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CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL

APU 1 of 52 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Welcome to the presentation


covering the Auxiliary Power
Unit (APU).

As with most commercial


airliners, the A320 Series APU
enables ground operations
independent of external
electric and pneumatic air
sources.

The APU also provides a


backup source of electrical
power and pneumatic air
should the need arise.

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CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
APU 2 of 52 OVERVIEW
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DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The APU is primarily used


during ground operations.
It can be used as a source of
bleed air for pack operation
during takeoff.
APU operation inflight is
possible up to the service
ceiling of FL390.

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APU 3 of 52 OVERVIEW
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DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The APU is a self-contained unit


located in the un-pressurized
portion of the tail cone.
APU
COMPUTER
APU operation is controlled by
a dedicated APU computer
which monitors and controls
all aspects of APU operation.

The computer provides for


simple and easy crew
interaction with the APU.

The ease of APU operation is


something you will see in the
three primary sections of this
presentation.

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APU 4 of 52 OVERVIEW
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DIFFERENCES QUIZ

In the CONTROLS &


INDICATORS section you will
learn that APU operation is
primarily controlled using just
two pbs.

You will also learn that APU


monitoring is done using a
dedicated APU systems page.
The APU page is displayed
automatically during APU
starts and also if APU
abnormals occur.

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APU 5 of 52 OVERVIEW
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In the NORMAL OPERATION


section you will learn that the
APU computer enables you to
start and operate the APU with
minimal interaction and with
virtually no requirement for
crew monitoring.

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APU 6 of 52 OVERVIEW
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DIFFERENCES QUIZ

In the ABNORMAL
OPERATION section you will
learn that the APU computer
provides automatic protections
and that the ECAM will guide
the crew through any required
actions.

This completes the


OVERVIEW section of this
lesson.
Now, let’s move forward and
cover the APU controls and
indicators.

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CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
APU 7 of 52 OVERVIEW
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DIFFERENCES QUIZ

We will begin the CONTROLS


& INDICATORS section by
discussing the information
available to the crew on the
APU page.
You will learn that the design
and capabilities of this page
allow extensive monitoring of
APU operation while limiting
the number of APU related
limitations you need to
memorize.
We will then move on to the
APU controls, located on the
overhead panel. Yes, two
primary pbs and a couple of
pbs on the ELEC and AIR
COND panels are all you need
to control the APU.

Now let’s take a look at the


APU page.

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APU 8 of 52 OVERVIEW
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The digital and analog


indications of EGT and N
speed are normally GREEN.

The digital and analog


indications of N speed are
displayed in amber if the N
speed reaches 102%. 102
These indications are
displayed in red if N speed
reaches 107%.
An APU automatic shutdown
occurs and an ECAM
message is generated if N
speed reaches or exceeds
107%.

107

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APU 9 of 52 OVERVIEW
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The digital and analog


indications of EGT are
displayed in AMBER if the
EGT rises to within 33°C of
the max EGT.
Max EGT is calculated by the
APU computer and varies
based on ambient temperature
and the phase of APU
operation – the start phase or
699
running phase.

These indications are


displayed in RED if EGT
exceeds the max EGT as
calculated by the APU
computer.
An APU automatic shutdown
occurs and an ECAM
message is generated if EGT
exceeds the calculated
maximum EGT.

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APU 10 of 52 OVERVIEW
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The APU generator display on


the APU page is identical to
the engine driven generator
display on the ELEC page.

The generator line contactor


symbol is green when the
contactor is closed.

This symbol is not displayed


when the generator line
contactor is open.

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APU 11 of 52 OVERVIEW
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This box digitally displays the


relative APU bleed pressure in
green.

The APU bleed valve can be


displayed in three different
ways:

-- In-line green with the green


arrowhead indicates that the
bleed valve is fully open.

-- Cross-line green indicates


that the APU BLEED pb is
selected off and the valve is
not fully open.

-- Cross-line amber indicates


that the APU BLEED pb is
selected ON but the valve is
NOT fully open.

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APU 12 of 52 OVERVIEW
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Amber XXs replace the APU


bleed pressure indications
when ADIRU (Air Data Inertial
Reference Unit) 2 is not
available or is selected OFF.

