PAPERS ABOUT

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

BY GROUP 02:

AFRI YUNIKA

NOVIA RAMA ZALNI

WINDA ELVIA GUSRI

STIKES FORT DE KOCK BUKITTINNGGI

2018
 Foreword

Praise and thankfulness we always offer to the presence of Allah SWT Because It is
for blessings and His will that we can compile and complete this paper. In completing this
paper, we faced many Difficulties. But thanks to group collaboration, this English paper on
"The anatomy of physiology musculoscaletal" can be completed on time.
We Realize, as a student Whose knowledge is insufficient and still needs a lot of
learning in writing papers, this paper still has many shortcomings and is far from perfect.
Therefore, we really hope for positive criticism and suggestions so that this paper will be
better and useful in the future. We hope that this paper can be useful simple and useful for
readers in the future.

Bukittinggi, 24 Februari2019

Author

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover page
Preface ............................................................................................................................. 2
Table of contents ............................................................................................................. 3

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background ................................................................................................................ 4
B. Problem formulation .................................................................................................. 4
C. Purpose of writing ...................................................................................................... 4
D. Benefits of Writing .....................................................................................................5

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION

A. Anatomi and physiology system muskuloskeletal ..................................................... 6

B. Low back region ........................................................................................................ 9
C. The interveetebral ...................................................................................................... 11
D. Neck ........................................................................................................................... 14
E. Elbow ......................................................................................................................... 16
F. Shoulder ..................................................................................................................... 18
G. Musculoskeletal disorders .......................................................................................... 19

CHAPTER III CLOSING

A. Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 20
B. Recommendation ...................................................................................................... 20

REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 21

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
To determine the changes in the sick we must first know the structure and function of
each tool from a healthy human body composition in the life everyday. Knowledge of the
anatomy and physiology of the human body is a fundamental and important in
implementing nursing care. By knowing the structure and function of the human body,
one of the professional nurse can more clearly interpret the changes contained in the body
of the tool.
Anatomy of the human body are interconnected parts of one another. Regional
structures studied the geographical location of the body and each region or for example
arms, legs, heads and so on.

B. Aim
1. General purpose
To gain knowledge of anatomy and physiology muskuloskaletal system
2. Special purpose
Understanding the anatomy of the system muskuloskaletal
Knowing the physiological system muskuloskaletal
Can menjadian a reference in nursing

C. Formulation of the problem

Lack of knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the human body

D. benefit
Can increase knowledge
Knowing the anatomy and physiology of the system muskuloskaletal
As a reference for nursing students

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 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

A. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY SYSTEM MUSKULOSKALETAL

Musculoskeletal consists of:

o Muscular / Muscle : Muscles, tendons, and ligaments

o Skeletal / Frame : Bones and joints

1. Muscular / Muscle
a. Muscle
All muscle cells that have specificity for the contract. There are more than 600
pieces of muscle in the human body. Most of these muscles attached to bones by
tendons of the body frame, and a small portion there is attached below the skin
surface.

The function of the muscular system / muscle:

1) Movement. Muscles produce movement on the bone where the muscle is
attached and engaged in part of the body's internal organs.
2) Cantilever body and maintaining posture. Muscles sustain order and defend
the body while in a standing or sitting position against the force of gravity.
3) Heat production. The contraction of the muscles of metabolically produce heat
to mepertahankan normal body temperature.

The characteristics of the muscular system / muscle:

1) Kontrakstilitas. Muscle fibers to contract and tighten, which may or may not
involve muscle shortening.
2) Excitability. Muscle fibers will respond strongly when stimulated by nerve
impulses.
3) Extensibility. Muscle fibers have the ability to tighten the muscles exceeds the
length of time to relax.
4) Elasticity. Muscle fibers can be returned to its original size after contracting or
stretching.
The types of muscle:

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1) Skeletal muscle,the striated muscle, voluntary, and attached to the frame.
a) Muscle fibers are very long, up to 30 cm long, cylindrical shape with a
width ranging from 10 microns to 100 microns.
b) Each fiber has many core arranged at the periphery.
c) The contractions are very fast and powerful.
Microscopic structure Skelet Muscle / Frame
a) Skeletal muscle composed by bundles of parallel fibers consisting of a
long cylindrical, called myofiber / muscle fibers.
b) Each muscle fiber is actually a cell that has a nucleus ditepinya lot.
c) Cytoplasm of muscle cells called sarcoplasma filled with an assortment of
organella, mostly long cylindrical called the myofibril.
d) Myofibril prepared by myofilament-myofilament different sizes:
 rough composed of myosin protein
 smooth consist of protein actin / actin.

