NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MOQUEGUA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 2
2. DEFINITION .................................................................................................................... 3
3. STAGES INVOLVED IN THE DEFINITION OF ESTIMATING UNITS ............... 3
3.1 Geological mapping (Compilation)...................................................................................... 3
3.2 Three-dimensional modeling (geometry, interpretation): ................................................. 3
3.3 Genetic model of the reservoir (knowledge, relation) ........................................................ 4
3.4 Mineralogical Attribution (metallurgical behavior) .......................................................... 4
3.5 Continuity (Units of Estimation) ......................................................................................... 5
4. MODELING A GEOLOGICAL PLANT ...................................................................... 5
4.1 Static Characterization ......................................................................................................... 5
4.2 Simulation numerical............................................................................................................ 5
5. GEOLOGICAL MODEL ................................................................................................ 5
6. METHODOLOGY FOR OBTAINING GEOLOGICAL MODELS .......................... 6
6.1 Exploratory study of databases ........................................................................................... 6
6.2 Cases of study and construction of models ......................................................................... 6
6.3 Checks and validations ......................................................................................................... 6
7. STAGES OF THE GEOLOGICAL MODEL. .............................................................. 7
7.1 STRUCTURAL MODEL ..................................................................................................... 7
7.2 STRATIGRAPHIC MODEL ............................................................................................... 7
7.3 LITHOLOGICAL MODEL................................................................................................. 8
8. GEOSTATISTICS, APPLIED TO MODELING .......................................................... 8
9. TYPES OF SOFTWARE USED IN MINING FOR A MODELING .......................... 9
9.1 SOFTWARE MAPTEK VULCAN ..................................................................................... 9
9.2 SOFTWARE DATAMINE................................................................................................. 10
9.3 MINESIGHT ....................................................................................................................... 10
10. CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................. 11
11. BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................................... 11

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GEOLOGICAL MODELING

1. INTRODUCTION

The modeling work allows the integration of multiple 3D and 2D data sets and
the rapid assessment of real-time scanning objectives.

In any mining operation, understanding of reservoir geology and waste rock is

critical for successful resource estimation, geotechnical engineering, mining
planning and mineral processing.

With a unique combination of structural geology and hands-on mining experience

improves mine development, operations and exploration near the mine. The
integrated mining models will allow to improve mine exploration objectives,
optimize mapping and control of the law.

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2. DEFINITION
A geological model is a 3D representation of geological features such as:
Lithography, oxidation, mineralization, alteration, etc., containing some
chemical element of economic interest (Au, Cu, Fe) and its correct
definition and delimitation is fundamental so that the estimation of Mineral
resources is reliable.

3. STAGES INVOLVED IN THE DEFINITION OF ESTIMATING

UNITS

3.1 Geological mapping (Compilation)

Information on geological facts that are fundamental for the design of a

three-dimensional model.

The information is obtained from surface rocks, trenches, soundings and

tunnels. These sources provide direct observation of rocks and minerals.
Geological information is normally recorded on maps and sections at a
scale appropriate to the stated objectives.

Among the information that is registered, the following are highlighted:

 Type of Rocks
 Faults and folds
 Density of fractures and veins
 Phases of mineralization.

3.2 Three-dimensional modeling (geometry, interpretation):

For practical purposes the geometry of a mineralized zone and its

associated rock is generally determined from a series of plants and sections
in a systematized form.

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These sections generally coincide with the layout of the drill holes and are
generally

Organized perpendicular to the main direction of geological continuity.

3.3 Genetic model of the reservoir (knowledge, relation)

They are conceptual approaches that help to establish the origin and how
this configures the mineralization and geometric characteristics of the
reservoir.

They also contain a prediction element, for example Ton-Law curve.

 Copper streaks
 Layered deposits
 Porphides of copper molybdenum gold
 IOCG type deposits
 etc.

3.4 Mineralogical Attribution (metallurgical behavior)

Detailed mineralogical study of the deposit provides the necessary

approach to establish the assemblies of minerals; relative to its abundance,
spatial variation, granulometric distribution, host rock variability, etc.

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This is fundamental because it directly affects the metallurgical recovery

and therefore the profitability of the project.

3.5 Continuity (Units of Estimation)

Estimating domains are the geological equivalent to stationary geostatistics

zones. And they are defined as a rock volume with mineralization controls
that result in a homogeneous distribution of mineralization.

The spatial distribution of the law within the domains exhibits consistent
statistical properties.

4. MODELING A GEOLOGICAL PLANT

It consists of two stages:

4.1 Static Characterization

It consists of the geological model of the deposit, in the description of the
geological - structural characteristics of the deposit (faults, delimitation of
geological units, types of rocks and their distribution, etc).

