Layout of the test of significance

Test for Means and Proportions

Small Large
sample sample

Population Population Population Population

variance variance variance variance
known not known known not known

Z-test t-test Z-test t-test

Testing of means and proportion for one sample

Example:

A sample of 12 jars of peanut butter was taken from a lot, each jar being labeled “
8 ounces net weight.” The individual weights in ounces are: 8.2, 8.0, 7.6, 7.7, 7.5, 7.3,
7.4, 7.5, 8.0, 7.4, 7.5. Test whether these values are consistent with a population mean of
8. Assume that the weights are normally distributed. Use SPSS software and interpret the
results.
 Results:
T-Test

One-Sample Statistics

N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

weights in ounces 12 7.642 .2811 .0811

One-Sample Test

Test Value = .05

95% Confidence Interval of the

Difference

t Df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Lower Upper

weights in ounces 93.556 11 .000 7.5917 7.413 7.770

 Example:

A manufacturer claims that his light bulbs have an average lifetime of 1500 hours.
A purchaser decides to check this claim and finds that for six bulbs the lifetimes are 1472,
1486, 1401, 1350, 1610, 1590 hours. Does this evidence support the manufacturer’s
claim? Assume that the lifetime of the light bulbs are normally distributed.

Results

T-Test

One-Sample Statistics

N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

bulbs life times hours 6 1484.83 102.079 41.674

One-Sample Test

Test Value = 0.05

95% Confidence Interval of the

Difference

t Df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Lower Upper

bulbs life times hours 35.629 5 .000 1484.783 1377.66 1591.91

Testing of means and proportion for two sample

Two Independent groups

Example:
Two independent groups, each of 10 children, were tested in General Knowledge.
Their scores were as follows:

Group A: 7, 7,6,7,9,6,8,6,6,10

Group B: 6,6,4,7,8,6,6,5,6,8

Is the difference between mean scores of the two groups significant?

 T-Test

Group Statistics

Group N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

score Groupa 10 7.20 1.398 .442

Groupb 10 6.20 1.229 .389

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test for
Equality of
t-test for Equality of Means
Variances

95% Confidence
Mean Std. Error Interval of the
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed)
Difference Difference Difference
Lower Upper
Equal
variances .305 .587 1.698 18 .107 1.000 0.589 -.237 2.237
assumed
cases Equal
variances
not
1.698 18 .107 1.000 0.589 -2.37 2.237
assumed
Matched or Paired Groups

The weights of 4 persons before they stopped smoking and 5 weeks after they
stopped smoking are as follows:

Person 1 2 3 4

Before 148 176 153 116

After 154 176 151 121

Use the t-test for paired observations to test the hypothesis that giving up smoking has no
effect on a person’s weight.
T-Test

Paired Samples Statistics

Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

Pair 1 after weight 150.50 4 22.605 11.303

before weight 148.25 4 24.717 12.358

Paired Samples Correlations

N Correlation Sig.

Pair 1 after weight & before weight 4 .991 .009

Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences
Std. Std. Error sig (2-
Mean Deviation Mean t df tailed)
Pair after weight - before 2.250 3.862 1.931 1.165 3 .328
1 weight
More than two samples

One way analysis of variance (ANOVA):

Example:

Two following are three consecutive weeks’ earnings of three salesmen employed
by a given firm:

Salesmen

A B C

152 181 160

175 171 130

124
180 203

Whether differences between salesmen are significant.

Results:

One-way

ANOVA

salesmen

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between Groups 3426.000 2 1713.000 5.955 .038

Within Groups 1726.000 6 287.667

Total 5152.000 8
Post Hoc Tests

Multiple Comparisons

salesmen
LSD

95% Confidence Interval

Mean Difference
(I) group (J) group (I-J) Std. Error Sig. Lower Bound Upper Bound

salesmen A salesmen B -16.000 13.848 .292 -49.89 17.89

salesmen C 31.000 13.848 .066 -2.89 64.89

salesmen B salesmen A 16.000 13.848 .292 -17.89 49.89

salesmen C 47.000* 13.848 .015 13.11 80.89

salesmen C salesmen A -31.000 13.848 .066 -64.89 2.89

salesmen B -47.000* 13.848 .015 -80.89 -13.11

*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

ANOVA - Two way classification

The two way classification is a mere extension of the one-way ANOVA. You will
have two factors for which the population means will have to be compared.

