Professional Documents
Culture Documents
cBPNF£ºmBfOFkÀO.²4BkNBP OS BkQORF£DGF£O ´NcORF£vB ²4BkH F£Op Q RRB R · OS ² O
H4§ÀL
ªvS ¿¶B OR  B c OS ¿¶ IH ¢Bf · A ²³Q BkQ ·k´ÀHJ'² $ FQ=BP Bfµ
HF£c² F£~O = Q $ ORF£N³¦ = ²4BPQ¯c²³².´FIQ$BPOFkN_· »PORS§O BfO cFQ¨BPNH8ORBcQOFIQ$Bk
´ R ~ $LĪvS DGF¸OTBPF£ºmBfOFk±k  F£F£ORB ¤i~O £F NQ kÌOS D k'OS vB
fDGFIH H°B-´F£ORBP»N cBkFº=BfORF£cNBPÀ[O ´NQ¯O´ R · OS ¾ $®G £cF¸OTBfOFkKBPNHKHFR ²µ
F£NBPOFkÍP c²³².´FIQ$BPOFkN-¤i~O £F£ NQ L0J' O $ ORS WB ¬ÄSf D $ ¬¹OS BkHF£
F£~O £F ÀQ cBkF£ºmBfORF£c°vBk F£²³FNBfO HFKORS $ BPaH ²³k»F£Fº=BPOFk¹L
¿F¸ORSÊB4NBcQ ~O¨ À P0FcO $ NBfORF£cNBPg² NBcQ BkNH $ SNB C»NBc H9k9ORS
BEDk BP»N WB ORF£² v ¯® $ F NQ ¬kBfOÄOS Q¯kÀQ¯´N§FkPOS ¦ BfO!¿¶B ¬EORS '¼ NF¸O H
¢~ORBPO ¨· OS ÝN [O¨OF² Q R BfO HÊBKÀBfOFkÀBP£µ{ D F£~O £F ÀQ cBPNF£ºmBfOFkƬÀB
Q R~ OkkcFQ0 cBPNF£ºmBfOFkÆL$ªvSFIÆvBk  ¤rµ ¬ [kFcOR ·´ÀH H.» ORS W¼ L ¢aLEJ ² BPNH
OS ¢~OTBfO A $ B O² ~O=¬kF¸ORS³k² ©BED B ORFQ$F BfOFkƬPBPNH-S BcH H-» M = » $ O
Á L
_B H = LxªvS §O k  ¤rµ ¬´N§´ÀBP 9 f » F£OR¾Q¯c£ ·´NgFIQ NBP² ¬ÀORS
È ËWBcQ . SNBP²-» = ¬ È FIÄ ¸µ f¹¬E§¨F¸O!FIÄPO! Q RB R O Q¯c´~OF£OR $® £cF¸OT
S $R Ã
´ 8Q F£OvO8RB OSNBPOOSFI cBkFº=BfORF£c8vBk´NQ$Q R[·´¹BkcBkF£N§OB-G´²-» =
P· R FkKHF k²4BPOFIQ@Q R~ Oc [O ²4vH´ F£N-ORS $L
Ð_Ú~´NBP ¸µ fFOS H ²³F k!OS ËpIBkQ SNBk².» $ ¬À²4B Rk H» ORS
² OSFIQ$Bk_²³ BP_´O§O $ BPNQ @k'¢ Q R OTB R P¢~OTBfO M ¢~ORF£²4k¹¬gS FI.BP£µ
HOR°SNBED BkFH È ¦ ~O ² Hk Û O R BcHPORS $ ~OR ² Û '²4BPF È ¢~ORF£²4k
F¸ORSNH R OS ¢~ORBPO A $ B OR² ~O Û @·´ÀHF£N9 c² Â ¤rµ IB · »´NH OTB R
BkkNaF@ORS ¦ R BPOgA =R R§Fk¹¬ ¯Üx Q¯OFD Q¯cF£F¸OÄHf¹Lm¢´»N Ú~´ ~OgO'ORS
Q¯c´ P Â ¤rµ CF ¬
_B H $@ ´»FS H-SFI ¯® c kÀJ'² $ FIQ$BP³Q¯H » R B µ
F£À¬ÆªvS J² = FIQ$Bk±ËpIBkQ É SNBP²-» = L¹ªvSFI@»G Q=BP´N H¶Ñ~B Bk¹¬¹BP²³kNkOS =
Q¯k´NcO F =¬¹ORÅQTSNBk F£ORQ¯c²²-´FIQ$BPOFkN Q$´ F¸O ¶ BkQORFQ =¬¹F£OSFNQ R Bc§F
H $ NH NQ k²³BcQTSF §O ²³vFOS =L
¿SNBfO D = OS O ´ORS k¾¢~ORF£²4k Û 4§ORBfO ² ~Om¬!OS 9¼ L ¢xLpJ ² BkNHÍ©CBED ¬
· OS F B O=¬vBP~O H¶OÅcÅc BkHF kOS = ~O ² Û -²4BPF LĪvS ©BED
c² ORS !» ~BP8»N´F£IHF³BP8 ~BPFº=BPOFk· Q RG Oc£ckFIQ'BkQ¯OFD~F£OF =¬GBPNH
¯® BPÀH HKOSNF' $ DGFQ FOS =ÃGF¸O'vBk F²³B F Q¯kÀQ $ H°F£OSO BkF£F
F£~O = Q $ OC $ BfO BkNH9Q RG ORBkNBP [OTvS8Wk´IH» - BkH · À = BPOFkN'F£
Q$Bk P¾WB L0ªvS J ² ¬Ä· F£OR B O=¬0F SF R H c P¾F¸OT°Q¯cN´¸OTBP~OR=¬
¿F££FIBP² W!L F H²4BP¹¬GOR³· ² B²³GH $ 9¢F£cNBPa¤i~O £F ÀQ ¢ $ DGFQ 4¥ ¢G¤§¢«¯L
" #%$'&(#*),+
