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MAINSTREAMING CLIMATE CHANGE

IN STATE DEVELOPMENT PLANNING

AN ANALYSIS OF
KARNATAKA’S
ACTION PLAN ON
CLIMATE CHANGE
Anu Jogesh and Navroz K. Dubash
February 2014

Introduction
Unlike some other states such as Sikkim, resulting in three parallel documents. In The three climate plans followed distinct
Himachal Pradesh, and Gujarat, climate addition, Karnataka is arguably the state processes, though they only facilitated
change has not been a prominent part with the strongest independent scientific a limited degree participation from
of the Government of Karnataka’s and research capacity on climate change.2 departments and external participants.
pronouncements on its future development The presence of the Indian Institute of Departmental communication was a one-
direction. While senior state bureaucrats Science (IISc), the Institute for Social and sided process, with nodal institutions
have been supportive of developing a Economic Change (ISEC), the Center for seeking sectoral information without
plan, there is little evidence that they have Study of Science, Technology and Policy looking to build climate capacity in the state
championed adapting to or mitigating (CSTEP) and other such bodies confers a or involving departments in the ideation
climate change as a cause, at either the capability for analysis and understanding process. As a result some recommendations
political or bureaucratic levels.1 on climate change well beyond most other do not seem grounded in what is politically
states. This strong base of ability played or developmentally tenable. Moreover
And yet the climate plan in Karnataka an important role in shaping the tenor final recommendations – when viewed
is the outcome of three distinct efforts and content of Karnataka’s action plan together – oscillate between sustainable
through a collaboration by these institutions development actions at one end (as in the
in the form of the Bangalore Climate case of the EMPRI climate plan), and on
Change Initiative-Karnataka (BCCI-K). The the other, big mitigation ideas borrowed
association resulted in a scientific assessment from industrialised countries (as seen in the
of the implications of climate change for CSD plan), that have not yet entered the
the state.3 The formal plan was produced mainstream debate on climate change in
by Environmental Management and Policy India.
Research Institute (EMPRI), an autonomous
body under the Department of Forest, As the only state government-led process,
Ecology and Environment, Government of the EMPRI plan is the one most likely to be
Karnataka. In addition to BCCI-K, another implemented. As of January 2014 however,
non-governmental body, the Centre for no climate plan from Karnataka had been
Sustainable Development (CSD) also, endorsed by the central government’s
independently, produced a state action plan. National Steering Committee.5

Corresponding author:
Anu Jogesh
Consequently, while the formal state The aforementioned themes are elaborated
anu.jogesh@gmail.com plan process resulted from the central in the following sections:
government-driven request to states to
Suggested citation: initiate a State Action Plan on Climate I. The process of preparing
Anu Jogesh and Navroz K. Dubash, Change (SAPCC), there have been Karnataka’s Action Plan
“Mainstreaming climate change in state
development planning: An analysis of
parallel and additional efforts to deepen
II. Examining sectoral content in the
Karnataka’s Action Plan on Climate engagement in the state.4 Indeed, all of
climate plans
Change,” Centre for Policy Research (CPR), the three documents include the title “[a]
Climate Initiative, Working Paper (New state action plan on climate change” for III. Mechanisms for implementation
Delhi: CPR, February 2014). Karnataka.
1 AN ANALYSIS OF KARNATAKA’S ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE

About Karnataka

Flanked by the Arabian Sea, Karnataka is a coastal state in Much of Karnataka’s environmental legacy revolves around two
the south west of India. It is the eighth largest state by size issues; industrial activity in the Ghats in the form of paper mills,
and the ninth by population.6 While the Western Ghats gold and iron mining, and hydro power generation; and the
account for a bulk of the state’s forest cover, over 77 per cent supply and usage of water.10 The most notable manifestation of
of its geographical area is arid or semi-arid.7 Much of this is the latter is the Cauvery water dispute between Karnataka and
concentrated in North Karnataka. Karnataka is also the third Tamil Nadu.11 A related concern is the sharp disappearance of
most urbanised state in the country and water availability is a lakes and water bodies, owing to encroachment, pollution and
major concern.8 In terms of its economy, over 50 per cent of the infrastructural activity in the state.12
state’s Gross State Domestic Product comes from the services Karnataka has a number of prominent scientific and research-
sector.9 There has, however, been a dip in manufacturing and a based institutions based in its capital city Bengaluru (formerly
reduction in mining and quarrying operations. Bangalore) and this has played an important part in the framing
and content of Karnataka’s SAPCC.13