Example:
A supermarket that has a chain of stores is concerned about its service quality
reputation perceived by its customers. The table below shows the perceived services
quality with regard to politeness of the staff. The number in each cell of the table is the
percentage of people who have said that the staff is polite. Perform the two-way ANOVA
and draw your inference about the population means of politeness corresponding to the
days, as well as, the stores.

Day/ Store A B C D E
Monday 79 81 74 77 66
Tuesday 78 86 89 97 86
Wednesday 81 87 84 94 82
Thursday 80 83 81 88 83
Friday 70 74 77 89 68
Results:

Univariate Analysis of Variance

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

Dependent Variable:percentage of people

Type II Sum of
Source Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

day Hypothesis 617.360 4 154.340 8.737 .001

Error 282.640 16 17.665a

store Hypothesis 461.760 4 115.440 6.535 .003

Error 282.640 16 17.665a

a. MS(Error)
Post Hoc Tests

day
 Multiple Comparisons

percentage of people
LSD

95% Confidence Interval

Mean Difference
(I) day (J) day (I-J) Std. Error Sig. Lower Bound Upper Bound

monday tuesday -11.80* 2.658 .000 -17.44 -6.16

wednesday -10.20* 2.658 .001 -15.84 -4.56

thursday -7.60* 2.658 .011 -13.24 -1.96

friday -.20 2.658 .941 -5.84 5.44

tuesday monday 11.80* 2.658 .000 6.16 17.44

wednesday 1.60 2.658 .556 -4.04 7.24

thursday 4.20 2.658 .134 -1.44 9.84

friday 11.60* 2.658 .000 5.96 17.24

wednesday monday 10.20* 2.658 .001 4.56 15.84

tuesday -1.60 2.658 .556 -7.24 4.04

thursday 2.60 2.658 .343 -3.04 8.24

friday 10.00* 2.658 .002 4.36 15.64

thursday monday 7.60* 2.658 .011 1.96 13.24

tuesday -4.20 2.658 .134 -9.84 1.44

wednesday -2.60 2.658 .343 -8.24 3.04

friday 7.40* 2.658 .013 1.76 13.04

friday monday .20 2.658 .941 -5.44 5.84

tuesday -11.60* 2.658 .000 -17.24 -5.96

wednesday -10.00* 2.658 .002 -15.64 -4.36

thursday -7.40* 2.658 .013 -13.04 -1.76

Based on observed means.

The error term is Mean Square(Error) = 17.665.

*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

Post Hoc Tests

store
 Multiple Comparisons

percentage of people
LSD

95% Confidence Interval

Mean Difference
(I) store (J) store (I-J) Std. Error Sig. Lower Bound Upper Bound

store A store b -4.60 2.658 .103 -10.24 1.04

store c -3.40 2.658 .219 -9.04 2.24

store d -11.40* 2.658 .001 -17.04 -5.76

store e .60 2.658 .824 -5.04 6.24

store b store A 4.60 2.658 .103 -1.04 10.24

store c 1.20 2.658 .658 -4.44 6.84

store d -6.80* 2.658 .021 -12.44 -1.16

store e 5.20 2.658 .068 -.44 10.84

store c store A 3.40 2.658 .219 -2.24 9.04

store b -1.20 2.658 .658 -6.84 4.44

store d -8.00* 2.658 .008 -13.64 -2.36

store e 4.00 2.658 .152 -1.64 9.64

store d store A 11.40* 2.658 .001 5.76 17.04

store b 6.80* 2.658 .021 1.16 12.44

store c 8.00* 2.658 .008 2.36 13.64

store e 12.00* 2.658 .000 6.36 17.64

store e store A -.60 2.658 .824 -6.24 5.04

store b -5.20 2.658 .068 -10.84 .44

store c -4.00 2.658 .152 -9.64 1.64

store d -12.00* 2.658 .000 -17.64 -6.36

Based on observed means.

The error term is Mean Square(Error) = 17.665.

*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

Example:

A certain company had four salesmen A,B,C and D each of whom was sent for a
week into three types of area, country area K, outskirts of a city O and shopping centre of
a city S. The sales in pounds per week are shown below:
 Salesmen
District
A B C D
K
30 70 30 30
O
80 50 40 70
S
100 60 80 80

Carry out analyses of variance and interpret the results stating the assumptions under
which your results are valid.

Results:

Two-way ANOVA

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

Dependent Variable:sales

Type II Sum of
Source Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

salemen Hypothesis 600.000 3 200.000 .500 .696

Error 2400.000 6 400.000a

district Hypothesis 3200.000 2 1600.000 4.000 .079

Error 2400.000 6 400.000a

a. MS(Error)