Quantum-corrected rotating acoustic black holes in Lorentz-violating background

M. A. Anacleto,1, ∗ F. A. Brito,1, 2, † C. V. Garcia,1, ‡ G. C. Luna,2, § and E. Passos1, ¶

1
Departamento de Fı́sica, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande,
Caixa Postal 10071, 58429-900 Campina Grande, Paraı́ba, Brazil
2
Departamento de Fı́sica, Universidade Federal da Paraı́ba,
Caixa Postal 5008, 58051-970 João Pessoa, Paraı́ba, Brazil
In this paper we explore the effect of the generalized uncertainty principle and modified dispersion
relation to compute Hawking radiation from a rotating acoustic black hole in the tunneling formalism
by using the WKB approximation applied to the Hamilton-Jacobi method. The starting point is
to consider the planar acoustic black hole metric found in a Lorentz-violating Abelian Higgs model.
In our analyzes we investigate quantum corrections for the Hawking temperature and entropy. A
logarithmic correction and an extra term that depends on a conserved charge were obtained.
arXiv:1904.04229v1 [hep-th] 8 Apr 2019

I. INTRODUCTION

In modern physics the attempt to construct a consistent theory of quantum gravity arising when combined general
relativity and quantum mechanics has been extensively explored in the literature. This theory would be important for
a better understanding of the final stage of a black hole. Several theories have been put forward for this purpose among
which we highlight the loop quantum gravity and string theory which include expected features for a consistent theory.
These theories present some points in common such as the existence of a minimum length [1–3], as a consequence we
have the modification of the principle of uncertainty of Heisenberg, the so-called generalized Heisenberg uncertainty
principle (GUP) [4–9]. The interest in the study of Hawking radiation in models considering the GUP has increased
a lot in the last years [10–33]. In particular the analysis of Hawking radiation in analog models has been explored
extensively in the literature mainly due to the possibility of being tested in laboratory.
The fact of the Hawking radiation depending only on the kinematic properties of the space-time background led
Unruh in 1981, to propose a theoretical method of analogous gravity [34] with the aim of producing kinematic
conditions similar to that of a black hole. Since then, several works in analog models have been explored [35–43]. In
addition, starting from relativistic models the metric of acoustic black holes has been determined [44–51]. In [52–56]
these effective metrics were applied to the study of the phenomena of superresonance, absorption and the analogous
Aharonov-Bohm effect.
In studies proposed by Steinhauer [57, 58] through the use of analog models one has shown great progress in the
possibility of detecting the Hawking radiation in laboratory. An effective way of determining Hawking radiation is to
apply the Hamilton-Jacobi method which is based on the tunneling process of elementary particles across the black
hole event horizon [59, 60]. In this method the WKB approximation is applied in order to determine the imaginary
contribution of the action. In [61] by applying this approach it was investigated the Hawking radiation of an acoustic
black hole. Also, the authors in [62, 63] analyzed the Hawking radiation of a rotating acoustic black hole in the
tunneling formalism with GUP. In [64–66] by investigating the Hawking radiation of a rotating acoustic black hole,
the authors also explored the effect of the GUP by applying the brick wall method.
The purpose of the present work is to apply the Hamilton-Jacobi method and the WKB approximation within
the tunneling formalism to examine the Hawking radiation and the entropy of a rotating acoustic black hole metric
obtained from an Abelian Higgs model in a Lorentz-violating background. For this purpose we will consider the GUP
and also the modified dispersion relation derived from the model itself to calculate the Hawking temperature and the
corrected entropy.
Unlike Hawking radiation, which is a purely kinematic effect, an analogous form for the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy
has been little known until recently. However, in [67] has been argued that such an analogy arises in a Bose-Einstein
condensate system such that the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy can be understood as an entanglement entropy. For a

∗ Electronic address: anacleto@df.ufcg.edu.br

† Electronic address: fabrito@df.ufcg.edu.br
‡ Electronic address: carol.v.garcia@hotmail.com
§ Electronic address: gabrielacluna@hotmail.com
¶ Electronic address: passos@df.ufcg.edu.br
 2

comprehensive study on entaglement entropy and black holes see [68] — see also [66] for a more recent discussion on
related issues.
The paper is organized as follows. In Sec. II we make a short revision on the computation of the acoustic metric from
the Abelian Higgs model. In Sec. III we apply the Hamilton-Jacobi method to calculate the Hawking temperature
for a rotating acoustic black hole. In Sec. IV we consider the generalized uncertainty principle (GUP) and modified
dispersion relation to compute quantum corrections to Hawking temperature and entropy. Finally in Sec. V we present
our final considerations.