“ EMPRI does not I. The process of


preparing Karnataka’s
have the bandwidth Action Plan
to do this. Bangalore
The preparation of three climate plans Nicholas Stern and the India Observatory
is rich in institutions followed largely separate and parallel at the London School of Economics (LSE)
processes, each of which is worth describing participated in some of the discussions
and we decided to in brief in order to understand the thrust and are noted in the report among the
use that intellectual of the plan, the forms of communication contributors.15 This contribution was
about climate change each stimulated, the facilitated by a long-standing personal
capital.” sources of ideas and intellectual inputs, and relationship between the Chair of the
the actors involved in shaping these plans. BCCI-K and Lord Stern.16 In addition, the
- Member, BCCI-K
Table 1 provides a time-line of events and BCCI-K effort was funded by the World
is followed by a description of each plan. Bank through direct support for individuals
at the participating institutions.17 While this
was, therefore, largely a non-governmental
Karnataka Climate Change effort, the financial support of the World
Action Plan by BCCI-K Bank was facilitated by a letter of support
from the State Planning Department, and, as
The BCCI-K process was the earliest of the described below, some senior government
three, and was more focused on a scientific officials did participate in feedback sessions
assessment of the likely implications of with BCCI-K researchers.18
climate change than any of the other plans.
Indeed, the BCCI-K was able to rely on In the opinion of members of the BCCI-K,
heavyweight research institutions to apply their effort was needed, because the
climate models and develop district level official government agency tasked with
predictions of climate variability. These preparation of the plan, EMPRI, did not
predictions were relied on quite heavily by have the requisite capacity to draft the plan
the other two reports.14 and could bring only “nominal” expertise
to bear on the topic, an opinion consistent
Initially, BCCI-K was largely individually with research conducted in this study.19 As
driven – a convening effort by the former one stakeholder noted, “EMPRI does not
Chair of Karnataka’s Legislative Council, have the bandwidth to do this. Bangalore
Prof. BK Chandrasekhar, to bring together is rich in institutions and we decided to use
leading scientific and research institutes to that intellectual capital.”20
explore the likely implications of climate
change on the state. But the process was The resultant process was designed to fill
also facilitated by international technical this gap by translating available scientific
and financial linkages. Notably, Lord evidence on climate change to the state
2 TABLE 1

TABLE 1:
Timeline FOR
STATE ACTION ON
CLIMATE CHANGE
in Karnataka

2007-2008
The “Bangalore Climate Change Initiative – Karnataka” (BCCI-K) formed by former Chair of Karnataka’s Legislative
Council

Jun 2009
Government of Karnataka constitutes a coordination committee to coordinate state responses to climate change.
EMPRI given the mandate to prepare the SAPCC.

18 Aug 2009
Prime Minister urges all states to draft SAPCCs

19 Aug 2010
MoEF’s National Consultation workshop

Nov 2010
21 government agencies approached for EMPRI’s Rapid Assessment Report

Dec 2010
EMPRI SAPCC preparation commences with a brainstorming session involving government agencies and some
NGO representatives

1 Feb 2011
CSD led Inception workshop

7-31 Mar 2011


EMPRI holds consultations with 24 state departments

May 2011
Karnataka Climate Action Plan by BCCI-K completed

Sept 2011
First draft of EMPRI’s Karnataka SAPCC completed

28-29 Sept 2011


Two-day stakeholder workshop by CSD

22 Mar 2012
Second draft of EMPRI’s Karnataka SAPCC completed

Source: EMPRI, BCCI-K and CSD plans, and interviews with officials and
stakeholders in Karnataka.
3 AN ANALYSIS OF KARNATAKA’S ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE

“ We had many meetings with departments, they kept sending different


people. The discussion with departments was to arrive at priority areas.
Some of departments had to be nudged along the way.”

