Cooking is a significant activity in human life since we are naturally depending on foods.

Foods are converted into energy to power human’s continued existence. The characteristic
of ingredients changes as the heat transfer not only to raise the temperature but also create
changes in structure. There are several types of cooking method such as baking, roasting,
grilling, frying, boiling, and simmering.

According to Badan Pusat Statistic, the fuel used by Indonesian for cooking in 2016 is in
the following table
Fuel The percentage
Electricity 0.85
Gas 72.38
Kerosene 3.78
Charcoal 0.19
Wood 21.57
other 1.24

Today Indonesian households mainly use liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and firewood to
meet most of their cooking needs. The BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik) 2016, shows that about
72.38 percent of all households now rely on LPG as their main cooking fuel. LPG use is
subsidized, with about 40 percent of it imported. However, international price fluctuations
could affect the government’s fiscal ability to maintain today’s level of price subsidy. If
subsidies were reduced and retail prices raised, many households would likely shift to
firewood as an alternate fuel.

The percentage of firewood as fuel is 21.57%. they tend to have higher proportions of
lower-income households. Furthermore, the users don’t even know that they face a problem
such as air pollution. Air pollution could lead to asthma, lung tuberculosis, and acute
respiratory infections, particularly amongst children. Each year, Indonesia suffers an
estimated 165,000 premature deaths because of household air pollution. Most of the deaths
occur in poor households.

Currently the final energy supply is dominated by nonrenewable energy resources such as
oil, gas and coal which contributed for 75% of the final energy consumption and
Indonesia’s natural gas consumption increased by 2.65% in 2017. This situation makes the
government and the energy society worry as the fossil energy resources and supply will be
diminished in the future. Moreover, the country is a major exporter of natural gas and an
important global energy supplier. On the other hand, the utilization of new and renewable
energy resources has not been optimized due to its high production cost and worsen by the
subsidy policy on fossil energy where LPG is used for cooking. As a result, Indonesia must
give a struggle due to the combination of their declining domestic production and
increasing domestic consumption.
Solar energy is one of the most promising source of clean, renewable energy and it has the
greatest potential than any other power resource to solve the world’s energy problems.
Since Indonesia is a tropical country and located in the equator line, the country has an
abundant potential of solar energy. Most of Indonesian areas get an average daily radiation
approximately around 4 kWh/m2 of quite intense of solar radiation.