Á ÅJ F- N~c Û A¨B F£ ¬¿F£FIBP². F H²4BPÅ Q$k² HORS .ÝÀ §OP!ORS R $
Q R~ OkkcF§ORS SNBkHÞSF R HÞ· OS ¢¤§¢xLCMF ÝN §O ² £ c $ WBc/ BP ˨L
½f O§Om¬cB c´¾²4BfORS ²4BfORFQ$FBk4S@vBk!» k´NkS~OÄO¿ÉBkSFPORk4Bk0B0[´NF£
Q R~ ORBPÀBP §O@Bf2O 1 ¬ °À =¨c B L¹¢GS OR BP O = ¬3 F H²4BP¶» k´cS~O¨F¶J» Bfµ
SNBP²¢GF fD¶BPNH¢Gc£c²³k5 4¾´£»NBcQ / 6 O[W BcH´NBfO ¾kWORS F£O k P
© 7
0 R8 6 F£~OR ORS $ DGFQ LxÑkcSÅM'´ Om¬xB8ORBk cO H Ñ~B BP £Fk´NF§O=¬S
SNBkHOS BkHNH H BkHDfBkcOTBP P¨B c R R§²4Bk±· BPÍ´NQ$ ¬!WBc.SF R HIBfO $ L
².´ÀQTS°PÆOS H Q=BkH OS $ $ D H°Bk_OS G´NQ¯ ´NWk¹OS J ² xÛ vQ R~ OkkcFQ
= DGFIQ L
Æt ³| u$eG
ªvS cBPNF£ºmBfOFkÀBP BcQ ² ~Ovk!¢¤§¢x¬F£O§Sc´IH°» PO Ha¬NWBcpNPO'F  F££µ
F¸OTB R ¤i~O F£ NQ ¬a»´O@ORS J ² ¢GFkNBk R $Lx¤rOT F£²4B R ²³FRF£c¶vBk¾H µ
D~FIF£Q RG O~ §O ²³'· @¼ Lz¢xLx´N ¬xF£OSÊOS k´OFk k0· R FkÊ §O ²4¾Bk¨B
Q¯kÀHB R BkQ¯OFDGF¸O LcªvS J ² BPO0OSFI!ORF£² C DGF£ÀQ H³²³FF²³BkNF~O $R §O0F À BkQ µ
OF² ¢¤§¦¨¤[©ª¾¬ $® Q $ OOR k $ = F£IQ¯´ RR ~OWF9Q$Bc PÄvB L
¿F££FIBP² F H²4BP fD HOR±» BÉ NF£´N°BfO8O BkF£FBkNH ´O°SFI°§ORB Ü
OS k´cS Fk c´N $®G = Q$F =¬ÆFNQ$£´NHF£¶Q¯H ´N H±FORS ¦ R BPO.¿ÉB ¬ Ý -P
OS ËWBcQ Ì SNBP²-» = ¬!BPÀH ´NHF² ~ORB R ²4BkQTSF §O ²³=L!ªvSFI R cF£² ÌvBk
DEBk£FIHBPO H-» ORS D ~O´NBkBkQTSF D ² ~ORÄkNORSF0 k´ ¡EFOS $ F£H- k²
O
! ¬Æ¢G¤§¢ÉQ RG Oc£ckFI[OT¾[OR´NHF H D ±Ñ~B Bk HF £c²4BfOFIQ8BkNH¶²FF¸OTB R
BfO§OTBkQTS [O ²4 6 BPNHkD H8OS ²L
ªvS ©CBED xÛ .Q G ORkkkFIQ³ cBkFº=BfORF£c¶H D £ À HQ¯cNFH = Bk» F£WF£ ¯® µ
£cF¸ORF£N°ÑcB BP Q¯k²³²-´FIQ$BfORF£cN'H´ F = OC²4Bk ´D $ $LªvS F HFIQ$fD = F
P!ÑcB BP NBEDfBP = B R H RvBPNHF c ÑcB BP §O BfO kF vF9Q$Bc PÄvB
» O[ = ¶OS O[p Q$k´~O F ¾S H¶ORS °¼ Lz¢xLgNBEDfBP0 F Q$k²³²4BPNH = @O R µ
DfBP´NBfO OS F f kFQ$F BPNH BkQ¯OFIQ =L
¤iF¸ORFBk c R R4vBkK²³BcH BPcBkF£À[OKk² ÑcB BP HF £c²4BfOFIQʲ RBP
Hk F.O BcHF£OFkNBkG [O ²4=¬fS ¹¬fF ¬mW R F¨Bk!BO Bk²¬ BP ½'f O§O
BPNH¢Gc£c²³k 4¾´£»NBcQ H O Q¯O H ¯® kF£ORBP»N B R xF£BÑ~B Bk ²4BkQTSF
Q¯F S $-È J'NkG F_ª GÀ J È ´N HÉ» ORS F£c  F£NF§O R LJ@ORS $ » cBk¶O
BkH² RBP NQ¯F S = H.FORSFI! §O ²¬mOS J² $ FQ=BPNcBED F£OÄOS Q¯H NBP²
½'Ð_A 6 ORS ³ÝN [OQ¯c£ P_ORS À QO ´² · OS ³ÝN §OQ¯F S = ²³BcQTSF BkQ¯O´NBk£
§c£D HaL
ËpkOS J ² BkNHÍ©CBED Q R~ ORBPÀBP §ORkD HOS Ñ~B Bk ½'Ð_A [O ²¬
F£NH $ NH ~O k BkQTSÉPORS $ BkNH¶F£¶ORS RBP² $ BPÄORF£² BP² LgªvS 4 Pµ
H´NQORF£c±P R BP_F£~O £F ÀQ k²OS Q$F S $ ²³BcQTSF @k'B kO ~ORFBk0· R Fk
² Ú~´FQ Q$BP² O ORS BfO§O ~OFkÌP'ORS J ² BP´ORS F¸ORF $L½f O§O R µ