- Retired Official, Government of Karnataka

and district level.21 Various research elected officials at district and block levels.26 independent capacity to work on the topic
institutes, largely working in parallel, took is weak, and a staff of two, including an
on a section or two of the report: CSTEP In sum, the BCCI-K process was a science- official on deputation from Germany
undertook the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) focused report, with some focus on through a collaborative Indo-German
inventory; IISc produced a vulnerability policy recommendations, which laid an capacity building programme, worked
assessment, and impacts on water and important base of knowledge for the other on the plan. In the later stages, EMPRI
forests; and the University of Agricultural plans. Due to its high profile leadership contracted with The Energy Research
Sciences produced the agriculture chapter and participation by senior academics, Institute (TERI) for additional staffing
(Table 2). These chapters draw on secondary the document is likely to have been a support.
information and, in some cases on models, useful vehicle for injecting climate change
to detail the likely implications of climate issues into policy debates, although it EMPRI’s approach was to serve as an
change for the sector under study at the is hard to judge the effects of doing so. extractor and synthesizer of information
state and district level. This level of detail The process was designed to tap into the from line departments. The work proceeded
of scientific prediction is relatively rare in existing scientific capability in Bengaluru in two steps. First, EMPRI staff consulted
the SAPCC process, and served as an entry to develop and synthesize knowledge, with 22 departments to explore existing
point for the other, policy-focused efforts. rather than to forge new integrative ideas policy actions with climate benefits, 14
to directly inform policy. At the same time of which provided input.29 Second, after
The BCCI-K participants made some effort recommendations (discussed later) in the cataloguing these actions, they concluded
to communicate with state functionaries, agriculture chapter have been adopted in that the recommendations were limited
though the interaction appears limited.22 both the EMPRI and CSD plans. to qualitative steps, without any targets
Notably, during an initial workshop, a or timeframes, and focused heavily on
senior scientist from the IISc, who is also a mitigation. This is detailed in the Rapid
member of the Intergovernmental Panel on Karnataka State Action plan on Assessment Report.30 The analysis of gaps
Climate Change (IPCC), Prof. Ravindranath, Climate Change by EMPRI in existing policy set the stage for a more
gave a presentation on climate science.23 thorough study in the climate plan.
The meeting included the energy and The primary integrative role in the state
environment secretaries. Once the climate was given to EMPRI, an autonomous body The EMPRI climate plan acknowledges its
plan was completed it was shared with operating under Karnataka’s Department considerable reliance on the BCCI-K report
“three or four important officials.”24 Their of Forest, Ecology and Environment. The but also draws on another 80 secondary
comments led to some minor changes state’s ‘Committee on Climate Change’ sources.31 However, the primary source is a
in the draft. In addition, through the formed to address the Centre’s request for set of data collected from direct interaction
connections of the Chair, the BCCI-K preparation of a SAPCC, charged EMPRI with line departments. The methodology
played a role in increasing engagement with the task for two reasons: to avoid involved a structured interview during
with the political class through lectures dependence on external consultants, and to which EMPRI staff engaged with staff
and roundtables, the visibility of which was ensure access to line department officials.27 from departments to ascertain salient
amplified by the presence of personalities In particular, within EMPRI there was a information. The questionnaire used to
such as Lord Stern.25 However, there is little strong perception that inter-departmental elicit this information is informative. It
evidence that the BCCI-K reached out to communication would be more open if a begins with a brief introduction to climate
those outside the government and research government department was leading the change drawing on the IPCC 2007 report
institute communities, to citizens groups plan process.28 As a result, by contrast with to note freshwater shortages, coastal
and Non Governmental Organisations other states, there is very little indication flooding and disease vectors as likely
(NGOs). In its subsequent work, the BCCI-K of involvement by foreign donor agencies. impacts, references the National Action
plans to enhance its engagement with However, as alluded to above, EMPRI’s Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC), and
4 THE PROCESS OF PREPARING KARNATAKA’S ACTION PLAN

TABLE 2: Chapter breakup of the BCCI-K Karnataka Climate Change Action Plan

CHAPTER CONTENT

Chapter 1 Karnataka – Greenhouse Gas Inventory by Centre for Study of Science, Technology and Policy
(CSTEP)

Chapter 2 Climate variability and climate change projections – Karnataka Region by Indian Institute of
Science (IISc)

Chapter 3 Impact on Forests in Karnataka Region by Indian Institute of Science (IISc)

Chapter 4 Impact on Agricultural Sector by University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore

Chapter 5 Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources of Karnataka by Indian Institute of Science (IISc)

Chapter 6 Socio-economic Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity Assessment: An Analysis by Institute for
Social and Economic Change (ISEC)

Chapter 7 Mitigation options in energy sector by Centre for Study of Science, Technology and Policy (CSTEP)

Source: BCCI-K climate plan.