2) Smooth muscle is not mottled and involuntary muscles. This muscle type can
be found in the walls of hollow like the bladder and uterus, as well as on the
walls of the tube, such as the respiratory system, digestive, reproductive,
urinary and blood circulation system.
a) Spindle-shaped muscle fibers with a central nucleus.
b) These fibers are small, ranging between 20 microns (blood vessel lining)
to 0.5 mm in the uterus of pregnant women.
c) Strong contractions and slow.
Microscopic Structure of Muscle Polos,Sarcoplasmanya consist of myofibril
compiled by myofilamen-myofilamen.
Types of smooth muscle,There are two categories of smooth muscle by
means of muscle fibers were stimulated to contract.
a) Multiple unit smooth muscle found on the walls of the large blood
vessels, the large airway respiratory tract, the eye muscles that focus the
lens and adjust the size of the pupil and the Erector pili muscle of hair.
b) Single unit smooth muscle (visceral)found arranged in layers of hollow
organs or viscera wall. All the fibers in a layer able to contract as a single
unit. This muscle can bereksitasi own or miogenik and does not require

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 any external nerve stimulation for the result of the spontaneous electrical
activity.

3) Cardiac muscle,
a) A striated muscle
b) Also called involuntary muscle latitude seran
c) This muscle is found only in the heart
d) Working continuously at any time without stopping, but the heart muscle
also had a period of rest, ie whenever pulsed.
Microscopic Structure of Myocardial,Similar to the skeletal muscle

Muscles Musculoskeletal Polos Cardiac muscle

working muscles
a) Flexors (crooked)> <Ekstentor (straightening)
b) Supination (looking up)> <pronation (slumping)
c) Defresor (decrease)> <Lepator (raise)
d) Synergistic (unidirectional)> <antagonists (opposite)
e) Dilatator (dilate)> <constrictor (constrict)
f) Adductor (near)> <abductor (away)

b. tendon
Tendons are rope or a strong tendon that is flexible, made of fibrous proteins
(collagen). Tendons attach bone to muscle function or muscle to muscle.

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 c. ligaments
Ligaments are pads / masks are very strong, which is elastic connective tissue
composed of collagen. Ligaments clothed the bones with bones bound together by
joints. Some types of ligaments:
1) ligaments Thin
Ligaments and cartilage bone wrapping. A collateral ligament in the
elbow and knee. These ligaments allow movement.
2) Ligaments yellow elastic tissue.
The ligament is tightened by wrapping tissue and strengthen joints, such
as the shoulder blade with the upper arm bone.

2. skeletal
a. Skeleton
Skeletal also called skeletal system, which is composed of the bones. Our
body has 206 bones that make up the frame. The most important part is the spine.

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 Skeletal System Functions:
1) Protects internal organs from mechanical trauma.
2) Establish a framework that serves to support the body and muscles.
3) Attached to the bone
4) Contain and protect the red bone marrow which is one of the blood-forming
tissues.
5) A storage area such as calcium daridalam bagimineral blood for example.
6) haematopoiesis

Bone structure
1) Bone consists of living cells which are spread across the material is not alive
(matrix).
2) The matrix is composed of osteoblasts (bone forming cells).
3) Osteoblasts make and secrete collagen proteins and mineral salts.
4) If the formation of new bone is needed, new osteoblasts to be formed.
5) If the bone has been formed, osteoblasts will turn into osteocytes (bone cells
mature).
6) Bone cells that have died will be destroyed by osteoclasts (bone destruction).

Bone tissue is composed of:

1) Compact (system harvesian  matrix and lacuna, lamella intersisialis)
2) Spongiosa (trabecula containing the bone marrow and blood vessels)

B. LOW BACK REGION

1. Structure
Vertebra grouped into:
1) Cervical / neck 7 segment
2) Thoracalis / back 12 segments
3) Lumbar / lumbar 5 vertebra
4) Sacral / crotch 5 segments
5) Koksigeus / tail 4 segments

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2. Function
Low back region serves to enforce / sustain posture of the structure of the
human spine. The upright posture also increases the mechanical force lumbrosakral
spinal structures.

Figure 5, Spine and lekukuannya

Inter-spinal bound by intervertebal, as well as by ligaments and muscles. The

bond between the bone which makes software into a flexible backbone. A function
units of two adjacent bone shape shown on the picture below.

