Weathering of Modified Asphalt Binders

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Weathering aging of modified asphalt binders
Article in Fuel Processing Technology · November 2013

DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.03.029
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Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
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1 Graphical abstract
2 Fuel Processing Technology xxx (2013) xxx – xxx
5 Weathering aging of modified asphalt binders
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7 Maria de Fátima Amazonas de Sá Araujo a, Vanessa de Freitas Cunha Lins b,⁎,
8 Vânya Márcia Duarte Pasa c, Leni Figueiredo Mathias Leite d
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9 Departamento de Estradas de Rodagem de Minas Gerais, Andradas Avenue 1020, Brazil
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10 Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Antonio Carlos Avenue 6627, Zip Code 31270-901, Brazil
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12 Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello Research and Development Center, Horácio Macedo Avenue 950, Brazil
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0378-3820/$ – see front matter © 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.03.029
Please cite this article as: M.F.A. de Sá Araujo, et al., Weathering aging of modified asphalt binders, Fuel Processing Technology (2013), http://
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.03.029
Fuel Processing Technology xxx (2013) xxx

1 Highlights
2 Fuel Processing Technology xxx (2013) xxx – xxx
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7 Maria de Fátima Amazonas de Sá Araujo a, Vanessa de Freitas Cunha Lins b,⁎, Vânya Márcia Duarte Pasa c, Leni Figueiredo Mathias Leite d
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9 Departamento de Estradas de Rodagem de Minas Gerais, Andradas Avenue 1020, Brazil
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12 Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello Research and Development Center, Horácio Macedo Avenue 950, Brazil
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• Hydrated lime increased the weathering aging resistance of asphalt. 15
• Polyphosphoric acid increased the weathering resistance of asphalt binder. 16
• SBS and lime increased the degradation temperature of asphalt binder. 17
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• Carbonyl index is a promising tool of degradation resistance of asphalt. 18
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Fuel Processing Technology xxx (2013) xxx–xxx