highlights the need for SAPCCs to be well involving departments in the process, “We hoc basis for decisions.37 But this lack of
aligned with national actions.32 Beyond this had many meetings with departments, decision criteria raises the question of the
basic level of communication, no further they kept sending different people. The value added of a climate plan, as opposed
communication about climate change and discussion with departments was to arrive to a sustainable development planning
its challenges was attempted with line at priority areas. Some of departments had approach.
departments, indicating a lost opportunity to be nudged along the way.”34
to communicate more completely and EMPRI staff had a clearer view of decision
stimulate broader engagement with the The information from departments was criteria, suggesting that the priority actions
issue. synthesized internally by EMPRI, along with were chosen based on a judgement that
TERI in a consulting capacity, and condensed climate change would be a strategic
The questionnaire itself is organized around into three categories: actions underway; an “pressure point” or “door opener” or
three categories: perception of climate additional list of 53 actions required; and a “enabler” for accelerating implementation
threats relevant to the department’s more concise list of 31 priority areas.35 To of particular sustainable development
responsibilities; activities planned or provide feedback during this process, EMPRI policies.38 These recommendations were
implemented relevant to each of the convened a review committee of active then circulated to line departments for
eight National Missions laid down in the officers from the Forest Department, Lake comment, but did not elicit much feedback.
NAPCC; and funding levels relevant to Development Authority etc.36 However, Finally, the draft was posted on the website
those activities.33 However, there was the list of recommendations and action for public comment with complementary
no evidence of any process to allow the areas was developed internally without announcements, but without any explicit
departments to either develop threat any explicit criteria or decision framework. workshop or opportunities for direct
perceptions or make linkages between Instead, the implicit approach was that engagement. It elicited only a handful of
existing actions and national mission some ideas recommended themselves as comments, although EMPRI staff did note
related actions. In this context, the exercise sensible sustainable development actions. these were detailed comments.39
seems likely to have resulted in eliciting The Principal Secretary, Environment, for
only information on existing development example, gave the example of rainwater EMPRI’s approach has the virtue of
plans, without any particular attention to harvesting, and said examples such as these capturing existing state planning processes,
examining these through a climate lens. could be “ocularly” decided, suggesting a but by the same token, faces at least three
Senior officials admitted to challenges in certain commonsensical, if somewhat ad possible limitations: First, by contrast with
5 AN ANALYSIS OF KARNATAKA’S ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE

some other states, the communication EMPRI is that multiple voices are welcome, largely one-sided. Moreover, none of the
was largely one way – from department and that a diversity of views can only be plan processes facilitated extensive civil
to EMPRI – and unaccompanied by any positive.41 society participation.46
complementary effort to communicate or
share information with line departments, The process followed by CSD followed two
through discussions and presentations on tracks: First, information was garnered II.Examining sectoral
the science, politics and policy of climate from various departments, although the content in the climate
change. Second, the separate interviews mechanics of obtaining that information plans
with departments did not allow for cross- are not very clear. This information was then
departmental interaction and debate, and analyzed by CSD, with the assistance of One of the notable features of Karnataka’s
the potential for identification of synergies technical support from Deloitte Tohmatsu SAPCC process is the range and scope
in areas such as water, agriculture, and India Private Ltd.42 Little information was of sectoral recommendations arrived at
forests. Finally, the process was very available on the prior expertise of the to address climate change in the state as
heavily centred on eliciting, summarizing Deloitte consultants in India with respect a result of the three parallel efforts. The
and organizing government perceptions to climate change, and little information organisation of content is distinct in all the
and actions, with no mechanism to on the extent of interaction between them plans. The BCCI-K report for instance only
capture ideas and perspectives from and line departments.43 Second, comments offers generic recommendations in some of
beyond government, either private sector from a series of experts, ranging from the chapters, as its primary function was
or civil society. Instead, the process was retired governmental officials to NGOs were to generate sector based climate research
designed to stimulate incremental action solicited on the substance of the report.44 specific to Karnataka. The EMPRI plan
on sustainable development measures from is more comprehensive; it provides data
government departments. From the limited information available, and recommendations for seven sectors,
the CSD effort does not seem to have driven by a detailed policy gap analysis.47
facilitated more than minimal opportunities The structure of the CSD report is harder
Karnataka Climate Change for structured engagement with climate to comprehend. While the document
Action Plan by CSD concerns among departments; the offers detailed sectoral strategies, final
communication was rather more one way recommendations have no bearing on
CSD is an independent research organization from departments to CSD. Moreover, there previous sectoral recommendations and are
in Bangalore that has, independent of the were few opportunities for discussion entirely mitigation driven.48 It is worth noting
EMPRI process, prepared a state action plan. across departments. Finally, there was little that in a few cases, recommendations seem
This process was initiated after the BCCI-K knowledge of and engagement with the removed from the development or political
and EMPRI processes and has resulted in a CSD process from the civil society or from context. Some of the distinguishing features
draft report, which, as of February 2014, outside government departments.45 of the sectoral content in each of the plans
had not been publicly released. are elaborated below.
In conclusion, the involvement of multiple
The report was an initiative of the Chairman actors across three parallel processes
of CSD, who was at the time the Advisor, resulted in three climate plans for Karnataka Climate Change
Urban Affairs to the Chief Minister, and Karnataka. While this has added a fair Action plan by BCCI-K
previously Chief Secretary of the state, who degree of uncertainty to the process of
sought and obtained a small grant from identifying the final official document, The BCCI-K report is a compendium of
the Ministry of Environment and Forests it has also resulted in a proliferation of technical papers that captures state-
(MoEF), Government of India to undertake inputs to address climate change in the specific regional climate projections,
a state action plan study. The Government state. BCCI-K’s involvement – though non- spatial vulnerability, emission baselines,
of Karnataka’s Planning Department issued governmental in nature – ensured the and climate impacts on various sectors. All
a letter of support for this proposal.40 There SAPCC process was informed by regional chapters – as noted earlier – are strongly
is no clear explanation from either within climate science and research because rooted in climate research specific to
the state government or CSD for why an both the EMPRI and CSD plans have relied Karnataka. A brief chapter-wise assessment
additional study was thought necessary. on findings in the BCCI-K report. While of the document’s content indicates three
Indeed, EMPRI was reportedly somewhat there was some degree of departmental other trends.
surprised when it became clear another engagement in all three processes, there First, the report shows little evidence of
study was being undertaken, although was little opportunity for departments to dialogue across the various institutions
the current reaction from both the Forest, own any of the sectoral chapters, and the involved in the BCCI-K during its
Ecology and Environment Department and flow of information from departments was preparation. The first chapter in the plan
6 EXAMINING SECTORAL CONTENT IN THE CLIMATE PLANS