II. THE LORENTZ-VIOLATING ACOUSTIC BLACK HOLE

In this section, we shall focus on the planar acoustic black hole metrics to investigate the corrections of the Hawking
temperature and the entropy. The starting point is to consider the following Lagrangian of the Lorentz-violating
Abelian Higgs model
1
L = − Fµν F µν + |Dµ φ|2 + m2 |φ|2 − b|φ|4 + k µν Dµ φ∗ Dν φ, (1)
4
where Fµν = ∂µ Aν − ∂ν Aµ , Dµ φ = ∂µ φ − ieAµ φ and k µν is a constant tensor introducing the Lorentz symmetry
breaking given by

β α α α
 
α β α α
kµν = , (µ, ν = 0, 1, 2, 3), (2)
α α β α
α α α β

with α and β being real parameters.

Next we will briefly show some psteps to obtain the acoustic metric from the Lagrangian (1). The first step is to
represent the scalar field as φ = ρ(x, t) exp (iS(x, t)), and so the Lagrangian is put into the form

1
L = − Fµν F µν + ρ∂µ S∂ µ S − 2eρAµ ∂ µ S + e2 ρAµ Aµ + m2 ρ − bρ2
4
ρ √
+ k ρ(∂µ S∂ν S − 2eAµ ∂ν S + eAµ Aν ) + √ (∂µ ∂ µ + k µν ∂µ ∂ν ) ρ.
µν
(3)
ρ

In the second step we linearize the equations of motion around the background (ρ0 , S0 ), with ρ = ρ0 + ρ1 and
S = S0 + ψ and finally we obtain the equation of motion for a linear acoustic disturbance ψ given by a Klein-Gordon
equation in a curved space
1 √
√ ∂µ ( −gg µν ∂ν )ψ = 0, (4)
−g

where gµν is precisely the effective acoustic metric. In this work we will restrict our analyzes only to the case where
β = 0 and α 6= 0. The case where β 6= 0 and α = 0 has been investigated in [62].
In this case the line element of the acoustic metric in 2 + 1 dimensions in the non-relativistic limit, and keeping
terms up to first order in α, is given by [49, 50]

v2
 
2 2
dt2 − 2 ~v · d~x dt + 1 + 2α vx + vy d~x2 ,



ds = −α̃ cs − (5)
α̃
p
where cs = dh/dρ is the sound velocity in the fluid and v is the fluid velocity. The metric above can be rewritten
in polar coordinates as follows
−1
v2 v2
  
2vφ
ds2 = −α̃ 1 − 2 dt2 + α̃−1 1 − r2 dr2 − rdϕdt + 1 + 2α vr + vφ dr2 dφ2 .


(6)
α̃cs α̃cs cs

In polar coordinates the velocity profile of the fluid is

A B
~v = r̂ + φ̂, (7)
r r
 3

where A and B are constants related to circulation and draining respectively. Thus, the metric of the rotating acoustic
black hole takes the following form [49]
−1
r̃2 r̃2 2α(α̃1/2 cs rh + B) 2 2
    
2B
ds2 = −α̃ 1 − e2 dt2 + α̃−1 1 − h2 dr2 − dφdt + 1 + r dφ , (8)
r r cs r
where α̃ = 1 + α, r̃e is the radius of the ergosphere given by,
s
re B2
r̃e = √ , re = rh2 + 2 , (9)
α̃ cs

and r̃h is the horizon, that is

rh |A|
r̃h = √ , rh = . (10)
α̃ cs

III. HAMILTON-JACOBI METHOD AND WKB APPROXIMATION

In this section we consider the WKB approximation in the tunneling formalism and apply the Hamilton-Jacobi
method to calculate the Hawking temperature for an acoustic black hole.

