AP US History Course Framework

Period 6: 1865 – 1898

Periodization How was 1865 a turning point? How was 1898 a turning point?
What makes End of Spanish American war
these dates
significant
markers in US
history?

Key Concept 6.1: Technological advances, large-scale production methods, and the opening of new markets
encouraged the rise of industrial capitalism in the United States.
Interpretation Take away points from this Key Concept:
Relations between business and government
Outsider responses to corporations

Key Concept 6.1: I. Large-scale industrial production — accompanied by massive technological change, expanding
international communication networks, and pro-growth government policies — generated rapid economic
development and business consolidation.

A) Following the Civil War, government subsidies for transportation and communication systems helped open new
markets in North America.
Specific Example Historical Significance
government Provides money and land for railroad- pacific railway acts
Transcontinental railroad
telegraph
Connects cities and farms
B) Businesses made use of technological innovations, greater access to natural resources, redesigned financial and
management structures, advances in marketing, and a growing labor force to dramatically increase the production
of goods.
Specific Example Historical Significance
Taylorism Focus on improving efficiency- timed tasks- specific tasks for workers
Natural resources Access to more lumber because of railroads
Monopolies Rockefeller, carnage,
Mail order catalogs Sears
Growing labor force More workers
C) As the price of many goods decreased, workers’ real wages increased, providing new access to a variety of goods
and services; many Americans’ standards of living improved, while the gap between rich and poor grew.
Specific Example Historical Significance
+ Price of goods decreases, workers’ wages increased
New goods and services Sewing machines, sporting equipment
Americans standards of living improved
- Gap between rich and poor
D) Many business leaders sought increased profits by consolidating corporations into large trusts and holding
companies, which further concentrated wealth. E) Businesses and foreign policymakers increasingly looked
outside U.S. borders in an effort to gain greater influence and control over markets and natural resources in the
Pacific Rim, Asia, and Latin America.
Specific Example Historical Significance
trusts Associated with monopoly
Holding companies One company that owns stock in several other companies – gains control
Pacific Rim Hawaii- calls for annexation in the 1890’s for sugar
Philippians Gained in 1898- Spanish American war
Key Concept 6.1: II. A variety of perspectives on the economy and labor developed during a time of financial panics
and downturns.

Interpretation Take away points from this Key Concept:

A) Some argued that laissez-faire policies and competition promoted economic growth in the long run, and they
opposed government intervention during economic downturns.
Specific Example Historical Significance
Laissez-faire Hands off approach to the economy
Became a dominant economic philosophy- very little government
regulation of industries (favored by business

B) The industrial workforce expanded and became more diverse through internal and international migration;
child labor also increased.
Specific Example Historical Significance
Internal migration Farmers move to cities to work in factories
International migration Immigrants from southern and eastern Europe as well as China
Child labor Many families relied on children for wages
More workers lead to lower wages
C) Labor and management battled over wages and working conditions, with workers organizing local and national
unions and/ or directly confronting business leaders.
Specific Example Historical Significance
Labor vs management Battled over wages and working conditions
Local and national unions to confront Knights of labor- make up of skilled and unskilled workers women and
business African Americans – Haymarket square riot
American Federation of Labor- Samuel Gompers-skilled workers only- bread
and butter issues

D) Despite the industrialization of some segments of the Southern economy — a change promoted by Southern
leaders who called for a “New South” — agriculture based on sharecropping and tenant farming continued to be
the primary economic activity in the South.
Specific Example Historical Significance
The new south Henry Grady calls for industrialization-Textile factories appear in the south
Sharecropping remains
Key Concept 6.1: III. New systems of production and transportation enabled consolidation within agriculture,
which, along with periods of instability, spurred a variety of responses from farmers.