4.2 Simulation numerical

It consists of the description of the multiphasic flow and transport model
in the reservoir.

5. GEOLOGICAL MODEL
A geological model corresponds to a mathematical or conceptual
representation of a phenomenon, from input data usually obtained from
drilling, in order to predict the results of the phenomenon in places where
they are unknown. Therefore, geological modeling is generally intended to
interpret the location, shape and volume of geological units. The
information that defines these units generally comes from categorical
variables such as alteration, mineralogy, lithology, among others.

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6. METHODOLOGY FOR OBTAINING GEOLOGICAL MODELS

6.1 Exploratory study of databases

Initially an exploratory study of the data of the conceptual geological
model and of the available soundings is carried out. This is done to know
the basic statistics of both databases. These models are used to recognize
homogeneous regions, with respect to the proportions of lithologies present
in them.

6.2 Cases of study and construction of models

The construction of models is done by the SNESIM algorithm. The selected
training images, the data of the "conditioning probes" and the proportions
of lithologies corresponding to those of the unbound conditioning data are
used as input data. This is done in order to obtain models with spatial
continuity of lithologies between regions.

6.3 Checks and validations

Once the stochastic models are constructed, we proceed to check and
validate the results obtained in each case and sub-case study.

First, the overall and vertical proportions of lithologies obtained in the

models are calculated, then compared with the proportions of the training

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image used. In order to verify the reproduction of the spatial continuities

of the lithologies.

7. STAGES OF THE GEOLOGICAL MODEL.

7.1 STRUCTURAL MODEL

The Structural Model is the three-dimensional geometric representation of
subsoil geological structures. This will allow us to construct maps and
structural sections in order to estimate volumes of hydrocarbons in situ and
select the structurally more propitious areas for drilling wells. The final
product must be a 3D model that allows constructing surfaces and
structural sections, following different methodologies depending on the
complexity and availability of information.

7.2 STRATIGRAPHIC MODEL

The objective of the Stratigraphic and Sedimentological Model is to
generate a spatial geometric representation of the existing reservoirs in a
reservoir, so as to be able to organize them as mapeable units, establishing
their distribution and relationships in order to develop the reservoir.

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7.3 LITHOLOGICAL MODEL

It will be elaborated with the objective of determining the type of reservoir
rock of simple lithology (sand / clay or carbonate / clay), or of complex
lithology (carbonates, volcaniclastics, tuffs, igneous rocks, etc.).

8. GEOSTATISTICS, APPLIED TO MODELING

Geostatistics is a tool used for the study of phenomena that extend in space
and that present to a greater or lesser extent an organization or spatial
structure. In the case of mining, its application is useful to understand and
study regionalized variables, such as law, density, rock type, granulometry

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and metallurgical recovery. The main objective is to generate models using

estimation or simulation techniques.
The obtaining of a good geological model allows:
 To generate better models of laws, due to the possible geological
control (lithologic or of mineralizing flows) on the presence of the
minerals of interest.
 To know the geotechnical quality (hardness, presence of structures) of
the rock, which allows to estimate costs of crushing and grinding.

9. TYPES OF SOFTWARE USED IN MINING FOR A MODELING

The different types of software help the planning engineer determine the
tactical plan of the underground or surface mine. Tactical mine planning
is the detailed plan required to achieve strategic goals.
These products allow us to see the results graphically in 3D, either from
development planning or production, with which we can visually see the
evolution of what has been programmed.

9.1 SOFTWARE MAPTEK VULCAN

It is the leading software in 3D modeling and mine planning that covers the
entire mining cycle.

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9.2 SOFTWARE DATAMINE

DATAMINE Is the world leader in Integrated Software for the natural
resource industry, The most common uses of the system are; exploration,
geology, geochemistry, rock mechanics, topography, geological modeling,
mine design at Open Sky and Underground.

9.3 MINESIGHT
It is software with 3D graphics of Mining Planning for each stage of a
Project, from exploration to production.

This software is used by professionals of the mining industry as surveyors,

engineer geologists and miners; having a wide variety in mining operations
such as open pit, Underground and Non-Metallic Mining

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10.CONCLUSIONS

 The creation of a geological model is one of the first stages in the

estimation of resources and requires a thorough knowledge of the
reservoir and a validated database.
 Depending on the parameters used in the modeling, such as number
of sets of sections, shared walls and respecting the probing intercept,
the model will have a lower or greater degree of uncertainty.
 It is vital to validate the geological models, since they are an
important part of the chain that leads to the decision making in our
field.

11.BIBLIOGRAPHY

 http://www.srk.com/es/nuestros-servicios/servicios-mineros/ww-
geologia - minera
 https://geologiaminera.jimdo.com/geoestadistica-minera/
 https://es.slideshare.net/Rojivilchis/miyp

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