ADIRU 2 provides ambient air


pressure to the APU
computer. This enables it to
calculate the APU bleed
pressure.
Without this information, the
APU computer is unable to
compute the APU bleed
pressure.
The amber XXs indicate that
APU bleed pressure data is
not available; however, this
does NOT necessarily mean
that APU bleed is not
available. APU

X ADIRU 2
COMPUTER

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APU 13 of 52 OVERVIEW
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AVAIL is displayed in green


when APU N speed exceeds
99.5% or if it is above 95% for
more than two seconds.
AVAIL indicates the APU is
operating normally and is
available for electrical power
and bleed air.

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APU 14 of 52 OVERVIEW
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The APU has an air intake flap


located on the underside of
the fuselage in the tail section
of the aircraft.
The air intake flap is controlled
by the APU computer. It
opens to allow external air to
be routed to the APU
compressor intake.
This is indicated on the APU
page by the green FLAP
OPEN message.
This area is blank when the air
intake flap is not fully open.

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APU 15 of 52 OVERVIEW
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The amber FUEL LO PR


message is displayed if low
fuel pressure is detected.
Maintenance assistance will
be required.

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APU 16 of 52 OVERVIEW
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The LOW OIL LEVEL


message is displayed if a low
oil level is detected by the
APU computer when the
aircraft is on the ground and
the APU is not running.
If this message is displayed,
DO NOT start the APU until it
is checked by maintenance.
They will check for an old leak
which could become a fire
hazard.
If none is found, you most
likely will be cleared to
proceed with the APU start
with the message displayed.
You may not always have an
ECAM systems display
available prior to starting the
APU, as we will see in the
NORMAL OPERATION
section of this lesson.

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APU 17 of 52 OVERVIEW
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DIFFERENCES QUIZ

This completes the discussion


of the ECAM indications.
Now, let’s move on to cover
the APU controls, beginning
with the two APU pbs located
in the front center of the
overhead panel.

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APU 18 of 52 OVERVIEW
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DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The crew uses the APU


MASTER SW pb to control the
electric power supply for
operation of the APU and the
protective features provided by
the APU computer. This pb
also controls the APU starting
and shutdown sequences.

When the MASTER SW pb is


selected ON:
• The blue ON light illuminates.
• The APU computer performs
a self test.
• The air intake flap opens.
• Fuel is provided to the APU.

If no main fuel pumps are


operating, a separate APU fuel
pump, which can be powered
by the aircraft batteries,
provides fuel pressure.
You will see how the MASTER
SW pb is used in the NORMAL
OPERATION section of this
lesson.

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APU 19 of 52 OVERVIEW
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The amber FAULT light in the


MASTER SW pb illuminates if
an emergency or automatic
APU shutdown occurs. This
will be discussed in the
ABNORMAL OPERATION
section of this lesson.

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APU 20 of 52 OVERVIEW
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DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The START pb is used to give


the APU computer permission
to engage the electric APU
starter when the APU
computer has completed all
pre-start tasks. The blue ON
light illuminates when this pb
is selected.

When the APU is available to


provide electrical power and
bleed air:
• The green AVAIL light
illuminates.
• The blue ON light
extinguishes.
You will see these functions in
more detail in the NORMAL
OPERATION section of this
lesson.

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APU 21 of 52 OVERVIEW
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The APU GEN pb, located on


the overhead ELEC panel, is
used to control the APU
generator in the event of
certain malfunctions.
It is normally left in the lights
out (on) position to enable the
APU generator to
automatically connect to the
aircraft’s electrical system
when necessary.
The APU BLEED pb, located
on the AIR COND panel,
allows the crew to turn the
APU bleed ON and off. We
will demonstrate its use in the
NORMAL OPERATION
section of this lesson.

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APU 22 of 52 OVERVIEW
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DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The APU FIRE button is


located on the FIRE panel
near the rear of the overhead
panel.
It functions in the same
manner as the ENG FIRE
buttons and is discussed in
more detail in the Fire
Protection lesson.