A. Acoustic metric with B = 0

We now consider the case B = 0 (no rotation), so we can display the metric in stationary form as follows
1  η 2 2
ds2 = −f (r)dt2 + dr2 + 1 + r dφ , (11)
f (r) r
r̃ 2
 
where f (r) = α̃ 1 − rh2 and η = 2α(α̃1/2 r̃h ), with cs = 1. Thus, we can determine the Hawking temperature in
terms of r̃h as follows
f 0 (r̃h ) α̃ (1 + α)
T̃h = = = . (12)
4π 2πr̃h 2πr̃h
We can also express the result in terms of rh

T̃h = α̃3/2 Th , (13)

where Th = (2πrh )−1 is the Hawking temperature of the acoustic black hole for α = 0.
In order to find the Hawking temperature by the Hamilton-Jacobi method, we start with the Klein-Gordon equation
for a scalar field Φ in the curved space given by
√
m2
 
1 µν
√ ∂µ −gg ∂ν − 2 Φ = 0, (14)
−g ~
where m is the mass of a scalar particle. Then using the WKB approximation
 
i
Φ = exp I(t, r, φ) , (15)
~
we find

g µν ∂µ I∂ν I + m2 = 0. (16)

Hence, we can rewrite equation (16) in the metric (11) in the form
1 1
− (∂t I)2 + f (r)(∂r I)2 + (∂φ I)2 + m2 = 0. (17)
f (r) (1 + η/r)r2
 4

Taking into account the symmetry of the metric we will assume a solution to the equation above that reads

I = −Et + W (r) + Jφ φ, (18)

where
dW (r)
∂t I = −E, ∂r I = , ∂φ I = Jφ , (19)
dr
and Jφ is a constant. Thus, for the classical action we have
q
J2
Z E 2 − f (r)(m2 − (1+η/r)r 2 )
I = −Et + dr + Jφ φ. (20)
f (r)

In the near horizon regime, r → r̃h , we will apply the following approximation f (r) ≈ 2κ(r − r̃h ), where κ = f 0 (r̃h )/2
is the surface gravity of acoustic black hole. In this case the spatial part of the action function, becomes
q
J2
1
Z E 2 − 2κ(r − r̃h )(m2 − δr 2) 2πiE
W (r) = dr = . (21)
2κ (r − r̃h ) 2κ

Therefore, we can calculate the probability of tunneling by applying the following equation
 
2πE
Γ ' exp[−2ImI] = exp − . (22)
κ

On the other hand, comparing the above result with the Boltzmann factor Γ ' exp(−E/T̃h ), we determine the
Hawking temperature of the acoustic black hole
κ α̃
T̃h = = . (23)
2π 2πr̃h
Moreover, equation (23) can be expressed in terms of rh as being

T̃h = α̃3/2 Th . (24)

Note that this result for the temperature coincides with that obtained earlier in (13).

B. Acoustic metric with B 6= 0

Let us now consider the case with rotation (B 6= 0). Thus the metric (8) can be written as follows

γB 2
 
1  γ 2 2
ds = − f (r) − 3 dt2 +
2
dr2 + 1 + r dϕ , (25)
r f (r) r

where, γ = 2α(α̃1/2 r̃h + B) and

Bdt
dϕ = dφ − , (26)
(1 − γ/r)r2

is the coordinate transformation used to leave the metric in the diagonal form. Then, following the same steps as
described above to find the Hawking temperature, the probability of tunneling near the event horizon is

Γ ' exp [−4πE/κ̃] , (27)

where
q
κ̃ = [f 0 (r̃h ) + 3γB 2 /r̃h4 ] f 0 (r̃h ), (28)
 5

is the surface gravity and finally comparing Γ with the Boltzmann factor exp(−E/Th ), we have the Hawking
temperature given by
p s
κ̃ [f 0 (r̃h ) + 3γB 2 /r̃h4 ] f 0 (r̃h ) α̃ 3γB 2
Th = = = 1+ ,
4π 4π 2πr̃h 2α̃r̃h3
√
α̃ 3γB 2 2 α̃ 3α α̃B 2 3αB 3
= + 4 + O(α ) = + 3 + + O(α2 ), (29)
2πr̃h 8πr̃h 2πr̃h 4πr̃h 4πr̃h4

where for B = 0 we recover the result obtained in (23). We can also write the temperature in terms of area à as
√
α̃ 6π 2 α α̃B 2 12π 3 αB 3
Th = + + + O(α2 ). (30)
à Ã3 Ã4

IV. QUANTUM-CORRECTIONS TO THE ENTROPY

In this section we consider the generalized uncertainty principle (GUP) [4–8], which is defined as
!
λlp λ2 lp2 2
∆x∆p ≥ ~ 1 − ∆p + 2 (∆p) , (31)
~ ~

where λ is a dimensionless positive parameter and lp is the Planck length.

