ignored (ASCE, ACI,
and even AISC) except for very slender
elements.
 Analysis Requirements
of the 2006 IBC
ACI 318, Building Code Requirements and
References: Commentary, 2005
AISC 360, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings,
2005
AISC, Seismic Design Manual, 1st Edition, 2006
ASCE-7, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and
Other Structures, 2005
FEMA 450, NEHRP, 2003
Griffis and White, Stability Design of Steel Buildings,
AISC Design Guide (unpublished)
Naeim, Design for Drift and Lateral Stability, Seismic
Design Hanbook, 2nd Edition, 2001
SEAOC, Recommended Lateral Force Requirements
and Commentary, 7th Edition, 1999
 Josh Plummer, S.E.
(949) 951-5815
joshp@risatech.com