Q$BP HÌOSNBPO4· OS 9ÝN [O³OF² OS F ²FF¸OTB R §´ À = F » cBPBcQ$Q¯ HF£±¢G¤§¢
À = k BP R À QO=L  R F² OTBP~O ¬GORS J ² FNQ R Bc HK¢G¤§¢ R k´ Q $¬
BPNHKSNBkH F H²4BPH BE´ k´IBfORF£cN_cKHFI§O F£»´OFkPÆORS H Q G O H°²³BPµ
O $ FIBP{¬mQ$£~ ¾R §O FQ¯OF'ORSc SCpc´IH@» cF£D BkQ=Q ÆOCF¸OmLEªvSNF²4B SNBED
» = KOS ¨ÝN [OFN§ORBPÀQ PB³Q$k² B O² cOTBfORF£c k BP²FK²³H = J'² $ FQ=BP
F£~O £F ÀQ BkQ¯OFD~F£OF =L
pG ORkkkFIQ¨ $ BfORF£cNv D $'R ²4BkF£9§ORBfORFQk¬NSf D $ ¬BPNHKORS J² = FIQ$BkN
BP_OR~¶§Gc±£~[O-OS F BkQ=Q R@OR ORSFFNFH F£· ²³BPOFk¹Lg¤i » ´NB R ¬
ÑcB BP Û F£c  FFI[O F£~O H´NQ HÇOS 0ª
¨ÎpÐ!µiË F S $  BkQTSF ¬NFQ µ
NBP² HÉÎ ¼ ½'ÎpÏÆÐ » J² = FIQ$Bk±Q R~ ORBPÀBP OT$L¹ªvS ÑcB BP HF§O F£»N´O H¶OSFI
²³BcQTSF OROS F ²³c§OKF² OTBP~O ².»NBcF 6 ¿¶Bc§SNF£kOc¹¬pË $ F£¹¬v½c² ¬
BPNHÊϹkÀHk 6R Q$F OS~ GQ=BfORF£cN' k²SNFQTS ¼ Lz¢xL c£FIQ ²4B c $ '²³c§O
WBkcO HKF£· ²³BPOFk¹LÀªvS J'² $ FIQ$BPÀv = BP»N O $® £cF¸OÎ ¼ ½'ÎpÏÆÐ B ORFBk£
´~OF  B * ¬NS 9ORS Ñ~B Bk FcO H´ÀQ HŧFkF Ý Q=BP~O Q¯´ F£O F² fD µ
² ~ORvOR-ORS §O ²L
¤rOKOR~ ¼ Lz¢xLJ ² Q RG ORBkNBP [OT8´~OF¾BPO ©'fD ².» $* OR R Q¯fD $
BPNH H´NQ ´ÀBk» H Q RG OR¨ k² OSFIF² fD H¶Î ¼ ½'Î_ÏgÐ §O ²L ¥ ¤rvOSFI
= ² ¯® Q F£D ¬fF£OWSk´NH³» kO HORSNBfOWBf O = ORS vB ¬kJ'² $ FIQ$BP8Q G ORkkcF§OR
U G|~oWu$][\§b
HFRQ¯fD $R H.OSNBPO0OS F ¦ $ ²4BP4Q¯c´~O = B OT!SNBcHBkBfOO ² O H4OS Î ¼ ½'ÎpÏÆÐ
§O ² 6 BPNH. BPF 3H z«¿SF£ ORS Q RG O~ §O ² F£OR £aWBcNBP² H³Î ¼ ½'ÎpÏÆÐ'¬EORS
H´ÀQOÆk¢¤§¢ ¯Ü OR=¬¯OSÀBfOÆFI$¬mH Q G OT R $ B HC· Q$F Q¯´IBfORF£c¹¬$ $R §ORBP² H
F¸ORSOS pR §O FQ¯OFD Q¯H W H  J'¦¨¤ 6 B cRF£» W $R NQ O¨¿F£FBk²7 F HGµ
²³Bk Û W·kNH [ c OSNBPO'SFQ R~ ORBPÀBP §ORW $R ¨È ²4BPkFIQ¯FIBPÀ$L È
¤iKBkHNHF¸ORF£c8OR³kDGF£NOS [O ²¬¢G¤§¢ $ k aH F£c H°F¸O ²4vP Ú~´F µ
² ~OOR¶ $ HOS Q F£N P¾Î ¼ ½Î_ÏÆÐLA BEF£ÊkÌOS ORBk cOTP¨Ï
½c ¹¬ÀB R $ D 8Q $ F£OS B»NBkQ c´NH8F Q¯O FQ=BP kF $ = FÀ¬N¢G¤§¢Q R µ
BfO H9B Bk k Ú~´F ² ~O=¬NFNQ$£´NHF£KBP È BkNBPk È SFIQTS9Wk´IH NBk» BP´ORPµ
²³BPOFIQ@H Q G ORF£cKkÎ ¼ ½'ÎpÏÆÐ!µr»NBc H8² RBk $L
ªvS BP»FF¸O O R BkH ½'ÐpA BPNH Î ¼ ½'ÎpÏÆÐ H¢G¤§¢ F£~ORQ¯G $ BfORF£cÌF£OS
OS 9¼ Lz¢xL_©CBED L!ªvS BP²³k´NcO³P¨²4BfO = FIBPvFGDkkD Ha¬!Q¯c² k´NNH HÍ» PORS
Q R§F³OF² ¬SNBkH» c´kS~O'ORS J ² OR°§SÀB R OS Q R Ok!½Ð_A F¸ORS F¸OT
§FI[O $ $ DGFQ LªvS BP»NF£F¸O O ¯® kF£O'Î ¼ ½'Î_ÏgÐÌ BfO FNQ R Bc H4ORS $ H8·
F£~O = µi $ D~FIQ Q¯G $ BfORF£c¹LGªvS ©BED xÛ p cBkF£ºmBfORF£c¹¬ Á Î0µ µ[¦¬cSNBcH°Bc OT_ORS
J ² HFIHÉkO=¡ÆB» O§O $ cF£OFk¶O Q$k QOÑcB BP Q$k²³².´NFQ=BfORF£cN@BPNH¶B