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APU 23 of 52 OVERVIEW
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An APU FIRE indicator light is


located on the external power
panel near the nose gear.
This light illuminates red if an
APU fire is detected while the
aircraft is on the ground.
Just below this indicator is a
guarded APU SHUT OFF pb.
Pushing this pb:
• Initiates the emergency
shutdown sequence.
• Silences the external
warning horn.
Pushing this pb DOES NOT
discharge the APU fire bottle.
This completes the
CONTROLS & INDICATORS
section of this lesson.

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CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
APU 24 of 52 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

In this section you will learn to


use APU system controls and
indicators to operate and
monitor the APU in normal
situations.
This section will also briefly
cover significant APU
limitations.

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CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
APU 25 of 52 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

You are in the initial cockpit


preparation phase of flight.
External power is in use.
You decide to start the APU to
warm up the cockpit and
cabin.
If normal procedures have
been followed, both batteries
will be on prior to starting the
APU.
These batteries MUST be on
to start the APU even if other
power sources, such as
external power or engine
driven generators, are in use.
Only the ship’s batteries can
provide the amperage
necessary to turn over the
electric APU starter motor.

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APU 26 of 52 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

If the aircraft has NOT been


electrically powered in the last
six hours, you must check the
status of the ship’s batteries.
To do this, select the BAT 1 &
2 pbs OFF and check that the
battery voltage is greater than
25.5.
If battery voltage is 25.5 volts
or less, it is necessary to
select the batteries on and
charge them for twenty
minutes using external power
before proceeding with the
APU start.

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APU 27 of 52 OVERVIEW
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The next step is to select the


APU MASTER SW ON.
Advance to select the APU
MASTER SW ON.

This action powers up the


APU computer which performs
its power-up test and other
start preparations such as
opening the air intake flap.

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APU 28 of 52 OVERVIEW
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Selecting the APU MASTER


SW ON also triggers the
display of the APU page.
FLAP OPEN is displayed on
the APU page when the air
intake flap is fully open.

NOTE: If the LOW OIL


LEVEL message is displayed
at this point, delay the start
and contact maintenance.

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APU 29 of 52 OVERVIEW
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The APU can now be started


using the START pb.
You are required to wait at
least five seconds after
selecting the MASTER SW pb
to ON before pushing the
START pb.
This allows you to check for
the LOW OIL LEVEL advisory.

You are not required to wait for


the FLAP OPEN message prior
to pushing the START pb.
Pushing the START pb simply
authorizes the APU computer to
engage the starter.
The computer will not do so until
it confirms all pre-start checks
and tasks are complete.

Advance to select the APU


START pb ON.

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APU 30 of 52 OVERVIEW
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DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The APU start can be


observed on the APU page.
In normal operations it is not
necessary to monitor the APU
start on the ECAM since the
APU computer monitors the
entire start and will intervene if
problems occur.
We are showing the
indications here for academic
purposes.
Here is the APU page at the
beginning of the start
sequence.

This is how it will look when


the APU start is complete. On
the next screen, we will take a
closer look.

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APU 31 of 52 OVERVIEW
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When APU N speed is above


95% for at least two seconds:
• The ON light in the START
pb extinguishes.
• The AVAIL light in the START
pb illuminates.
• APU AVAIL is displayed on
the E/WD.
• AVAIL is displayed on the
APU page.
These indications mean that
the APU is operating normally
and is available for electrical
power and bleed air.

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APU 32 of 52 OVERVIEW
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All APU generator readings


are now within normal ranges
and have changed to green.
We have deselected external
power for you.
If no other AC power sources
are availabe, the APU
generator line contactor closes
automatically.
This allows the APU to power
the electrical system.

While not depicted in this


animation, be aware that the
red arc indicating maximum
EGT changes during the start. During Start
It begins at the starting EGT
limit of approximately 1000°C
and, as the start progresses,
gradually moves to the
operating limit of
approximately 700°C.

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APU 33 of 52 OVERVIEW
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The APU page indicates that


APU bleed pressure is
available.

Advance to select the APU


BLEED pb ON.
Bleed air is now provided
to the packs and the rest of
the pneumatic system.

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APU 34 of 52 OVERVIEW
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When APU bleed is selected


ON, the following things occur:

• The blue ON light in the APU


BLEED pb illuminates.

• The APU BLEED valve


opens.
• APU BLEED replaces APU
AVAIL on the E/WD.