Figure 6. The basic function of the spine

3. components backs
a. back muscles

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 Supported by the back, abdomen, hips and legs strong and flexible. All of
these muscles serve to hold the spine and discs remain in the normal position.
b. Discus
A cartilage cushioning the bones serves as a barrier shock. Exists between the
vertebrae allowing the joints to move smoothly. Each disc contains a fluid that
flows into and out of the discus. This fluid serves as a lubricant allowing the back
to move freely. Diskus is elastic, easy to get back into shape when pressed
between the two vertebrae.

4. Back muscles
a. Spina Erectorconsists of a mass of muscle fibers, coming from behind the border
of the sacrum and spine inominate part and attached to the back of the vertebral
column above, with fiber which arise of the vertebra and to the occipital bone of
the skull. The muscles maintain an upright position of the body and allows the
body to achieve the position back when in flexion.
b. Lastimus dorsi is a flat muscle that extends on behind his back. The main action
of these muscles is pull the arm down to the last position, the rotational movement
of the arm to the inside, and pulled away from the arm during the climb. In a
strong respiratory pressing the posterior part of the abdomen.

5. Leg muscles
Gluteus Maximus, gluteus medius and gluteus minimus are the muscles of the
buttocks. These muscles all arise from the outer surface of the ilium, Gluteus
Maximus arise partly from the rear sacrum. The main action of these muscles is to
maintain the position of the body motion, extend the hip socket when running, hiking,
and climbing the stairs, in lifting the body from a sitting or bending, abduction and
lateral rotation of the thigh.

C. THE INTERVERTEBRAL DISC

In living things vertebrates (have vertebrae) there is a structure formed by a number of
bones called vertebrae (vertebral body). In each of two segments of vertebrae there is a
disc-shaped cartilage pads called intervertebral discs. In the human body there are 24
pieces of intervertebral discs. This cartilage serves as a buffer so that the vertebrae remain

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 in position and also provides flexibility in the vertebrae when there is movement or
change of position on the body.

The composition of the cartilage is divided into 3 parts:

a) Nucleus pulposus, contain that consists of 14% of proteoglycan, 77% water and 4%
Collagen.
b) Annulus fibrosus,proteoglycan containing 5%, 70% water and 15% Collagen.
c) cartilage endplate, Consisting of 8% of proteoglycan, 55% water and 25% Collagen.

D. NECK
neck bonesconsists of seven sections, has a body segment ruasnya small and large
holes. On the wings Taju there is a hole where the speed of nerve called the foramen
tranvertalis. The first segment is called the atlas vertebra serfikalis that allows the head
nod. The second segment is called processus odontois (axis) that allows the head turned
to the left and to the right. Taju seventh vertebra has called processus prominan. Taju
ruasnya rather long.

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The bones were found on the neck:

a. Os. Hyoideum money is a U-shaped bone located above and as high thyroidea
cartylago third cervical vertebra.
b. Cartygo thyroidea
c. Prominentia Laryngea, Formed by sheets cartylago thyroidea who meet in the
median plane. Prominentia Laryngea palpable and often visible.
d. Cornu superius, The cartilage that can be touched when the horn disis others fixed.
e. Cartilagocricoidea, A cartilage larynx others, can be touched under prominentia
Laryngea.
f. Cartilagines tracheales, Palpable inferior part of the neck.
g. Rings of cartilage second to fourth is not palpable as it is covered by the isthmus
that connects the lobes dexter and sinister glandulae thyroideae lobe.
h. Cartilage trachealis I, Located just superior to the isthmus.

Neck muscles

The muscles of the neck is divided into three parts:

a. muskulus platismawhich is located beneath the skin and face. This muscle is
headed to the collarbone and two ribs. Its function is interesting corners of the
mouth down and widen the mouth such as express feelings of sadness and fear, as
well as to draw up the neck skin.
b. sternocleidomastoid musclelocated on the lateral surface of proc.mastoidebus
ossis temporalis and lateral half of the superior nuchalis linea. Its function is
cocked his head to one side, for example to the lateral (side), flexion and rotation

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 of the neck, so it face up on the other side; contraction both sides of flexion of the
neck. These muscles work when the head will be pulled to the side. However, if the
muscles and sternocleidomastoid muscle platisma working together then the
reaction is going to face upturned.
c. Longisimus capitis muscles, Composed of and semispinalis splenius capitis. Its
function is laterofleksi and eksorositas head and neck to the same side.