B $v GcaP!ÑcB BP µ O BkF£ H4IBPc´NBP 8Q $ =¬GO³» kFF¸ORS¹L
ªvS Bk R BcH µrQ$k² FQ=BfO H R IBfORF£cN§SNF » O[ = ÍOS J ² BkNH ©BED » µ
Q$BP² Q¯cNFH = Bk» ² Q$k² ¯® FOS §O ´kc OR $® £cF¸OÎ ¼ ½'ÎpÏÆÐL~¿S
J ² BkNBP [OT'H §Fk HBP9BPNBk£c³²³BcQTSF O8 $ H9Î ¼ ½'ÎpÏÆÐ R Q$fD $ F =¬cF£O
WBc0Q¯cN[O ´ÀQO H³» OS ©BED BfO0ORS ¿ÉBkSF£NPOc8©BED
_B H¹¬kSFIQTS4SNBkH³²³
¯®À = F ÀQ F°²4B FQ R~ Ok B SFIQH DGFIQ $L¢G´»N Ú~´ ~O ¬~OS ©BED Q¯G $ µ
BfO HF¸ORS-ORS J ² F£4Q$k QOF¾² RBk O B 8Qk¬PBPNH²4B F@Q¯H R Q¯fD $ F $L
M'f D = ¬POS O[p = DGFIQ !·k´NNH³OS ²4 £D WQ¯c² ORF£N-F ¯® kF£OFBPNH8HF§µ
O F£»´OF ORS ° H´NQ¯O=¬ B OFIQ¯´IB D F£N9· OS F£DGF kHFR ²³F£NBPOF
H Q G OTWO8 F Q¯FDGF£FIBP 8Q¯FIBPI$L
ªvS O[W = DGFIQ @O F HÉDEB Fk´ÀQTS ² ¾ORÅBEDkcFHÉH´ £FIQ$BPOFk±k $Ü O-F£
Q R§FÎ ¼ ½Î_ÏÆÐÞ´~ORF£ Ý NBP OS = BP = H OSNBPO@OS ©CBED pc´H Q R
Î ¼ ½Î_ÏÆÐ;² RRBP k HHGµr~´N².» $R H HB $¬vORS J ² k D µrG´².» $R H
k $LxªvSFIvBkCB8Q¯´²-» = k² [O ² F£OS R Ú~´ ~O kFcOTk_Q¯c NFIQOC»N´OCF£O
WBc'BP9F² OTBP~OC§O $ ORfWB HF~O $ $ D~FIQ Q$~ À = BPOFkF9OS Sk Q R
PQ RG Oc£c LgAC´ FÅOS WB ¬BPkOS = §O = vBk@OTB c ÌBcORS O[WÅ $ DGFQ
¯® QTSNBPN H°£FIBPFIk 8Q = pO BkQTSPORS $ Û Q G ORkkcFQ cBPNF£ºmBfOFkÆL
JOS ²³F£F¸OTB R F£OR £ $®G BPNH H9F OS IBfO =¬À¢G¤§¢ÅBPNH Á Î!µ µ[¦ BPI§
¯® BPÀH Ha¬BkNH S ÇvB Q$Bk² ¬WOS É ¯® BkNF£c » Q$Bk² ²³ R Å B FIHaLv¿F£OS
OS BcHD cO8k¨vB ¬_¢G¤§¢Í²³fD H k² F¸OT³OF Ú~´NB O = ³FBÉDfBP´£O H B B¶F£
OS  ´F£OFkÀËW´FIHF£NÅFÍHf~Of±¿ÉBkSFPORk¹¬ÄA-L L¬OÉJ £FPORkÌMCBP
¢~ORBPOFk¹¬~B¾· ² $ cF I Û RQTSGkBkQ ~ORS ÎÄkOk²4BcQvF£ CF kFFIBLcªvS ©BED BPI§
²fD HF£OR¾Q RG Oc£ckFIQ@S BkHÚ~´NB O $ vO Â O=L $ cÅJQ=BkH ² ¬xB4· ² = cF Û
QTSGcaF£ OSG §O¿¶Bc§SFkOkÆL
Ñk´N§O F ORCORS ¼ Lz¢xL cO F~O¨OS ¢ Q¯cNH-¿Ê IH¿ÉB ¬EOS ¼ F¸O H4¢~OTBfO
BPNH4¦ R BfO0Ë F¸OTBPF» ~BP³Q$Bk´OFk´N ¯® QTSNBPN kÀO QTSFIQ$BkF£· ²³BPOFk¹¬kF£NQ$£´ÀHGµ
F£K§c² SNB F4P!HBPORB4cQ G OTBPNBk F=LNÐpBkQTSWBc'H FkS~O HO8 B OSÀBfO
OS POS $ SNBkH³²4BkH ²4B [ k´OFkN0O@ORS Q R~ Oc [O ²4!´N H8» ORS F Q$k²µ
²c ²³F $¬f¦ $ ²4BP BkNH@ÑcB BP 6 ORS p¼ L ¢aLmBkcBPFN§OÆÎ ¼ ½'Î_ÏgÐ'¬m¦ R BPOÆË F£ORBkF£
Æt ³| u$eG
BPcBkF£À[O'Ð_©¤§¦  J¬NOS ¦ $ ²³BkSF£cSµr D g §O ²L ¥ ËWPOSORS .¼ L ¢xLJ ² BPNH
©BED SNBkHÊ = B BfO Bk R $ ² cOT'F£OSÊOS Ë F¸ORFSÅ ~BPFº=BPOFkÀ«¯LÀªvSFI¾§SNB F
WBc [´N§Opk BkQ¯O BP²³kN@²³Bk Bc Q¯OR0kaWB ORF£² Q¯G À = BPOFk³» O[ = 4ORS
O[p.Q$k´~O F =¬P»´OWF¸OvQ = OTBPF S H4»´NF£IH8BkFH³»NF£IBfO $ BPNW R F£N R IBfORF£cµ
§SF L
+
