Outline

Repetition
Vehicle Propulsion Systems
Introduction to Hybrid-Electric Vehicles
Lecture 4 Potential
Hybrid Powertrains, Part 1 – Topologies and Operating
Principles Electric Propulsion Systems
Zero Emissions for Vehicles
Basic Configurations
Lars Eriksson
Associate Professor (Docent) Series Hybrid

Parallel Hybrid
Vehicular Systems
Linköping University
Combined Hybrid
October 28, 2010 Implemented concepts

HEV Modeling and Causality

The Vehicle Motion Equation Energy consumption for cycles

Newtons second law for a vehicle
d
mv v (t) = Ft (t) − (Fa (t) + Fr (t) + Fg (t) + Fd (t))
dt
Fa
Fd
Ft

Fg

Fr Numerical values for MVEG-95, ECE, EUDC

mv · g
α 1 X 3
air drag = v̄i h = {319, 82.9, 455}
xtot
i∈trac
1 X
I Ft – tractive force rolling resistance =
xtot
v̄i h = {.856, 0.81, 0.88}
i∈trac
I Fa – aerodynamic drag force kinetic energy =
1 X
āi v̄i h = {0.101, 0.126, 0.086}
xtot
I Fr – rolling resistance force i∈trac

ĒMVEG-95 ≈ Af cd 1.9·104 +mv cr 8.4·102 +mv 10 kJ/100km

I Fg – gravitational force
I Fd – disturbance force

Engine Efficiency Maps Model implemented in QSS

Measured engine efficiency map – Used very often

350
Engine efficiency map Conventional powertrain.

300

250
Engine Torque [Nm]

200

150

100

50
Efficient computations are important
–For example if we want to do optimization and sensitivity
0
0 1000 2000 3000
Engine Speed [rpm]
4000 5000 6000 studies.

–Willans line approximation.

Outline Definition
Repetition

Introduction to Hybrid-Electric Vehicles

Potential

Electric Propulsion Systems What characterizes a Hybrid-Electric Vehicle

Zero Emissions for Vehicles I Energy carrier is a fossil-fuel.
Basic Configurations
I Presence of an electrochemical or electrostatic energy
Series Hybrid storage system.

Parallel Hybrid

Combined Hybrid

Implemented concepts

HEV Modeling and Causality

Potential for Energy Savings Outline
Repetition
Benefits of Hybrid-Electric Vehicles Introduction to Hybrid-Electric Vehicles
I Downsize engine while maintaining maximum power Potential
requirement
Electric Propulsion Systems
I Recover energy during deceleration (recuperation)
Zero Emissions for Vehicles
I Optimize energy distribution between prime movers Basic Configurations
I Eliminate idle fuel consumption by turning off the engine
(stop-and-go) Series Hybrid
I Eliminate the clutching losses by engaging the engine only Parallel Hybrid
when the speeds match
Combined Hybrid
Possible improvements are counteracted by a 10-30% increase
in weight. Implemented concepts

HEV Modeling and Causality

Electric Vehicles Electric Vehicles

I Basic topology I Contain basic elements of HEV.

I Sketch of the paths
Electric vehicle
B P
I Not “interesting”, for optimization.
–No in-depth coverage in the course.
I Interesting from the design point of view.
I Drawbacks compared to a conventional vehicle
I Not autonomous
I Refueling time
I Low range/weight
I ⇒ Niche vehicles
I Plug-in EV:s are hot in media
I Development of plug-less vehicles
–Inductive charging
M T V I Range extenders (transition to series hybrid)

Electric Vehicles – Niche Are Electric Vehicles = Zero Emissions ?

I Applications requiring zero-emissions.

I Indoor vehicles, mines . . .
I In-city distribution vehicles
I Zero emission vehicle requirements
I Other niched vehicles

Lightning Tesla Roadster

Zero Emissions – Is it the Limit? Basic configurations

Measured emissions – Diesel car

Basic classification of hybrids

I Series hybrid
I Parallel hybrid
I Series-parallel or combined hybrid
There are additional types that can not be classified into these
three basic types
I Complex hybrid (sometimes)
Outline Series Hybrid – Topology
Repetition

Introduction to Hybrid-Electric Vehicles

Potential

Electric Propulsion Systems

Zero Emissions for Vehicles
Basic Configurations

Series Hybrid
Sketch of the topology
Parallel Hybrid E

Basic Series Hybrid

Combined Hybrid
G
Implemented concepts
B P M T V
HEV Modeling and Causality

Series Hybrid Series Hybrid – Modes and Power Flows

The different modes for a series hybrid
u ≈ Pbatt /Pvehicle
Battery drive mode
Series Hybrid
E
Battery drive mode, u=1