Q1 2 Maria de Fátima Amazonas de Sá Araujo a, Vanessa de Freitas Cunha Lins b,⁎,
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3 Vânya Márcia Duarte Pasa c, Leni Figueiredo Mathias Leite d, 1
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4 a
Departamento de Estradas de Rodagem de Minas Gerais, Andradas Avenue 1020, Brazil
5 b
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Antonio Carlos Avenue 6627, Zip Code 31270-901, Brazil
6 c
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Antonio Carlos Avenue 6627, Zip Code 31270-907, Brazil
Q2 7 d
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Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello Research and Development Center, Horácio Macedo Avenue 950, Brazil
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a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
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10 Article history: The effect of solar radiation on aging of the asphalt binder can be considered relevant due to the high level of 26
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11 Received 14 May 2012 insulation in several countries including Brazil. This work aims to study the weathering aging of conventional 27
12 Received in revised form 23 December 2012 asphalt binder and styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS), hydrated lime, reactive ethylene terpolymer (RET) and 28
13 Accepted 19 March 2013
polyphosphoric acid (PPA) modified asphalt binders. These modifiers represent the main compounds used to 29
14 Available online xxxx D
obtain improved performance from asphalt binder. The degradation of the samples was analyzed using 30
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15
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18 Keywords:
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis. The styrene–butadiene–styrene, polyphosphoric 31
19 Photo degradation acid, and hydrated lime asphalt binders showed a higher photo degradation resistance than the conventional 32
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20 Styrene–butadiene–styrene asphalt binder for aging time up to 200 h, considering the infrared spectroscopy results. The temperature of 33
21 Reactive ethylene terpolymer maximum degradation increased after aging for the SBS asphalt binders and for the hydrated lime asphalt binders. 34
22 Polyphosphoric acid © 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V. 35
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23 Lime
24 Asphalt binder
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Q3 25 Infrared spectroscopy
39 37
36
38
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40 1. Introduction high solar radiation intensity joined with high temperatures and mois- 59
ture, which are responsible for the decrease of the useful life of the 60
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41 Asphalt binder is the most used material in pavement in Brazil. It pavement [2,8]. 61
42 is composed basically of hydrocarbons and its chemical composition Aging and hardening of asphalt binder may have two effects: increase 62
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43 is variable since it is a product of the refinery of petroleum and also de- load capacity and resistance to permanent deformation of the pavement 63
44 pends on the type of oil used. The asphalt pavement undergoes an aging since it becomes a stiffer material or reducing the flexibility, resulting in 64
45 process during its mixing, paving and compaction, and service life. Like the formation of cracks due to fatigue [1]. 65
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46 other organic substances, asphalt binder is affected by the presence of There are different types of modifiers used to obtain improved 66
47 oxygen [1], ultraviolet radiation, moisture and temperature [2]. performance from asphalt cement. Modifiers which are mainly used 67
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48 Asphalt aging involves physical and chemical processes during its are plastomers, elastomers, antistripping additives, and acid compounds 68
49 service life time and has several causes [3,4]. The main cause is oxida- [9]. Elastomers increase the elastic property of asphalt cement, and 69
50 tion, which results in consistency increasing of the asphalt binder as resulted in increased asphalt complex modulus at high temperatures, 70
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51 well as the loss of volatiles [1,5]. In heavy traffic conditions, the harden- decreased asphalt complex modulus at low temperatures, broadened 71
52 ing can reduce the life time of the pavement [1]. Moisture is also another relaxation spectra, and improved ductility [10]. These additives such as 72
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53 cause of aging that leads to a loss of cohesion of the mixture, and a loss of triblock styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) reduce fatigue and thermal 73
54 adhesion between the bitumen and aggregate interface (stripping) [6]. cracking distress of asphalt material [11]. There is interaction between 74
55 Verhalsselt [7] says that the influence of ultraviolet radiation on the molecules of SBS and bitumen. During mixing, the hot bitumen 75
56 the aging process can be ignored because aging only occurs on the penetrates the polymer particles, where polystyrene becomes solvated 76
57 superficial layers. But the aging of asphalt binder due to ultraviolet and/or swollen [12]. The morphology of two phases of asphalt modified 77
58 radiation is relevant in Brazil and other countries because of the by SBS has been demonstrated in microscopy studies [13]. The chemical 78
structure of SBS is shown in Fig. 1. 79
Reactive Ethylene Terpolymer is a polymer of three different mono- 80
⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +55 31 34091775; fax: +55 31 34091789. mers: ethylene, n-butilacrylate and glycidyl methacrylate, whose chem- 81
E-mail addresses: mfamazonas2003@yahoo.com (M.F.A. de Sá Araujo),
ical structure is shown in Fig. 2. This polymer is used as corrosion 82
vlins@deq.ufmg.br (V.F.C. Lins), vanya@ufmg.br (V.M.D. Pasa),
leniml@petrobras.com.br (L.F.M. Leite). resistant coating on steels [14] and can react with the asphaltenes of 83
1
Tel.: +55 21 38656736. the asphalt binder to form an inseparable compound. The reaction 84