Thirdly the muscles on the back of the neck that extends from the back of the head to
the spinal processes korakoid. Its function is to pull the head back and shook his head.

E. ELBOW
The elbow is a very complex point where three bones are the humerus, radius and
ulna. The three bones work together in a flexi movement, extension and rotation.

F. SHOULDER
1. Bone

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 The bones of the shoulder consists of:
a. clavicula (Collarbone), an arch-shaped bone that connects the upper arm to the
torso. The tip of the medial (toward the center) clavicula articulate with the
sternum connected by sternoclavicular joint, while its lateral end (to the side)
articulates with the scapula connected by the acromioclavicular joint.
Sternoclavicular joint is the only link between the bones of the upper extremity
with the body.
b. scapula (Scapula), a triangle-shaped bone. It articulates with clavicula and the
upper arm bone.Scapula laterally continued ourselves as acromioclavicular that
connects the scapula with clavicula.
c. Glenohumeral joint,is the liaison between the upper arm bone with the
scapula.

2. Shoulder muscles
Shoulder muscles only cover a single joint and wrap the base of the arm and
scapula bone.

Shoulder muscles only cover a single joint and wrap the base of the arm and
scapula bone.
a. the deltoid muscle(Triangular muscle), muscle is formed curved shoulders and
originate at the lateral clavicula (tip of the shoulder), the scapula, and the base
of the arm bone. The function of this muscle is to lift the arm up to the
horizontal.

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 b. muskulus subkapularis(Front muscle scapula). This muscle starts from the
front of the scapula, towards the base of the arm bone. The function of this
muscle is the center and rotate the humerus (upper arm bone) into.
c. supraspinatus muscle(Muscles on the scapula). These muscles originate in the
curve of the top heading to the base of the arm bone. The function of this
muscle is to lift the arm.
d. infraspinatus muscle(Muscle under the scapula). These muscles originate in
the curve of the lower spine to the scapula and to the base of the arm. Functions
rotate the arm out.
e. Teres major muscle(Large round arm muscle). These muscles originate in the
elbow below the scapula and to the base of the arm bone. Functions can rotate
the arm inward.
f. Teres minor muscle(Small round arm muscle). These muscles originate in the
outer elbow bone scapula and to the base of the arm. Functions rotate the arm
outward.

G. MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS
Musculoskeletal disorders are conditions in which part of the muscle and bone system
encountered a problem (pain). The disease is caused by parts of the body stretched too
far, suffered a direct collision, or because of other activities which lead to errors in the
system of muscles and bones.
Muscle and bone disease or better known as musculoskeletal disorders / MSDs an
occupational disease. Symptoms include sore or aching muscles, bones, and joints. A
small part of this was due to a specific disease, but most often caused by faulty posture
(posture): work attitude, posture, attitude, sleep, and other problems. Musculoskeletal
disorders can occur in the low back region, intervertebral discs, neck, elbow, and
shoulder.
1. Low-back region
A disease that often occurs in the low-back region that is low-back pain. Symptoms of
low-back pain such as back pain or back pain. The risk factors in the workplace:
 The burden of hard physical labor, such as too frequent lifting or carrying,
pulling, and pushing heavy objects.
 Body position too long bending or other body positions that are not reasonable,
 Too old to drive a motor vehicle.

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  Psychosocial factors at work, such as monotonous work, work under pressure, or
a lack of social support among workers and employers.
2. intervertebral Discs
Diseases that often occur include:
a) scoliosis: is a state of the spine curved like the letter 'S', where the intervertebral
discs and vertebral fracture.
b) spondylolisthesis: The shift of vertebral forward so that the position between the
vertebrae with each other are not parallel. Caused by a broken bone connector on
the back of the vertebrae.
c) rupture: Because of the outbreak of the posterior annulus due to excessive
physical activity.
d) spinal stenosis: Is a narrowing of the spinal cord that causes pressure on the
spinal nerve fibers.
Risk factors:
 Load / pressure: position when sitting can reduce spine 5 times greater than when
lying down.
 Smoke
 Exposed to vibration / vibration at a high level, which is 5-10 Hz (typically
generated from a vehicle).
3. Neck
A disease that often arise include:
a) tension neck: Occurs due to the concentration of stress on the muscles of the
neck trapezeus
b) Acute torticollis: Is a form of acute pain and stiff neck
c) Acute disorder: Occurs due to the loss of the thoracic vertebrae resistance
against light pressure
d) Choronic disorder: Because of the narrowing of the vertebral discs
e) traumatic disorder: Can be caused by an accident
The risk factors in the workplace:
 Often occurs in workers VDU (Visual Display Unit), tailors, carpenters repair
electronic equipment, dentist, workers in coal mines
 Data entry jobs, typing, sawing (manufacturing), installation of lights, rolling the
film