Interpretation Take away points from this Key Concept:

A) Improvements in mechanization helped agricultural production increase substantially and contributed to

declines in food prices.
Specific Example Historical Significance
Mechanized tractors and reapers Allowed for less reliance on animals and allowed for faster cultivation of
crops
Grain elevators Allowed for storing crops and transporting to railroads
Increased production Leads to decrease in food prices

B) Many farmers responded to the increasing consolidation in agricultural markets and their dependence on the
evolving railroad system by creating local and regional cooperative organizations.
Specific Example Historical Significance
Local and regional co-ops The grange- bring farmers together and share techniques
Hoped to elect state legislatures favorable to their programs
Granger laws- state laws that regulated railroads
southern farmers alliance Local- established stores and banks. Excluded blacks.;
Colored farmers alliance ↑ -mostly in southern us
C) Economic instability inspired agrarian activists to create the People’s (Populist) Party, which called for a
stronger governmental role in regulating the American economic system.
Specific Example Historical Significance
Populist party Made up of farmers
Because of the growth of corporate power and railroad hurt f armors
Goals Stronger government in economic system
Graduated income tax, inflation of currency “free silver”
Political reform Direct election of senators, government ownership of railroads, telephones,
and telegraphs
Key Concept 6.2: The migrations that accompanied industrialization transformed both urban and rural areas of the
United States and caused dramatic social and cultural change. I. International and internal migration increased
urban populations and fostered the growth of a new urban culture.

Interpretation Take away points from this Key Concept:

Individuals moved to cities for opportunities

A) As cities became areas of economic growth featuring new factories and businesses, they attracted
immigrants from Asia and from southern and eastern Europe, as well as African American migrants within and out
of the South. Many migrants moved to escape poverty, religious persecution, and limited opportunities for social
mobility in their home countries or regions.
Specific Example Historical Significance
International immigrants Asia- china- west coast- railroad work
Southern and eastern Europe- Italy, Poland, Russia 10,000,000 1860-1890
Internal migrants African Americans within and out of the south
why Escape: poverty, sharecropping, religious persecution
B) Urban neighborhoods based on particular ethnicities, races and classes provided new cultural opportunities
for city dwellers.
Specific Example Historical Significance
neighborhoods Little Italy
China town
Purpose Cultural opportunities
C) Increasing public debates over assimilation and Americanization accompanied the growth of international
migration. Many immigrants negotiated compromises between the cultures they brought and the culture they
found in the United States.
Specific Example Historical Significance
Rise of nativism Because influx of immigrants
APA (American protective agency) Sought to limit immigrants and keep Catholics from holding office (former
know nothing party)
assimilation Compromises between immigrant and US culture. 2nd gen more likely to
assimilate than the 1st gen
Public schools only taught English
D) In an urban atmosphere where the access to power was unequally distributed, political machines thrived, in
part by providing immigrants and the poor with social services. E) Corporations’ need for managers and for male
and female clerical workers as well as increased access to educational institutions, fostered the growth of a
distinctive middle class. A growing amount of leisure time also helped expand consumer culture.
Specific Example Historical Significance
Political machines Provided jobs and services for constituents (voters) especially immigrants
and poor -Tammany hall
Emergence of a distinctive middle New managerial workers in factories and clerical workers (male and female
class caused by
Increased education opportunities
Increase in consumer culture Baseball and vaudeville shows
Key Concept 6.2: The migrations that accompanied industrialization transformed both urban and rural areas of the
United States and caused dramatic social and cultural change. II. Larger numbers of migrants moved to the West in
search of land and economic opportunity, frequently provoking competition and violent conflict.

Interpretation Take away points from this Key Concept:

A) The building of transcontinental railroads, the discovery of mineral resources, and government policies
promoted economic growth and created new communities and centers of commercial activity.
Specific Example Historical Significance
Reasons for westward growth Transcontinental railroad completed in 1869 by Irish and Chinese
Discovery of mineral resources – Comstock Lode
Government policies- homestead act and RR subsidies