ªvS Ðp©'¤§¦  J » cBkÌBk-BÅQ¯c²³² = Q$FBk_²4BkQTSNF£ ¬B c´NH¶ORS ORF£² P'¿¶ H
¿¶B ¤¬v»´OvBkKPO9BP FF£OFIBP@´NQ$Q R 6 F¸O9vBk4ORGÌ B BkS BcHPF£ORKOF²
BPNH OG $®À N§FD · »´À§F R =LMf D $ ¬F£ÅOS $¬NOS ¦ $ ²4BP¶©BED
B HORSNBfO¨OS Ë F¸ORFSÊ©CBED SÀBkH » k O BcHF£OFkNBkĦ = ²4BP¶Q¯H CH´ F
¿Ê IH@¿ÉB ¤¬fBPNHk´NkS~OB ² OSHk k = $ FCF¸OTQ$k²³².´NFQ=BfORF£cNg Q$´ R L
ªvS ©CBED BcH O HÇB̲³HF ÝN HÇD $ F£cPORS Q$k²³² $ Q¯FIBP¾Ð_©¤§¦  J¬BPÀHa¬
D ~O´NBk£ ¬OS ¦ = ²4BP¶J ² BkNHÅJF Q BkBcH O HÅF¸Om¬x²³B F£F£O¨ORS
p S Pp¦ $ ²4BP9²³F£F£ORB Q¯c²²-´FIQ$BPOFkN' Q$´ F¸O F£ OBPNH9H´ F
¿Ê IH¿ÉB ¤§¤L ¥ ©'PO OSNBPO4Ðp©'¤§¦  J 6 B¶¦ R $ = p H±² BPFÉB ´º=º$
² [O $R 6 vBk¾ORS BcQO´ÀBP0O BcH ²4B ÀBP² · OS ¦ = ²4Bk¶²4BcQTSF£ ¬ÆNPO.B
Q¯H ÀBP² » [ORf H°cKF£O'» OS J'£F T«L
Ð_BkQTS ¦ = ²4BP $ DGFQ ´N H Ðp©'¤§¦  J²4BkQTSF F¸ORSÅ£FkS~OCDfB FIBP~OR c²
OS PORS $ CO9´F¸O@F£OR¾fÉ Q$FBkIJFF¸OTB R $ H=L N @ $® Bk² ¬OS ¦ $ ²4BP
©BED ¬c²~[Ov Q¯´ F£O Q$kNRQ¯Fk´N0PaOS $ D~FIQ $¬cBkHH H4² QTSNBkFIQ$BPN BPO´ R pBPNH
QTSNBP H Q H´ R @ k²ORF£² O ORF£² L¤iÌ $ BP{¬ÆSf D $ ¬aOS Ð_©¤§¦  J
B B _O³» B§F² H DGFQ ¡GF£OvFIvBP QO c² QTSNBkFQ=BPxH DGFIQ SFIQTS°´N vB
Q¯k²-»FNBfORF£ck POR ¥· POTBfOF4HFI T«vBPNH £´~vO NQ¯F S = ² RBk v O§O =
» O§O $ Lk¤rOR0² QTSNBPNFQ=BPNBkNH QO FIQ$Bk $ BfORF£cNÄ $R [OTBfO µ{k µ ORS µiB O!F£³ORS
=¬fBPNH.OS ¦ = ²4BkNÄSNBkHc~H Bkk.O@» F D OSNBPO!OS Ðp©'¤§¦  J Wk´NH
k $ = ORS F Q$k²³².´NFQ=BfOFkÀWBk»Nk´O Q$´ R L
A F£O F£ORvk»GDGFk´NW[O PORSN=¬cORS Ð_©¤§¦  JH DGFQ vBkvkD H4» ²³BPOS µ
²³BPOFIQ$Bk¹BPNBk FvFOS $LªvS ÎÄc£FI§S F S $ Ëp´ BP´¹¬BkRF§O H°» BF¸OO
F£NFIH F· ²4BfORF£c°BP»k´O_OS ²4BkQTSNF£ ¬~Q=BP² O-Bk8´NH $ [OTBPNHF-PÆF£ORW $ µ
BfOFkÀBPIJ OSNGHN¨BkNHÅH DGF HŲ OSNGHN¾PpkDGF£Ð_©¤§¦  Jµr»NBc H ² RBk $L
 c§O¨k0OS ÎÄc£FI§SŲ OSH¨ $R OR~£f ORK» ´N H FÊQ$k².»ÀBfO¨F£O´NBPOFkN=¬
»´OORS F S $ ËW´ BP´ Û ¾²4BfORS ²4BfORFQ$FBkN@FGD ~O H±B²4BkQTSF ORS $ Q$Bk£ HÉB
»Àc².» ¬kSNFQTS4Wk´IH4B N OS F H Q R~ OFk F£NQ$F ! Bk§O = OSÀBP4ORS SG´²4BP
SNBPNHQ$k´IH°W R L
A F£O c~HÊF£~O £F NQ kÊOS ¦ $ ²³Bkʲ³F£F£ORB ¬¹ÎÄkIBPNH 0S ÊORS
©BPº=F@BPO§OTBkQ k H 6 OS ¦ = ²4Bkʲ³F£F£ORB vBkCORS » [O@F¶OS W H¹LxMf D = ¬
» · R ORSFSNB Ha¬vOS ÎÄkFI§S F S = Ëp´ BP´ÇSNB R HOS Q R OPORS
Ð_©'¤§¦  J ²³BcQTSF ¬FNQ¯´NHF³SfÇO4Q¯cN[O ´ÀQO»Àc².» vF£OSOS NQTSBPNH
OS Ë F¸ORFS¹L
¦ BfOË F¸OTBPF Û Ä¦¨fD $ ² ~O H BkNH F S = ¢QTSGk ¥ ¦ . ¢«¯¬fF¸OT Q RG µ
OkkcFQW ~BPFº=BPOFk¹¬ ´Op R BfO $Ü OTÄF£~ORF£² fDGF£NCORS À = H4BPÀH 8Q¯F NQ
P¹ORS »k²-» L~J²³k-OS~ S.W Rk H³k8F£Ov = J'IBP°ªg´ F£BPNH¦¨ Hk