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APU 35 of 52 OVERVIEW
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DIFFERENCES QUIZ

We will now cover the


procedure for starting the APU
with only battery power
available.
The procedure for starting the
APU on battery power only is
essentially the same as an
APU start with AC power
available.
The major difference is that
the APU page cannot be
displayed.
This is not a problem since the
APU computer will monitor the
start and, if necessary,
shutdown the APU
automatically if a problem
occurs.

NOTE: In this situation it


will not be possible to check
for the LOW OIL LEVEL
message prior to start.

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APU 36 of 52 OVERVIEW
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Keep in mind that if the aircraft


has NOT been electrically
powered in the last six hours,
you must ensure the batteries
are OFF and check for voltage
greater than 25.5 before
proceeding with the APU
start.
If battery voltage does not
meet this requirement, it will
be necessary to secure
external power for a twenty
minute charge.

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APU 37 of 52 OVERVIEW
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You must ensure the batteries


are selected to AUTO prior to
starting the APU.
Without power on the aircraft,
it is difficult to determine if the
batteries are OFF.
This is because the OFF lights
require power to illuminate.

If the batteries are selected to


AUTO:
• The pbs are slightly recessed
into the panel – they are
latched in the AUTO position.
• The green landing gear down
lights illuminate.
In this example, the batteries
are OFF.
Advance to select BAT 1 on.

Notice that the OFF light in the


BAT 2 pb is now illuminated.

Advance to select BAT 2 on.


Notice that the landing gear
down lights are now illuminated.

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APU 38 of 52 OVERVIEW
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We are now ready to start the


APU.
Advance to select the APU
MASTER SW pb ON.

The blue ON light illuminates


in the APU MASTER SW pb.

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APU 39 of 52 OVERVIEW
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After waiting five seconds,


select the APU START pb ON.

Advance to select the APU


START pb ON.

At this point, all you can do is


sit and wait. Remember, the
APU computer will engage the
starter when it determines all
checks are complete and the
air intake flap is open.
The APU will be available
approximately one minute
after the START pb is pushed.

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APU 40 of 52 OVERVIEW
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The APU is available shortly


after the APU N speed
reaches or exceeds 95%.
At that point:
• The ON light in the START
pb extinguishes.
• The AVAIL light illuminates.
• The APU generator comes
online.
• AC power is available.
Advance for a simulation.

If the ECAM screens are on,


the APU page is displayed for
ten seconds.

Since this was a normal APU


start, after ten seconds the
APU page is automatically
replaced by the DOOR/OXY
page.

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APU 41 of 52 OVERVIEW
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DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Shutting down the APU is


about as simple as things can
get. For this demonstration,
we will assume that we have
another electrical power
source established (engine
generators or external power
in use).
First, we will ensure that the
APU BLEED pb is selected
off. Then, we will select the
APU MASTER SW off.
The ON light in the MASTER
SW pb will extinguish.
Advance for a simulation.

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APU 42 of 52 OVERVIEW
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The APU computer will take


care of the rest. The APU will
operate at 100% N speed for
two minutes to provide a
cooling period.
When the cooling period is
complete:
• The APU shuts down.
• The AVAIL light in the START
pb extinguishes.
• The air intake flap closes.
The APU page will NOT
automatically display during
the shutdown. There is no
requirement for the crew to
monitor the shutdown.

Prior to the AVAIL light


extinguishing, the APU
shutdown can be stopped, and
APU usage retained, by
selecting the MASTER SW pb
back to ON.

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APU 43 of 52 OVERVIEW
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DIFFERENCES QUIZ

If the APU generator is the


only AC power source, it is
important that the ship’s
batteries remain on for two
minutes after the AVAIL light
extinguishes.

Waiting two minutes after the


AVAIL light extinguishes
before selecting the batteries
OFF ensures that:
• The air intake flap is fully
closed.
• The APU computer remains
powered during the entire
Leave the batteries on for at
shutdown sequence.
least two minutes after the
• APU fire protection is AVAIL light extinguishes.
available until the shutdown is
complete.