2 M.F.A. de Sá Araujo et al. / Fuel Processing Technology xxx (2013) xxx–xxx
Fig. 1. Chemical structure of styrene–butadiene–styrene.
85 between RET and asphaltene occurs through the monomer glycidyl characteristic of the state of balance for the material, and thus accel- 118
86 methacrylate and is an addition reaction, which does not generate erate the physical aging [19]. 119
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87 by-products such as water vapor or volatile gases. Changes in residual stress occur in photo degradation where the 120
88 In order to influence the viscoelastic behavior, other chemicals have depth profile of molecular degradation falls sharply from the surface 121
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89 been added to asphalt such as polyphosphoric acid, PPA, (Fig. 3) to exposure. A fast volume relaxation near the surface results in shrink- 122
90 increase stiffness at high temperatures as well as serve as a catalyst age and residual stress increases. Therefore, tensions develop in this 123
91 when adding RET [15,16]. There is also evidence that PPA acts improv- region, which becomes brittle, and molecular degradation increases 124
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92 ing thermal susceptibility of the base asphalt binder [15,16]. the tendency to crack. 125
93 Lime has also been used in hot mix asphalt (HMA) to reduce mois- The weathering chamber simulates accelerated degradation that 126
94 ture sensitivity and stripping [17]. While hydrated lime has long been occurs on the exposed surfaces in natural environment, submitted to 127
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95 an acknowledged antistripping additive for asphalt pavements, recent the action of solar radiation, moisture, and high temperatures. The 128
96 studies confirm that lime imparts other important benefits. It stiffens effects of radiation include color and brightness variation, blurring, 129
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97 the asphalt binder and HMA to resist rutting [17], improves toughness breaks, cracks, reduction of intensity of dye strength, and oxidation [20]. 130
98 and resistance to fracture growth at low temperatures, changes oxida- This study aims to compare the effect of weathering on the aging 131
99 tion chemistry in the asphalt binder to reduce age hardening, and alters of conventional and modified asphalt binders by styrene–butadiene–
D 132
100 clay fines to improve moisture stability, and durability. styrene, hydrated lime, reactive ethylene terpolymer, and polyphosphoric 133
101 Lime is also useful to upgrade marginal aggregates. In addition to acid using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis. 134
102 the chemical effects that lime imparts to reduce stripping potential
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103 and the aging impact resulting from oxidative hardening, the filler 2. Experimental 135
104 effect of lime improves resistance to high-temperature rutting and
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105 adds fracture toughness at low temperatures. Hydrated lime, Ca(OH)2, This survey was developed using the asphalt cement—CAP 50/70 136
106 substantially improves each of these properties when used alone, and supplied by Petrobras (asphalt cement A), 50/70 asphalt cement with 137
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107 works well in conjunction with polymer additives, helping to create additions of 4.5% of SBS (asphalt cement B), 1% of polyphosphoric acid 138
108 pavement systems that can perform to the highest expectations for (asphalt cement C), 1.2% RET + 0.2% of polyphosphoric acid (asphalt 139
109 many years. According to Mohammad et al. [18], lime reacts with highly cement D) provided by Petrobras, and an hydrated lime 10% added 140
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110 polar molecules to inhibit formation of water-soluble soaps that pro- to conventional 50/70 asphalt binder supplied by Petrobras (asphalt 141
111 mote stripping. This reaction between the calcium hydroxide and the cement F). 142
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112 highly polar molecules avoids oxidation. The 50/70 asphalt binder studied with penetration of 50 dmm 143
113 During thermal and photo-oxidation of polymers, a sequence of (deci-millimeter, 25 °C, ASTM D5), softening point of 49.5 °C (ASTM 144
114 oxidative reactions follows in which chain scission and cross-linking D36), ductility of >150 cm (25 °C, ASTM D113) and viscosity of 145
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115 may occur, both of these molecular changes lead to embrittlement 356 mPa·s at 135 °C was used to prepare modified asphalt binder. 146
116 of the material [19]. Breaking of molecule chains occurs, facilitating The samples studied are shown in Table 1. 147
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117 rearrangements. The chain segments reach lower energy states, In the beginning, the asphalt binders were submitted to the 148