U G|~oWu$][\§b
¿ QTS²4Bk¹LƦ ; ¢ÊBPI§Q R BPO HÊBk 8Q¯F ~O@ cBkF£ºmBfORF£c9· FcO $ Q = OF
¦ $ ²³Bk ²FF¸OTB R Q¯c²³².´FIQ$BPOFkN=¬ Q RF£¶ORS ² BPNH BkR§F¶OS Å §´£µ
ORBP~OWF£~O £F ÀQ OR-Q¯c²³²³BkNH = 0Ú~´FIQ LcªvS Q R O_F~O £F£ NQ H = FD H c²
Ð_©'¤§¦  J H Q G OTvWBcv²³B c H°F¸ORSKORS Q¯H p H ¼ Ϫ½'J.L
¿S OS ¼ F£O H ¢~ORBPO BPNH¦ BfO'Ë F£ORBkF£» ~BPQ¯G $ BfORF£³F ¢GF£cNBPI
¤icO £F NQ H´ FvORS ¿ÉB ¬ ¼ Lz¢xL=Q G ORkkcFQ cBkFº=BfORF£cN B H¨²-´NQTS¨ c²
OS Ë F£OFI§SƬEBkNHa¬EF. BcQO=¬P¢G¤§¢.BPNH Á Î!µ µi¦Í²³H HOS F HFI[O F»´ORF£c- [O ²4
k ORSNBfO¾P_OS F BP LaÐ0D ~O´NBk£ ¬ÀOBEDkcFH Q$k·´À§Fk¹¬aBk£SFkSµr D H Q RG OR=¬
S ORS $ c² ¦ $ ²4BP³ ÑcB BP Q$k²³².´NFQ=BfORF£cN$¬f $R IBP» H Èk¼ Ϫ½'JL È
¢GF£cNBPIĤi~O £F£ NQ v fD H-BCIBP» µrF£~O NF£D »´À§F R=¬ D F¸ORS³BcHDfBPNQ H
²³BcQTSF g§´NQTSBcaORS »k²-» ¬=»´O=¬=Ok ORS $ ¬¯ORS p¼ L ¢xLEBPÀH@Ë F£OFI§S@ ~BPFº=BPOFkN
H D H9B8W R F£N8 §O ²;ORSNBfO¨cBED ORS F F£ BcH $ 'BPÀH Q¯c²²4BkNH $
´ R Q H cO H°O GÀ 'BPNHBP²³c´~ORvP! Q R OF· ²4BfORF£c¹L
Ê _Ù[0Ô N§Ô 'Ø
É×
¤rO0²FkS~O!» B c´ HOSNBPO0¿Ê IH-¿¶B ¤¤gvBkgORS vÝN [OÄO ´ È F· ²4BfORF£c.vB L È ¤rO
FBk.O ´ ORSNBfOORS @¼ F£O H¢GORBfO WF²4Bk vB 0·c´NHKF¸OT ¸ÄF££µ N = B R H³·
kk»NBkWB BfO_OS » kFFN¬cF£~O £F ÀQ F· ²4BfORF£c» Fc F² OTBP~O_Fµ
[OTBPNQ ¡GJ'² $ FQ=B Û _²³F£F£ORB vBk0· Q H³O Ý kS~Ovk8´N BP²³F£FIB c~ORpS $R ORS
[OTBfO PWF£~O £F NQ Bk H9 k²»NB BcH Ú~´NBPO Okµ $® FI§O ~OmL¤rOSk´NH
PO8» ´ N FI§FÊOS OSNBPO°BPÎ ¼ ½'Î_Ïg
Ð Â J'¦¨¤ BkNHÍÐp©'¤§¦  J ¼ Ϫ½'J
²³BPO = FIBPWBc BP $ F£N §O H8» Q¯cN´² $ pBk ® F£c´N0· pR FIBP» F· ²4BfORF£c¹L
Î ¼ ½Î_ÏÆЬGOSc´kS´N H» ORS ÑcB BP · HF £c²³BPOFIQ@Q¯c²²-´FIQ$BPOFkN=¬» µ
Q$BP² B²4B [ F HF ~OvF9J'£F H²³F£F£ORB H Q¯FIF£cµ{²4B FÀL
ªvS ¦ = ²4BPÊBPNH Ñ~B BP ²³F£F£ORB ´N H B°DfB F O kpQ RG Oc B SFIQ@ §µ
O ²4OR PO Q¯O-ORS F Q¯c²²-´FIQ$BPOFkN F£ ORÉBkNHÌH´ FÊOS vB LJ£F H
Q R~ ORBPÀBP §OR_§c£D H³²4BP PxOS §O ²³_fD = OSFI À = FHa¬k»´O_· OS C ´ µ
~ vPOSFIB OFIQ¯ ¬ F£ÆHFIRQ¯´NRÎ ¼ ½'Î_ÏgÐÍBkNHÐ_©'¤§¦  Jc L
Î F£ O³A Q ².» $ ! ¬ $®G £cF¸OTBfOFk°PgÎ ¼ ½'ÎpÏÆÐ~BED J'² $ FQ=BP kFIQ µ
²³B k = !BcQ$Q OR¾OS F£N§O ´NQ¯OFkN! ~O0» ªg G ¨OR¾OS F cPOFIBfOR F£³¿ÉBkSµ
F£kOcÊBPÀH ORS kkOFIBfOR Û = OT¨P0ORS ² = ORF£~¨F¸ORSÉ¢~OTBfO A $ B O² ~O
8Q¯FIBPI$LĪvSFIWBcD = ´N ·´Np· ¼ L ¢aLÄHF k²4BPORF£ HB µ ORPµiHB F~O = BcQOFk
F¸ORSÊORS Ñ~B Bk ¬aBPÀHÊk² SÀBfO@S ·´0OOS 8¼ Lz¢xL¹²³F£F£ORB R ¬a»N´O.HFIHÊNPO
D BkÄOORS J'² = FIQ$Bk BED H NÀ = OS ²~[ODfBk£´NBk» Q R OPBP 6 ORS
