Carguío y Transporte

Material properties
ASIEH HEKMAT
SESSION 3
Production estimation
Production estimation, production control and production records are the basis for
management decisions.
Production rate for a particular piece of equipment or a particular job is:

Unit of work done

Pr oduction rate 
Unit of time
Unit of work done can be volume or weight of the material moved, the number of pieces of
material cut or the distance travel or any similar measurement of production.
Unit of time can be minute, hour, shift, day or any other convenient duration in which the unit of
work done.
Time required
It defines the time required to accomplish an arbitrary amount of work.

Unit of time
Time required 
Unit of work done

Time required is the inverse of production rate and is sometimes useful when scheduling a
project.
Production and cost
Production = Volume per cycle × Cycles per hour

Equipment cos t per hour

Cost per unit of production 
Equipment productio per hour
General material characteristics
Unit weight : Soil unit weight is explained as kilogram per cubic meters. Unit weight depends on
type of soil, moisture content and degree of compaction.

Moisture Content: In their natural state, all soils contain some moisture. The moisture content is
expressed as percentage.
Material condition
Depending on where a material is considered in the mining process, during excavation to after
compaction, the same material weight will occupy different volume.

Material value can be measured in one of the following three steps:

Bank (in place or in situ): Material in its natural state before disturbance.
Loose : Material that has been excavated or loaded.
Compacted : Material state after compaction.
Units of measure
Bank cubic yard (BCY)
1 cubic yard of material as it is lies in its natural/ undisturbed state.

Loose cubic yard (LCY)

1 cubic yard of material after is has been disturbed by an excavation process.

Compacted cubic yard (CCY)

1 cubic yard of material after compaction
Material condition
Swell
Soil volume increases after excavation since the soil grains are loosened during excavation and air
fills the void spaces created. As a result one unit volume of soil in the bank condition will occupy
more than one unit volume after excavation. This is called as Swell.
Swell can be calculated as:

 Weight bank volume 

Swell (%)    1 100
 Weight loose volume 
 Bank density 
Swell (%)    1 100
 Loose density 
Swell
Load factor
Load factor used to convert loose volume to bank volume:

Loose density
Load factor 
bank density
1
Load factor 
1  Swell
Bank volume = Loose volume × Load factor
Shrinkage
When a soil is compacted, some of the air inside of the soil is forced out. As a result the soil
occupies less volume than it does either in bank or loose conditions. This is the reverse of swell
and called as shrinkage.

 Bank density 
Shrinkage (%)  1   100
 Compacted density 
Shrinkage

This means that 1 BCY (BCM) will shrink to 0.8 CCY (CCM) after compaction.
Shrinkage factor
Shrinkage factor converts bank volume to compacted volume.

Bank density
Shrinkage factor 
compacted density

Shrinkage factor = 1 – Shrinkage

Compacted volume = Bank volume × Shrinkage factor

A soil weights: 1163 kg/LCM,
1661 kg/BCM, and
2077 kg/CCM

Find the load factor and shrinkage factor for the soil

How many Bank Cubic Meters (BCM) and Compacted

Cubic Meters (CCM) are contained in 593,300 LCM of this
soil.
Soil volume – Change characteristics
Typical soil weight and volume change characteristics
Spoil bank
Spoil bank: The pile of material that is created by its removal from the excavation if the pile is
long relative to its width
– Characterized by Triangular cross section

Spoil pile: The pile of material that is created by its removal from the excavation when the
material is dumped from a fixed position
– Characterized by Conical shape

To determine spoil banks dimensions, we need to convert the volume of excavation from Bank
conditions to Loose conditions: BCM to LCM
Spoil bank
Spoil pile
Angle of repose
Is the angle that the sides of a spoil bank or pile naturally form with the horizontal when the
excavated soil is dumped onto the pile
Angle of repose
Represents the equilibrium position of the soil
Varies with the soil’s physical characteristics and its moisture content

Typical value of angle of repose of excavated soil

Angle of repose
Triangular spoil bank
Conical spoil pile
Example
Find the base width and height of a triangular spoil bank containing 76.5 BCM if the pile length is
9.14 m, the soil’s angle of repose is 37°, and its swell is 25% .