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  The jobs above causes the neck are at the same position within the lam so
megalami neck muscle fatigue.
 Work with repetitive movements of the hand.
 Exposed to vibration: the use of drilling machines or other machines that emit
vibration.
 Organizing work: pekrjaan long duration (over time), rest (pause) short.
 Psychological and social factors: stress, lack of control over the organization of
work, the lack of relationship between management and fellow workers, a job that
requires accuracy and speed of work.
4. Elbow
The diseases often occur:
a) epicondylitis: Is a very painful condition in which the muscles that move the
hands and fingers met with bones.
b) olecranon bursitis: A trade that occurred in the olecranon bursa (fluid pockets
dorsal section elbow), due to repeated trauma and infection.
c) osteoarthrosis: Damage to cartilage in the elbows, rarely occurs in people aged
60 years and under.
Risk factors:
 Jobs that use the wrist and fingers repeatedly and forcefully (hand-intensive
tasks).
 The use of hand tools or heavy manual labor intensive, such as in the mining and
construction
 Vibration
 trauma
5. shoulder
Diseases that often occur in the workplace:
a) Rotator cuff disorders and biceps tendinitis: Where there is inflammation of
the tendons and synovial membrane
b) Shoulder joint and acromioclavicular joint osteoarthritis: Is a component of
cartilage and bone decline in liaison and intevertebral discs.
Risk factors:
 Jobs are often lift / raise the hand with a long duration, for example in the
automotive industry.

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  Moving the wrist and fingers repeatedly and with full force, for example, at the
tailor.
 Lifting heavy objects and using heavy equipment along with vibration on the arm,
for example on construction workers.
 Flexi and abduction motion is repeated, for example, the painter, carpenter, and
athletes.

prevention strategies

 Make a list of the risk factors in the workplace that may cause musculoskeletal disease, so it
can be eliminated or minimized to the factor of "exposure".
 Every job should be investigated if there is a risk fakor vulnerable workers or having
problems in her limbs.
 Every job must also be investigated if there is a change in work standards, procedures, or
equipment so that risk factors can be minimized.
 Design work is good (workplace layout, frequency and duration of action).
For example, workers VDU (Visual Display Unit), should be more lighting and contrast, the
distance between the eyes with the monitor around 45-50 cm, and the viewing angle of about
10 - 20,

 Early intervention and run "safety rules".

 Provide education and training to workers so that they can work accurately and safely.
 Provide a variety of jobs to avoid monotony.
 Reduce labor intensity.
 Good work organization, for example, pause or istitahat that often to avoid fatigue. For
example in VDU workers, a 10 minute break every hour, and limiting the maximum working
4 hours per day.
 Ergonomic working position.

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 CHAPTER III
COVER

A. Conclusion
Humans can move because there are skeletal and muscle. The order can not
move on their own, but aided by the muscles. With the cooperation between the
skeletal and muscular, people can walk, jump, run and so on. Musculoskeletal system
is a system that consists of a muscular body (musculo) and the bones that make up the
framework (skeleton). Muscle is the body tissue has the ability to convert chemical
energy into mechanical energy (motion). While the order is part of the body
consisting of bones which allows the body to maintain the shape, the attitude and
position.

B. Suggestion
To that read this simple paper, my expectations may be able to fully
understand the parts of the urinary system organ so that the disease - diseases
associated with urinary system can be avoided.

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C.Pearce, Evelyn. Anatomy and Physiology. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 1992.

Gibson, John. Modern Anatomy and Physiology for Nurses. Jakarta: EGC Book Medical
Publishers, 2003.

http://images.google.co.id/imgres=

http://images.google.co.id/imgres?Imgurl

http://www.web-books.com/elibrary/medicine/Physiology/skeletal/divisions

l'Ergomotricité - Le corps, le travail et la santé - Michel Gendrier - Collection Grenoble

Sciences"Musculoskeletal System". 2006.
http: //www.ilo/encyclopaedia/? print & nd = 857400009 & nh = 0

Sloane, Ethel. Anatomy and Physiology for Beginners. Jakarta: Book Medical Publishers.
EGC 2003.

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