Úc´ §OFkPÄWB BkNH À BkQ L
ªvS Ñ~B Bk ²FF¸OTB R HFIH9kO'O ´N§O'OS Ñ~B Bk R Fk  FFI[O F£OS
H OTBPF@kWF£OR. $ BfORF£cNBP IBPNF£NN¬¹ Bc[O@P'Bk£!ORSNBfO.BIB §O F c · Q vBk
²fDGFOS k´NkSÊOS ORS¶Î!BcQ¯F Ý Q.OfvB HÅMBEvBPFF{L¹ªvS~´À$¬¹Bk¸ORSk´cS¶Ñ~B BP
HF £c²³BPOFIQ@² RBk pF B A Q ²-» =, ! F£² F HOSÀBfOvB vBk'B³²4BPO§O =
PÀHB =¬ $ SNB ÆSNk´ $¬EBEvB ¬¯ORS v J'¦¨¤ ²4BfO $ FBk~Q$k~ORBkF£ H¨ Q$F Ý QpQ$£´
BP»k´OORS F£² NHF£8BPO§OTBkQ BfOÎ B aMB » L
J'² $ FQ=BPJ ² BkNHK©CBEDfBP¹Q RG ORBkNBP [OT ¯® kF£O H D = BkÑ~B BP ²³F££µ
F¸OTB R §O ²4Bf O $ Î B ÄMCB »À ¬ NBP»N£F ¼ Lz¢xLQ¯k²³²4BPÀH $ ¨O O.Bk¶´Nµ
Æt ³| u$eG
Q H ~O H9FNHf k ² ²³F£F¸OTB R $ BfOFkÀF9OS Î!BcQ¯F Ý QBPÀHÊ¢Gc´OS
JFBkOS BfO $ $Lp¿F¸ORS OS Q$k²³F£NPvB ¬0ORS ©CBED HFIRQ¯k~ORF£G´ H F¸OT°W R
BPcBkF£À[O¾kµr©CBEDEBk! §O ²¬OSG´N¨ORS Q¯c~OF~´ H $® £cF¸OTBfORF£cÊk_OS Î ¼ ½'ÎpÏÆÐ
HF £c²³BPOFIQ [O ²» Q$Bk² [O FIQOR Bk°J ² ¯Ü O=¬GBP£OSc´kSƬckÆQ¯k´ ¬~©BED
Q¯kÀ§´² = v§OF£ R Q FD HKHFI§O F£»´OFkPgOS H Q RG OF£~O £F ÀQ L
Ë Bk°FcO $R §OF-O´ °k¹ BfO ¬Î ¼ ½'Î_ÏgÐ'¬ D 8ORSk´cSKB-ÑcB BP §O ²
BPNH°F£~O NH H4· HF k²4BfORFQ¨Q¯c²²-´FIQ$BPOFkN=¬c» Q=BP² Bk ~OFIBPF R HF ~O
F£9J'F HK²³F£F£ORB $ BfOFkÀpF9Ð0´ L
¿F¸ORSÌORS F BfO F£ k HÌF£ ¯® O FQ=BP» O±¦ $ ²4BP xÛ =¬!ÑcB BP BkH $ -H µ
²³BkNH H BkQ=Q¯´ BfO BPNHÊH OTBPF H HBPORB°Bk»Àc´O¨Bk£ÄBk QOTk!OS vB FÊÐ_´ ¬
BPNHÅOSFI¾vBk· OSNQ$k²³F£N° k² ORS F HF £c²4BfOFIQ³[OTBfORF£cNCOS =2 6 ²-´NQTS¶P_F£O
O BPN²³F¸OO H±Oʪg G F£OS Î ¼ ½Î_ÏÆÐ §O ²LĪvSG´N$¬gOS k´ Q 8 fÍBk
 J'¦¨¤ )N fDGFIH H H OTBPF H F£À§FkS~O4F£~ORÉOS ORSF F£BkNH BkQ¯OFD~F£OF 8P@©BPº=F
BkH = =¬  ´NkFF ¬xBPÀH9OS BcH $ k FIQTS BPNQ ¬aBP²³kN°PORS $ =L  J'¦¨¤
fDGFIH HBk Q=HPOTBP DGFH NQ PÄOS Q¯G HFNBfORF£c 6 BcQ P!F£O 6 Bk²³k4ORS
J ® FWNBPOFkN=L  J'¦¨¤ BPI fD~FIH H³OS ²³c§O R FBk» k´ Q kÆSNB H8HNBfORB.k
OS ½´ÀPµ[¦ $ ²4BP8 k~OmL
ªvS ÑcB BP J'²-»NBkRBcH O8¦ = ²4BP vBkvËvB k Á SF²4B¬Q¯cNQ¯´ RR ~O
BÊF ´O NBkcO4 = BkWcÌORS BkQ¯OFD £FI§O=¬0SÉvBk ¸µ{O R BPO HÌ» SFI³Sc§OR=L
M'FI¨Ok´ @ cN R H » J£» $ O-¢ $ $ ¬x· @ $® BP² ¬a HÊSF£² O F¸O D $ BP
H OTBPF H R $ ORvBk»Àc´OC¦ $ ²4BP xÛ W B cNvBPNH B kÀ N H´NQ¯OFk¹L
¤iBPO
¬$J².»NBcRBkH ÄÁ SF²4B'BPNH.§c² PSFI§´» HFNBfO Æ = kFD
BP¾F£À Q¯OFk¾Oc´ k¦ = ²4BP@H N $R QO H¾BPkNvOS Q$cBc[OaP
BPÀQ L=ªvS F
H OTBPF H R $ ORNPO³k £FI[O H· OF Ý Q$BPOFkN-BPNHͧS ° ² IBkQ ² ~OR=¬g»N´O
´F£O0FH ~OF£OF =¬P£Q=BfOFkÀ!BPNHB R Bcgk R cNF£»FF¸O ¬EO BPFF£NN¬PBPÀH.Q$BfORF£cNÄP
= D =LEªvSNF fD H BPOS = ´N ·´ÀS 8Ð_F SNf = vBk BkF ÁC $ BfOFk