Now the equation (31) can be recast in the form
s !
~(∆x + λlp ) 4λ2 lp2
∆p ≥ 1− 1− . (32)
2λ2 lp2 (∆x + λlp )2

In the following computations, without loss of generality, we shall adopt the units G = c = kB = ~ = lp = 1. Now we
perform a power series in λ to obtain
λ2
 
1 λ
∆p ≥ 1− + + · · · . (33)
2∆x 2∆x 2(∆x)2
For the case without GUP, that is, when λ = 0 we have the Heisenberg uncertainty principle
∆x∆p ≥ 1. (34)
From the above equation we can obtain a bound for massless particles given by the relation
E∆x ≥ 1. (35)
In this case, the equation (33) can be written as follows
λ2
 
λ
E ≥E 1− + + ··· . (36)
2(∆x) 2(∆x)2

A. Acoustic black hole (B = 0)

As in the previous section, the probability of tunneling for a particle with energy E is determined by means of the
following relation,
 
2πE
Γ ' exp[−2ImI] = exp . (37)
a
Next we compare with the Boltzmann factor to find the corrected Hawking temperature
−1
λ2

λ
T = T̃h 1 − + + ··· . (38)
2(∆x) 2(∆x)2
 6

Since the minimum uncertainty in our model is of the order of the radius of the horizon so from the equation above
the Hawking temperature corrected by the GUP reads
−1
λ2

α̃ λ
T = 1− + 2 + ··· . (39)
2πr̃h 4r̃h 8r̃h
In order to obtain the entropy of the acoustic black hole corrected by the GUP we apply the first law of
thermodynamics, so we have [63]

πλ π 2 λ2
Z Z Z Z  
dE κdA dà −1 dÃ
S = = = = α̃ 1− + + ··· ,
T 8πT 8πr̃h T 4 2Ã 2Ã2
" #
à πλ à π 2 λ2
= α̃−1 − ln − + ··· . (40)
4 8 4 32Ã/4

This result for the entropy can also be presented in terms of the horizon radius as
π 2 λ2
 
−1 2πr̃h πλ 2πr̃h
S = α̃ − ln − T̃h + · · · , (41)
4 8 4 8
√
here à = 2πr̃h = A/ α̃ and A = 2πrh is the horizon area of the acoustic black hole. By analyzing, the result for the
entropy we find that the second term is a correction of logarithmic type and the third term shows a correction for the
entropy of area that is proportional to the Hawking temperature. Next we display the expression for the entropy in
terms of rh given by
2πrh πλ 2πrh π 2 λ2 3/2 πλ
S̃ = S α̃ = √ − ln − α̃ Th + ln [1 + 2α] + · · · . (42)
4 α̃ 8 4 8 8
For λ = 0 and α̃ = 1 (α = 0) we have, S = A/4 = 2πrh /4. It should be noted that the last term in the above equation
presents a logarithmic correction term that does not depend on the radius of the horizon and shows a dependence on
the conserved charge c = e(1 + 2α). This charge can be read off from the equation of motion for the gauge field of
the Lagrangian (1) [50], ie
~ = 2eρ(1 + 2α)ω.
(∇ · E) (43)

B. Rotating acoustic black hole (B 6= 0)

1. Result with GUP

Here we will explore the case with rotation and determine the corrections for the temperature and entropy that
arise due to the GUP. In that sense, following all the steps as described above, we find the respective results for
temperature and entropy keeping terms up to first order in α:
     −1
α̃ 1 1 T3
ThGU P = 1 − T2 − λ − T3 + λ2 − + · · · , (44)
2πr̃h 4r̃h 8r̃h2 2r̃h
    2  −1
α̃ π 2 π πT3
= 1 − T2 − λ − T3 + λ − ··· , (45)
à 2à 2Ã2 Ã
where
3αB 2 √ π 2 αB 2 √
   