Rolling Thin Film Oven Test (RTFOT) in order to simulate the aging 149
of the hot mixing. Granite plates of 150 mm in length and 100 mm 150
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in width were coated with 0.6 mm film from six different asphalt 151
binders, after the RTFOT testing, with the aim to simulate the thick- 152
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ness of the asphalt binder coating on the stone in the hot mix asphalt 153
(HMA). The granite plates coated with asphalt binders were exposed 154
in the Q-Sun Xe 1 weathering chamber, according to the ASTM 155
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Fig. 2. Chemical structure of reactive ethylene terpolymer. Fig. 3. Chemical structure of polyphosphoric acid.
M.F.A. de Sá Araujo et al. / Fuel Processing Technology xxx (2013) xxx–xxx 3
t1:1 Table 1 4000 to 400 cm −1, recorded with 16 accumulations reading and 164
t1:2 Asphalt binders and modified asphalt binders studied. resolution of 4 cm −1, with a diamond cell. 165
t1:3 Asphalt binder A 50/70 base asphalt binder The spectra, after application of baseline correction (nonlinear), 166
t1:4 Asphalt binder B 50/70 asphalt binder + 4.5% of SBS (029475-80) were normalized and the ratios of intensities of the bands of νCH2 167
t1:5 Asphalt binder C 50/70 asphalt binder + 1% PPA (029473-18) (1455 cm −1), νCH3 (1376 cm −1) and νC = O (1703 cm −1) were 168
t1:6 Asphalt binder D 50/70 asphalt binder + 1.2% RET + 0,2% of PPA (029472-37)
used to assess aging. 169
t1:7 Asphalt binder F 50/70 asphalt binder + 10% hydrated lime
The FTIR spectrum has characteristic absorption bands of bitumen. 170
The indices are calculated by the measured areas between valleys. 171
156 D-4798 (2008) standard, in cycles of 80 min: 64 min of light, 16 min The choice of areas, rather than the heights of the bands, is due to 172
157 of light and water, the specimen temperature of 60 °C and irradiation the vibrations of the same type, which are simultaneously taken 173
158 at 340 nm = 0.35 W/m 2. Variable power from 3500 to 6500 W into account (C_O vibrations of ester, ketone and acid are between 174
159 maintained the intensity of irradiation. The samples were exposed 1753 and 1635 cm −1). 175
160 for 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150 and 200 h. Since the film of bitumen does not have the same thickness, the 176
161 After the weathering tests, the specimens were submitted to the spectrum can be brought to the same series of absorption for compar- 177
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162 FTIR analysis. The equipment used was an ABB Bomem, MB series ison [21]. The carbonyl index (IC_O) was calculated by dividing the 178
163 model, and spectra were obtained in absorbance units in the range area of the carbonyl band centered around 1700 cm −1 by the area 179
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Fig. 4. FTIR spectra of asphalt binder A aged for 50, 100, 150 and 200 h in weathering chamber.
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Fig. 5. FTIR spectra of asphalt binder with SBS addition aged for 50, 100, 150 and 200 h in the weathering chamber.
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Fig. 6. FTIR spectra of PPA modified asphalt binder aged for 50, 100, 150 and 200 h in the weathering chamber.
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180 of the CH2 band centered around 1455 cm −1 coupled with the area of In Fig. 4, for the conventional asphalt binder, at 1600 cm−1, a peak 198
181 the CH3 band centered around 1376 cm −1 [22]. associated to C\C conjugated with C_O was observed and their absor- 199
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182 Thermal analysis of asphalt binder samples before and after the bance increased as the aging time increased. Peaks at 1680–1706 cm−1 200
183 aging process was performed. The thermogravimetric and differential [23] can be assigned to the carboxylic acid group, and their absorbance 201
184 thermal analysis were carried on using NETZSCH STA409EP equip- intensities increased with aging. The highest values of intensities for
D 202
185 ment. Samples of 30 mg were heated in a standard alumina crucible peaks associated to C\C conjugated with C_O and carboxylic acid 203
186 and the experiments were performed under a nitrogen atmosphere group were observed for samples aged for 100 h. 204
187 at a flow rate of 100 mL min −1 with a heating rate of 10 °C·min −1 For asphalt binders with SBS addition (Fig. 5), peaks at 1375 cm −1 205
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188 from room temperature to the temperature of 745 °C. and 1458 cm −1 associated to CH3 and CH2 groups are identified and 206
their absorbance values are the highest for the asphalt binder sample 207
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aged for 50 h. Peak at 1600 cm −1 associated to C\C conjugated with 208