Á ¨Ð_½'Ï Á ½'A.L
JOS WB OR´ HÅBkcBkF£N§O¾¦ = ²4Bk ¬ ¼ L ¢xL kFQ ²³B k = BkH9F  J'¦¨¤
OS RQ$B R ~ Q¯OWkgB½´NR§kµi¦ = ²4BP BcQ O§OR ² ~O=¬SFIQTS8ORS Ñ~B BP
= É k²³PORF£NNL  J'¦¨¤ = OT° k² ÑcB BP HF k²4BfOTF£ Ë $ £F BPNH
 cRQ¯f@¬=Sf D = ¬ BkR§´ R H@J² $ FQ=BP R BcH $ aORSNBfO0¦ $ ²4BP H Q$£F H@O ´ µ
§´ OSNFv O§OR ² ~O=¬BPÀH4OSÀBfOWOS ¢GfDGF O ¼ Fk°FKBk Q=Bk vBkW[OTBPNHF£ ÝN ²
BPcBkF£À[OvF¸OmL
 J'¦¨¤ ¶ ÀBP» HJ'² $ FIQ$BP c£FIQ ²4B c $ ¹OR·c£f»PORS.ORS » kFF@BPNH
OS NHPÄORS ½´NRPµiÑcB BP © ´O Bk£F£O Î!BcQO=L  J'¦¨¤ Ç = OT'§SNf H°ORS
c R RÄPaF£OR0 kkOFIBfORF£c³BkNH4F£cF£N@F£
! ¬EOS DfBPF8BfO§O ² OT0P¹Ñ~B BkO
Ý NHk´O'S OS $ ORS ¢GfDGF ORvWk´IH ¯® O NHF¸O'F
¬BPÀHa¬ Ý NBk£ ¬OS SQ
OÊÑ~B BPS ±OS ¼ ¢¢½ Bkc´NQ H±F£OR-F£~O ~OFk±ORÊBP» ccBfO OS ° BcQO³F£
L
¿F¸ORS4OS H BfOWPg¦ $ ²4BP ¬~ÑcB BP HF £c²³BPORpF£° ´O BkNNBPOFkN=¬c´NQTS
Bkv¢G H BPNH¢GF£Oº = IBPÀHa¬G» cBP ~§F. $ »N QTS ² p» SFQTSÑcB BP
Q¯k´NH¾ $ $ Bv» k = H NHCOvORS vB F£OSc´OÆ´NQ$kNHF¸ORF£cNBPk´ R NH = L  J'¦¨¤
= O HOS ¬cBkNH4BPI§Sf H-ORSNBfOpOS FIH B@Pa´NQ$kNHF¸ORF£cNBP§´ RR NH = vBk
BPNBPOS ²³B-OR BcH $ vFªg G NL
UG|~oWu$][\§b
¤i³OS Ð0´ Bk8ªvS BPO $ ¬PORS Bk»F£F£O OR-H Q RG OpÐ_©¤§¦  Jµr»NBc H³²FF¸OTB R
² RBP 'Ú~´FIQ » Q$Bk² BP ~OFIBPgF£N R HF ~OFÅQ¯c².»NBPO IBPF°· ORS
Ë F£OFI§S¹¬cBPNHORS J'² = FIQ$BkN$¬cBf O = OS F _ ~O F£~O¾ORS vB ¬PBPI§@ B H-O@´N
F¸OT R ~OFIBPaFN§FkS~OT$L
Ð_B FÊOS vB ¬ ¼ Ϫ½'J NBk» H9ORS k´ORG´².» $R Hʽ BkÄJF N Q O
k´O· ® ORS ¦ $ ²4BP°JF Q F°F£ORW»k².»NF£Q$Bk² BPFkNWBP~BPFN[OvË F£ORBkF£¹L ¼ Ϲµ
ª½'JF~O F£ NQ WBcaF² ORBk~O¹OC¦ $ BP  k~Ock² $R ¬=BPNH¾IBfO $ ORC¦ $ BP
Ð0FI Sf $ ¬~F Ý kS~OF4½c²² Û 'J F B $L
¼ Ϫ½'JÇWBc0BP ~OFIBPÀF£N R HF ~O_F8FF@OS ËvBfOO PxORS JWORBkcORFQkL
¦ $ ²³Bk ¼ µiËWcBfOT! $R B = Fk´ÀÄOS R BPO0O-J'£F H8SF FN¬~BPNH4Q$k´IH cR§F»
SNBED Ê D cO H J² $ FQ=BP F~O $ D ~OFk FÐ_´ À LM'f D = ¬WH Q G ORF£c P
§´»N²³B F ² RBP NBP» H±OS J'£F H±ÀBED~F O SG´~O³BPNHH §O B9IB
~´N².» $ k´»N-Bk@ _Bc¾OS F - = FI§SN² ~O.§SF =LgM $R ¬ ¼ Ϫ½'J+SNBcHÊO
» Bk´k² ~O HÉQ$B ·´£ F£OS±kOS = §c´ Q ¾kWHBPORB¬ÆF£NQ$£´ÀHF£N §FkS~OF~@BPNH
HF R Q¯OFk Ý NHFÀ¬»´O'vBkWORS §F Ú~´NBkkÆOS ¼ µiËp~BfO»NBPO§O =L
A Q R~ ORv k² Ð_©¤§¦  Jµr»NBk H² RBP v» Q$Bk² OS [OTB P0J£F H9 µ
Q R O_F~O F£ NQ F£8OS ¤rORBPFIBP8Q$Bk² BPFkN_BPNH4F³OS H F£D BkQ ~ BkNQ Bf O =
A'µiACB L Â RBk fDGFIH H4Q$ Fk´À_BP²³c´~OR0kÆHBfOTB@k ² H $ P¹»NBPO§O
BPNHÉk O ±~BED J'F HQ¯c²²4BkNH $ @BkHDEBkNQ WB FPF² À NHFʦ $ ²4BP
BfO§OTBkQ =L
ÊpaÙ§CÕG[_CÕ