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APU 44 of 52 OVERVIEW
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The APU can be operated (and can provide electrical power)


up to the service ceiling of the aircraft.
This screen summarizes the
operational limitations relevant
Maximum altitude for APU start on battery power only.
to the APU.
( If you are referring to this limitation, you are having a VERY BAD DAY!!)

Maximum altitude for APU bleed air use powering one pack.

Maximum altitude for APU bleed air use powering two packs.

AFTER 3 CONSECUTIVE START ATTEMPTS,


A 60 MIN. COOLING PERIOD IS REQUIRED.

THE APU CAN PROVIDE SUFFICIENT BLEED


AIR PRESSURE TO START THE ENGINES UP
TO 8,000 FEET FIELD ALTITUDE
This completes the NORMAL
OPERATION section of this USE OF APU BLEED AIR FOR WING ANTI-
lesson. ICE PURPOSES IS PROHIBITED!!!
APU BLEED AIR OUTPUT IS NOT SUFFICIENT TO
PROPERLY ANTI-ICE THE WINGS.

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APU 45 of 52 OVERVIEW
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The APU computer monitors


some sixteen different factors
related to APU operation.
These include such things as
overspeed, underspeed, high
oil pressure, air intake flap not
open, etc.
If it senses a problem
(including a sensed failure of
the computer itself) it will
perform an automatic
shutdown of the APU.

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CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
APU 46 of 52 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Assuming an AC power source


other than the APU generator is
online, the following things will
occur:
• A single chime sounds.
• The APU AUTO SHUTDOWN
message is displayed on the
E/WD.
• The APU page is displayed.
• The FAULT light in the APU
MASTER SW pb illuminates.
• The MASTER CAUT lights
illuminate.

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APU 47 of 52 OVERVIEW
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We now extinguish the


MASTER CAUT lights.
Next, we perform the ECAM
action step by selecting the
APU MASTER SW pb off.

Remember, the APU has


already shut down. This step
accomplishes the follow-up
action of shutting down the
APU computer.
You would then clear the
ECAM and consult your
FCOM.

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APU 48 of 52 OVERVIEW
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An APU EMER SHUTDOWN


message is generated if any
of the following occur:
• The APU SHUT OFF pb on
the external power panel is
pushed.
• The APU FIRE button in the
cockpit is pushed and
released.
• An APU fire is detected while
the aircraft is on the ground.
Lets take a closer look at the
last scenario.

NOTE: An APU EMER


SHUTDOWN results in an
immediate shutdown with no
cooling period. An AUTO
SHUTDOWN provides for a
cooling period.

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The results of an APU fire being


detected are somewhat
different depending on whether
the aircraft is on the ground or
inflight.

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In either case, if an APU fire is


detected, all of the following
will occur:
• A continuous repetitive chime
sounds.
• The APU FIRE message is
displayed on the E/WD.
• The APU page is displayed.
• The MASTER WARN lights
flash.
• The APU FIRE pb illuminates.

On the ground only:


• The APU FIRE light on the
external power panel
illuminates.
• The external warning horn
sounds.
• The APU computer performs
an emergency shutdown.
• The fire bottle is discharged
automatically.

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APU 51 of 52 OVERVIEW
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If the crew is in a position to


react, they should take the
ECAM action steps listed to
fight the fire.

If no one is in a position to
react while the aircraft is on
the ground, the APU computer
will perform an emergency
shutdown and discharge the
fire bottle automatically. NOTE: If the APU generator is the only
Advance to see the AC power source and an emergency
emergency shutdown. shutdown occurs, the cockpit will go
dark and some of these indications will
The fire has been not be displayed.
extinguished and the EMER
SHUTDOWN message is
displayed.
The crew should perform the
ECAM action step by selecting
the APU MASTER SW pb off,
clear the ECAM, and consult
the FCOM for follow-up
procedures.

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APU 52 of 52 OVERVIEW
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There are no significant


differences for the APU
system.

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INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
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APU OVERVIEW
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Engine start is complete. It is time


to shut down the APU. The first step
is to select APU BLEED off.
Advance to do that now.

The next step is to select the APU


MASTER SW off. Advance to do
that now.

Why are the AVAIL indications still


displayed at this point in the shut
down process?

There is an APU MASTER SW fault.

The APU will continue to run for up to


two minutes to cool down.