189 3. Results and discussion C_O and peak at 1680–1706 cm −1 associated to carboxylic acid only 209
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appeared for aged samples, indicating that an oxidation process 210

190 The spectroscopy analysis of the asphalt binders was performed in occurs during aging. Peaks at 1645 and 1550 cm −1 associated to 211
191 attenuated total reflexion (ATR) mode with a diamond cell. Fig. 4 C_C and C_C of aromatic groups, which are present in SBS mole- 212
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192 shows the FTIR spectra of the asphalt binder aged for 50, 100, 150 and cules, are only observed in SBS modified asphalt binders before 213
193 200 h in the weathering chamber. At 1375 cm−1 and 1458 cm−1 aging as shown in Fig. 5. The scission of C=C double bonds and reac- 214
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194 peaks associated to CH3 and CH2 are identified and their absorbance tion of carbon and oxygen occurred in the aging test. 215
195 values are the highest for the asphalt binder sample without aging. Peak at 1600 cm −1 associated to C\C conjugated with C_O and 216
196 This result was also observed for asphalt binders modified with SBS peak at 1680–1706 cm −1 associated to carboxylic acid showed the 217
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197 and polyphosphoric acid. highest intensity for PPA modified asphalt binders aged for 100 h 218
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Fig. 7. FTIR spectra of RET and PPA modified asphalt binder aged for 50, 100, 150 and 200 h in the weathering chamber.
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Fig. 8. FTIR spectra of hydrated lime modified asphalt binder aged for 50, 100, 150 and 200 h in the weathering chamber.
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219 (Fig. 6). For asphalt binders with PPA addition (Fig. 6), peaks at conjugated with C_O and peak at 1680–1706 cm −1 associated to 237
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220 1375 cm −1 and 1458 cm −1 associated to deformation on plan CH3 carboxylic acid showed the highest absorbance for asphalt binders 238
221 and deformation on CH3, CH2 were identified and their absorbance aged for 200 h, indicating a higher degree of oxidation at 200 h 239
222 values are the highest for the asphalt binder sample without aging. than at 150 h.
D 240
223 For samples with RET and PPA addition (Fig. 7), peak at 1375 cm−1 The functional and structural indices were calculated from the 241
224 associated to deformation on plan CH3 showed the highest absorbance band areas measured from valley to valley. 242
225 for asphalt binders before aging. Peaks at 1458 cm−1 showed higher With the increase of aging time, the carbonyl index also increased. 243
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226 values of absorbance for asphalt binders before aging, and aged for Oxygen was captured by asphaltene, and C_O groups were produced. 244
227 50 h, and lower values of absorbance for asphalt binders aged for But the increase is not linear as shown in Fig. 9. 245
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228 200 h. The results confirm that an oxidation process of samples occurred Conventional asphalt binders and asphalt binders with addition 246
229 in the aging test. Peak at 1600 cm−1 associated to C\C conjugated of RET and PPA presented a sharp increase of carbonyl index after 247
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230 with C_O and peak at 1680–1706 cm−1 associated to carboxylic acid 40 h of aging. The carbonyl index of the SBS asphalt binder and 248
231 showed the highest absorbance for asphalt binders aged for 150 h, polyphosphoric acid asphalt binder showed the first sharp increase 249
232 indicating a maximum oxidation at 150 h of testing. only at 100 h, indicating a higher degradation resistance of asphalt 250
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233 For hydrated lime modified asphalt binders (Fig. 8), peaks at binder with SBS and PPA addition than the nonmodified asphalt 251
234 1375 cm −1 and 1458 cm −1 associated to deformation on plan CH3 (Fig. 9). 252
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235 and deformation on CH3, CH2 showed the highest absorbance for Asphalt binders D, which are modified with RET and PPA, presented 253
236 asphalt binders before aging. Peak at 1600 cm −1 associated to C\C a significant increase of carbonyl index at 10 and 30 h of aging, while 254
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Fig. 9. Carbonyl index of the samples of conventional, RET and PPA modified asphalt binders, SBS asphalt binder, and hydrated lime asphalt binder aged up to 200 h.
Table 2 presents the onset temperature, the temperature of maxi- 279

mum decomposition rate, the final temperature of decomposition 280
(FTD), the mass loss and the residue of the samples at the various 281
UV aging times. 282
The increase of thermal stability with aging was observed for 283
conventional asphalt binders, PPA asphalt binders, and SBS asphalt 284
binders. The highest increase of onset temperature with aging was ob- 285
served for SBS added asphalt binders after 50 h of aging. The significant 286
increase of the onset temperature of polymer asphalt binders aged for 287
50 h occurred by the large loss of volatiles in bitumen during aging. 288
The mass loss reduced after 150 h of aging for the conventional 289
asphalt binders, and for PPA, and PPA and RET asphalt binders. The 290
mass loss for the hydrated lime asphalt binder was the same before 291
aging and after 150 h of aging. For the SBS asphalt binders, the mass 292
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loss increased after 150 h of aging and its residue at 745 °C was the 293
lowest among the modified asphalt binders. The C_C bonds in the 294
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SBS molecules were broken, and SBS molecules incorporated a higher 295
Fig. 10. Thermogravimetric curve of asphalt binder samples before aging.
content of oxygen and hydrogen than the other asphalt binders, pro- 296
ducing a higher content of volatiles, and a lowest residue at 745 °C, at 297
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255 the base asphalt binder presented a remarkable increase of carbonyl 150 h of aging. 298
256 index only at 40 h of exposure in the weathering chamber. Asphalt The temperature of maximum decomposition rate increased after 299
257 binder D presented a new sharp increase of carbonyl index at 150 h of aging for the SBS asphalt binders and for the hydrated lime asphalt 300
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258 aging in the weathering chamber. binders. This result can be explained considering that cross linking oc- 301 Q4
259 The carbonyl index of the asphalt binder F, modified with hydrated curred in the aging process of SBS asphalt binders and that hydrated 302
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260 lime, showed a sharp increase only at 200 h of aging, indicating a higher lime catalyzes polymerization of asphalt binders. These phenomena 303
261 oxidation resistance than the conventional asphalt binder. Up to 150 h promote the increase of thermal stability and degradation temperature 304
262 of aging, the carbonyl index behavior of the conventional asphalt binder of modified asphalt binders. The final decomposition temperature also
D 305
263 and hydrated lime asphalt binder is similar, except for the appearance increased for the SBS asphalt binders and for the hydrated lime asphalt 306
264 of a maximum of carbonyl index at 40 h of aging for the conventional binders. 307
265 asphalt binder. Then, for the first 150 h of aging, the aging performance
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266 of the lime asphalt binder is superior to the behavior of the conventional
267 asphalt binder. This result is promising as the lime is a raw material of 4. Conclusions 308
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268 low cost and easy to obtain. The lime comes from the calcination of
269 limestone/metamorphic dolomites, which are abundant in Brazil. The styrene–butadiene–styrene, polyphosphoric acid, and hydrated 309
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270 At 200 h of aging, the carbonyl index of the conventional asphalt lime asphalt binders showed a higher photo degradation resistance 310
271 binder decreased and of the hydrated lime asphalt binder increased. than the conventional asphalt binder for aging time up to 200 h, consid- 311
272 Regarding the thermogravimetric analysis (Fig. 10), the hydrated ering the infrared spectroscopy results. The first sharp increase of 312
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273 lime asphalt binder presented a higher percentage of residue (23%) carbonyl index was observed at 40 h of aging for the conventional as- 313
274 before the aging, followed by PPA asphalt binder (21%), RET and PPA phalt binder, at 100 h of aging for the SBS and PPA asphalt binder, and 314
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275 asphalt binder (18%), SBS asphalt binder (16%), and finally conventional at 200 h of aging for the lime asphalt binder. 315
276 asphalt binder (11%). The SBS asphalt binder presented the lowest The increase of thermal stability with aging was observed for 316
277 thermal stability before aging with its curve shifting to the left conventional asphalt binders, PPA asphalt binders, and SBS asphalt 317
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278 (Fig. 10) due to the presence of C_C bonds (Fig. 1). binders. 318
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t2:1 Table 2
t2:2
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Thermal analysis results for the asphalt samples.
t2:3 Sample Onset temp/°C Temp. max. decomp. rate/°C FTD °C Mass loss % Residue at 745 °C/%
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t2:4 Asphalt binder A0h 201.1 565.7 413.5 89.4 10.6