B P M T V

Battery recharge mode

Series Hybrid
E
Battery recharge mode, u<0

B P M T V

Hybrid drive mode

Series Hybrid
E
Hybrid drive mode, 0<u<1

Outline Parallel Hybrid – Topology

G

Repetition
B P M T V

Introduction to Hybrid-Electric Vehicles Regenerative braking mode

Potential E
Series Hybrid

Regenerative braking mode, u=1

Electric Propulsion Systems
Zero Emissions for Vehicles G
Basic Configurations

Series Hybrid B P M T V

Parallel Hybrid Sketch of the topology

Basic Parallel Hybrid E
Combined Hybrid

Implemented concepts B P M T V

HEV Modeling and Causality

Parallel Hybrid – Topology Parallel Hybrid – Modes and Power Flows

The different modes for a parallel hybrid
u ≈ Pbatt /Pvehicle
Battery drive mode (ZEV)
Parallel Hybrid
ZEV mode, u=1 E

B P M T V

Battery recharge mode

Parallel Hybrid
Battery recharging mode, u<0 E

B P M T V

Power assist mode

Parallel Hybrid
Power assist mode, 0<u<1 E

B P M T V
Mild Parallel Hybrid – Topology Outline
Repetition

Introduction to Hybrid-Electric Vehicles

Potential

Electric Propulsion Systems

Zero Emissions for Vehicles
Basic Configurations

Series Hybrid

Sketch of the topology Parallel Hybrid

Mild Parallel Hybrid
Combined Hybrid
B P M E T V

Implemented concepts

HEV Modeling and Causality

Combined Hybrid – Topology Combined Hybrid – Topology

Sketch of the topology

Combined Hybrid E

G PG T V

B P M

Combined Hybrid with PGS – Modes and Power Flows Combined Hybrid Without Planetary Gear
The different modes for a combined hybrid
Conventional vehicle
–Note the loop
Combined Hybrid
Engine only mode E

G E Combined Hybrid
G PG T V

B P M B P M T V

Power assist mode

–Note the loop
Combined Hybrid
Power assist mode E

G PG T V

B P M

Battery drive mode (ZEV)

Combined Hybrid
ZEV mode E
Outline Implemented concepts
T V
Repetition G PG

Introduction to Hybrid-Electric Vehicles

B P M I Passenger cars
Potential
I Parallel hybrids
Battery recharge mode
ElectricCombined
Propulsion
Hybrid Systems
I Combined hybrids
Zero Emissions
Battery for Vehicles E
recharging mode
I Very few series hybrids (range extenders to EV).
Basic Configurations I Trucks and busses
Series Hybrid T V
I Series hybrids
G PG
I Parallel hybrids
Parallel Hybrid I Combined hybrids
B M
Combined Hybrid
P I Diesel trains
Regenerative braking mode – Series configuration but no storage
Implemented concepts
Combined Hybrid
Regenerative braking mode E
HEV Modeling and Causality

G PG T V
Degree of Hybridization Outline
Repetition

Introduction to Hybrid-Electric Vehicles

Potential
I Degree of hybridization
Electric Propulsion Systems
–The ratio between electric motor power and engine power.
Zero Emissions for Vehicles
I Implemented hybrid concepts in cars Basic Configurations
Degree of hybridization varying between 15–55%
I True mild hybrid concepts Series Hybrid
Degree of hybridization varying 2–15% Parallel Hybrid

Combined Hybrid

Implemented concepts

HEV Modeling and Causality

Causality – Series Hybrid Causality – Parallel Hybrid

Causality – Combined Hybrid with PGS State Of Charge – SOC

I Charge condition for the battery.

I Full range SOC ∈ 0–100%.
I Used range SOC ∈ 50–70%.
I Generally difficult problem
Models that include aging are not (yet) good enough.

Charge Sustaining Strategy Summary of different hybrid concepts

Charge Sustaining Strategies
I Basic control problem for a hybrid Feature Conv. Mild Full Plug-in
SOC after a driving mission is the same as it was in the Shut of engine at stop-lights and (x) X X X
beginning stop-go traffic
–Advisor simulation Regenerative braking and operates X X X
I Plug-in hybrids above 42 V
Not charge sustaining Electric motor to assist a conven- X X X
tional engine
Can drive at times using only the X X
electric motor
Recharges batteries using the wall X
plug with at least 32 km range on
electricity
’08 List of Hybrid Passenger Cars (Incomplete)
I Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid Truck, Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid
I Daihatsu Highjet
I Ford Escape, Ford Mercury Mariner Hybrid
I GMC Sierra Hybrid Truck, GMC Yukon Hybrid
I Highlander Hybrid
I Honda Accord Hybrid, Honda Civic Hybrid, Honda Insight
Hybrid
I Landrover Hybrid
I Lexus GS450h, Lexus RX 400h
I Nissan Altima
I Porsche Cayenne Hybrid
I Saturn VUE Greenline Hybrid
I Suzuki Twin
I Toyota Alphard Hybrid, Toyota Camry, Toyota Estima
Hybrid, Toyota Prius
I Twike