You must push the APU START pb to


complete the shut down process.

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Engine start is complete. It is time


to shut down the APU. The first step
is to select APU BLEED off.
Advance to do that now.

The next step is to select the APU


MASTER SW off. Advance to do
that now.

Why are the AVAIL indications still


displayed at this point in the shut
down process?

There is an APU MASTER SW fault.

The APU will continue to run for up to


two minutes to cool down.

You must push the APU START pb to


complete the shut down process.

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No external power is available. Which of


the following actions is the quickest way
to bring the APU back on line?

Wait until the APU shut down is complete


and then re-start the APU.

Select the APU MASTER SW ON.

Push the APU START pb.

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No external power is available. Which of


the following actions is the quickest way
to bring the APU back on line?

Wait until the APU shut down is complete


and then re-start the APU.

Select the APU MASTER SW ON.

Push the APU START pb.

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No external power is available. What


must you consider regarding selecting
the aircraft batteries OFF?

Wait two minutes after the AVAIL


light in the APU START pb extinguishes
prior to selecting the batteries OFF.

The batteries may be selected


OFF at any time.

The batteries must remain on until


another power source is established.

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No external power is available. What


must you consider regarding selecting
the aircraft batteries OFF?

Wait two minutes after the AVAIL


light in the APU START pb extinguishes
prior to selecting the batteries OFF.

The batteries may be selected


OFF at any time.

The batteries must remain on until


another power source is established.

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Why must the aircraft batteries remain


on until two minutes after the AVAIL light
extinguishes?

To ensure the air intake flap closes, the


APU computer remains powered during
the shutdown, and fire protection is available.

To allow the crew to see any ECAM


messages that may be generated during the
shutdown.

To ensure power is available to the flight data


recorder and the cockpit voice recorder until
the last possible moment.

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Why must the aircraft batteries remain


on until two minutes after the AVAIL light
extinguishes?

To ensure the air intake flap closes, the


APU computer remains powered during
the shutdown, and fire protection is available.

To allow the crew to see any ECAM


messages that may be generated during the
shutdown.

To ensure power is available to the flight data


recorder and the cockpit voice recorder until
the last possible moment.

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According to the APU page


indications:

The APU is running and available. It is


providing bleed air and electrical power.

The APU is running and available. It is


providing bleed air only.

The APU is running and available. It is


providing electrical power only.

The APU is running and available. It is


providing neither electrical power nor
bleed air.

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According to the APU page


indications:

The APU is running and available. It is


providing bleed air and electrical power.

The APU is running and available. It is


providing bleed air only.

The APU is running and available. It is


providing electrical power only.

The APU is running and available. It is


providing neither electrical power nor
bleed air.

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If you have an APU FIRE which


statement is correct?

On the ground, an APU EMER shutdown


will occur and the APU fire bottle will be
discharged automatically.

On the ground, you have to perform the


ECAM actions to shut down the APU
and extinguish the fire from the cockpit.

On the ground, an APU AUTO shutdown


will occur but you have to discharge the
APU fire bottle manually.

In the air, an APU EMER shutdown will


occur and the APU fire bottle will be
discharged automatically.

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If you have an APU FIRE which


statement is correct?

On the ground, an APU EMER shut down


will occur and the APU fire bottle will be
discharged automatically.

On the ground, you have to perform the


ECAM actions to shut down the APU
and extinguish the fire from the cockpit.

On the ground, an APU AUTO shutdown


will occur but you have to discharge the
APU fire bottle manually.

In the air, an APU EMER shutdown will


occur and the APU fire bottle will be
discharged automatically.

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Which of the following statements is


true regarding display of the LOW OIL
LEVEL message before starting the
APU?

You must contact maintenance


prior to starting the APU.

You can start the APU normally


without the concurrence of
maintenance.

You can disregard this message


because it is a normal indication
before APU start.

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APU OVERVIEW
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Which of the following statements is


true regarding display of the LOW OIL
LEVEL message before starting the
APU?

You must contact maintenance


prior to starting the APU.

You can start the APU normally


without the concurrence of
maintenance.

You can disregard this message


because it is a normal indication
before APU start.

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You have completed the


APU lesson.

Click here to
exit to the main menu.

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