B 2πB
T2 = α̃ + = 6 α̃ + , (46)
2r̃h2 r̃h Ã2 Ã
3αB 2 √ 3π 3 αB 2 √
   
B πB
T3 = α̃ + = α̃ + . (47)
8r̃h3 r̃h Ã3 2Ã
For entropy we have
" ! #
π2
 
−1 Ã π Ã 2
SGU P = α̃ + S1 − λ ln + S2 −λ + S3 + ··· . (48)
4 8 4 32Ã/4
 7

where
π 2 αB 2 √
 
2πB
S1 = 6 α̃ + , (49)
16(Ã/4) 8(Ã/4)
"√ #
3π 3 αB 2 α̃ πB
S2 = + , (50)
43 (Ã/4)2 2 24(Ã/4)
"√ #
3π 3 αB 2 α̃ πB
S3 = + . (51)
44 (Ã/4)3 3 32Ã/4

Thus, taking B = 0 reduces to the result of equation (40). Note that the contributions obtained for the terms, S2 and
S3 due to the GUP have corrections that are only powers of 1/Ã. However, logarithmic corrections of type λB ln Ã
are not generated.

2. Result with modified dispersion relation

At this point, we shall consider the wave equation in the curved space, i.e., in the background of the metric (5), to
obtain in terms of momentum and energy the following equation [52]
 
[1 + 2α(vx + vy )] Ẽ 2 + 2 ~v · ~k Ẽ − α̃c2s − v 2 k 2 = 0.


(52)

Thus solving the above equation and keeping terms up to first order in α we find the dispersion relation in the
non-relativistic limit to the velocity profile (7) in the vicinity of the event horizon, r → r̃h , in the form
√
 
2αB
Ẽ = E 1 − 2α α̃ − + O(α2 ), (53)
2r̃h

where we have considered cs = 1 and E = k is the dispersion relation for α = 0.

Again applying the Hamilton-Jacobi method as done previously we have
−1 −1
√ √
 
2αB 2παB
T̃h = Th 1 − 2α α̃ − = Th 1 − 2α α̃ − . (54)
2r̃h Ã
For the entropy we obtain
" √ #
−1 Ã(1 − 2α α̃) 2παB Ã 3π 2 αB 2 6π 3 αB 3
S = α̃ − ln + √ + + ··· , (55)
4 4 4 α̃Ã 4α̃Ã2

that can also be presented in terms of the horizon radius as

" √ #
−1 2πr̃h (1 − 2α α̃) 2παB 2πr̃h 3παB 2 6παB 3
S = α̃ − ln + √ + ··· . (56)
4 4 4 2 α̃r̃h 16α̃r̃h2

Moreover, the above equation can be displayed in terms of rh in the form

√
2πrh (1 − 2α α̃) 2παB 2πrh 3παB 2 6παB 3 2παB
S̃ = S α̃ = √ − ln + + 2 + ln(1 + 2α) + · · · . (57)
4 α̃ 4 4 2rh 16rh 8

Therefore, we show that using the dispersion relation derived from the model itself we have obtained a logarithmic
correction term for entropy as well as a term that depends on a conserved charge. Note also that the logarithmic
corrections arise only when the parameter B associated with the circulation is nonzero. On the other hand if B = 0
these logarithmic corrections are not generated even if α 6= 0.
 8

V. CONCLUSIONS

In summary, considering the GUP we computed, by the tunneling formalism via the Hamilton-Jacobi method using
the WKB approximation, the Hawking temperature and the entropy associated with the rotating acoustic black hole.
We found corrections for temperature and entropy. In particular for entropy we have obtained terms of logarithmic
type corrections that appears in the leading order and a contribution related to conserved charge. Furthermore
applying a dispersion relation obtained from the model itself, terms of logarithmic corrections were also generated.
Thus for rotating acoustic black holes the modified dispersion relation obtained from a Lorentz-violating background
seems to be more effective to find logarithmic corrections than the GUP which are usualy obtained to account the
Heisenberg uncertainty principle in black holes and string theory.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank CNPq and CAPES for partial financial support.

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