t2:5 Asphalt binder A 50 h 205.0 567.3 407.0 91.0 9.0
U

t2:8 Asphalt binder B0h 194.8 564.0 376.3 83.6 16.4
t2:9 Asphalt binder B 50 h 205.0 567.3 406.6 84.2 15.8
t2:12 Asphalt binder C0h 202.2 566.3 409.7 79.4 20.6
t2:13 Asphalt binder C 50 h 205.0 572.8 404.0 81.8 18.2
t2:16 Asphalt binder D0h 203.4 566.8 412.5 82.3 17.7
t2:17 Asphalt binder D 50 h 205.0 567.3 409.2 82.6 17.4
t2:20 Asphalt binder F0h 201.6 562.8 406.0 77.5 22.5
t2:21 Asphalt binder F 50 h 205.0 567.3 410.8 79.7 20.3
319 The temperature of maximum decomposition rate and the temper- [12] A. Ylikantola, J. Linnanto, J. Knuutinen, M. Toivakka, Molecular modeling studies of 349
interactions between styrene–butadiene latex and sodium polyacrylate polymer 350
320 ature of final decomposition increased after aging for the SBS asphalt surface, Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM 953 (2010) 123–133. 351
321 binders and for the hydrated lime asphalt binders. [13] U. Isacsson, X. Lu, Influence of styrene–butadiene–styrene polymer modification 352
on bitumen viscosity, Fuel 76 (1997) 1353–1359. 353
[14] C.T. Love, G. Xian, V.M. Karbhari, Cathodic disbondment resistance with reactive 354
322 References ethylene terpolymer blends, Progress in Organic Coating 60 (2007) 287–296. 355
[15] Y. Edwards, Y. Tasdemir, U. Isacsson, Rheological effects of commercial waxes 356
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Weathering aging of modiﬁed asphalt binders

Article in Fuel Processing Technology · November 2013

V. F. C. Lins Vânya M. D. Pasa

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0378-3820/$ – see front matter © 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V.

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1 Weathering aging of modiﬁed asphalt binders

0378-3820/$ – see front matter © 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Fig. 1. Chemical structure of styrene–butadiene–styrene.

aged for 50 h. Peak at 1600 cm −1 associated to C\C conjugated with 208

appeared for aged samples, indicating that an oxidation process 210

Table 2 presents the onset temperature, the temperature of maxi- 279

Thermal analysis results for the asphalt samples.

t2:4 Asphalt binder A0h 201.1 565.7 413.5 89.4 10.6

t2:7 Asphalt binder A 150 h 206.4 567.7 405.2 84.2 15.8

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