B) In hopes of achieving ideals of self-sufficiency and independence, migrants moved to both rural and
boomtown areas of the West for opportunities, such as building the railroads, mining, farming, and ranching.
Specific Example Historical Significance
Why? Independence and self-sufficiency
Safety valve theory Could always pick up and move out west
Opportunities in the west Building RRs, mining, farming, ranching
C) As migrant populations increased in number and the American bison population was decimated, competition for
land and resources in the West among white settlers, American Indians, and Mexican Americans led to an increase
in violent conflict.
Specific Example Historical Significance
impacts Decimation of bison
Conflicts Migrants struggled against natives and Mexican- Americans over land
Sand Creek massacre (1864 killed 133natives, mostly women, and children
Custer’s last stand
D) The U.S. government violated treaties with American Indians and responded to resistance with military
force, eventually confining American Indians to reservations and denying tribal sovereignty. E) Many American
Indians preserved their cultures and tribal identities despite government policies promoting assimilation,
and they attempted to develop self-sustaining economic practices.
Specific Example Historical Significance
Used military force Wounded Knee(1890) 300 natives killed, women and children
Natives were moved to reservations-loss of sovereignty
Assimilation policies Sent native children to boarding schools where they had to speak English
and native families were given individual plots of land rather than hunting
In response, natives would perform the ghost dance in which they dreamed
of revival of their culture and the end to white evil
Key Concept 6.3: The Gilded Age produced new cultural and intellectual movements, public reform efforts, and
political debates over economic and social policies. I. New cultural and intellectual movements both buttressed and
challenged the social order of the Gilded Age.

Interpretation Take away points from this Key Concept:

Discrimination runs rampant

A) Social commentators advocated theories later described as Social Darwinism to justify the success of those at
the top of the socioeconomic structure as both appropriate and inevitable.

Specific Example Historical Significance

Survival of the fittest Business and people could use any tactics to prosper
To justify success of wealthy – appropriate and inevitable for wealthy to
succeed

B) Some business leaders argued that the wealthy had a moral obligation to help the less fortunate and improve
society, as articulated in the idea known as the Gospel of Wealth, and they made philanthropic contributions that
enhanced educational opportunities and urban environments.

Specific Example Historical Significance

Gospel of Wealth By Andrew Carnegie
Argued that the wealthy would give back to society(philanthropy)
effects Carnegie gave money to hundreds of libraries around nation
Vanderbilt university- Cornelius Vanderbilt 1 milllllion dallers

C) A number of artists and critics, including agrarians, utopians, socialists, and advocates of the Social Gospel,
championed alternative visions for the economy and U.S. society.

Specific Example Historical Significance

Agrarians Sought more government involvement in economy (populist ideas) -
advocated government ownership of railroads (farmers)
utopian Oneida community- practiced communal ownership, free love(swingers),
and eugenics (community determines who is allowed to procreate)
socialists Society is more than the individual, promotes human welfare and
elimination of the class system
Social gospel Protestant church movement to improve society
Key Concept 6.3: The Gilded Age produced new cultural and intellectual movements, public reform efforts, and
political debates over economic and social policies. II. Dramatic social changes in the period inspired political
debates over citizenship, corruption, and the proper relationship between business and government.

Interpretation Take away points from this Key Concept:

A) The major political parties appealed to lingering divisions from the Civil War and contended over tariffs and
currency issues, even as reformers argued that economic greed and self-interest had corrupted all levels of
government.

Specific Example Historical Significance

Republicans (mcKinley1896)
Democrats (byran1896)
Reformers against
Northerners, Cali, Oregon
Advocated raising tariffs, gold backs up the value of the dollar
Southerners, Washington, Montana, Idaho, South Dakota, Nebraska,
Wyoming "the solid south"
Advocated lowering tariffs, silver to back up value of dollar
Political machines on local level
And patronage and election of senators by state legislatures

B) Many women sought greater equality with men, often joining voluntary organizations, going to college,
promoting social and political reform, and, like Jane Addams, working in settlement houses to help
immigrants adapt to U.S. language and customs.

Specific Example Historical Significance

Voluntary organizations
College… sorta
Promoting social and political reform
Working in settlement houses
Women's Christion temperance union(WCTU) to ban alcohol, national
American woman suffrage association(NAWSA)Suzan B Anthony,
Elizabeth Cady Stanton 19th amendment in 1920c
Seminaries and schools to teach women how to be good housewives
Elizabeth Cady Stanton- leading suffragist advocate of interracial
marriage
Jane Addams and the Hull House

C) The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson that upheld racial segregation helped to mark the end of
most of the political gains African Americans made during Reconstruction. Facing increased violence,
discrimination, and scientific theories of race, African American reformers continued to fight for political and social
equality.

Specific Example Historical Significance

“separate but equal” Enforced segragation
Most gains by African Americans were severely limited
Continued fight Ida B Wells- journalist advocated anti-lynching law
Booker t Washington advocated vocational training for African Americans