is the GHG inventory report by CSTEP. The document.53 In contrast, recommendations trends.57 But the BCCI-K document is
chapter examines emissions from seven in the energy chapter are largely generic in perceivably not its only source – the content
sectors and concludes that Karnataka nature such as promoting energy efficiency, is also supplemented with additional
contributes four per cent of the country’s demand side management measures, secondary data, occasionally highlighting
emissions.49 The power sector is noted as increasing public transportation and setting information that does not correspond with
the largest emitter because of coal-based up bicycle lanes.54 the BCCI-K plan. For instance the draft
generation, followed by agriculture of states that while the BCCI-K study identified
which the largest constituent is methane Third, there seems to be no attempt in the an overall decline in rainfall data between
from livestock rearing. These and other BCCI-K draft to synthesize the chapters or 1971 and 2005, IMD Bangalore (which
findings however, do not seem to have extrapolate data in all its papers to arrive incidentally provided the baseline data for
a bearing on the energy or agriculture at broad trends or present a comprehensive the BCCI-K analysis) is in disagreement
chapters in terms of mitigation actions. plan. World Bank officials agreed this was a with the trend as the period was too small
significant challenge.55 to arrive at “dependable conclusions.”58 In
Similarly, the chapter on climate change addition the forestry chapter in EMPRI’s
projections by IISc offers a range of detailed climate plan goes beyond the BCCI-K
information such as temperature data over Karnataka State Action plan on report in examining current and projected
the last century, 35-year rainfall data for Climate Change by EMPRI concerns in other biodiversity hotspots such
Karnataka from IMD, as well as rainfall as coastal zones, coral reefs, the Western
and temperature projections for the period There are a number of features in the Ghats and the state’s eastern plains.59
between 2021 and 2050.50 However, the sectoral content put forth by the EMPRI
chapter on agriculture by the University climate plan that differentiate it from other Even as EMPRI’s climate plan is
of Agricultural Sciences uses different SAPCCs: First, the content builds heavily rooted in climate-based research,
time-scales and parameters from the ones on the non-governmental BCCI-K report. the document devotes a section
employed by IISc for its district-wise rainfall Other states have not had the benefit of a of its introductory text to detailing
and temperature trends. Notably, the similar process. Second, it is the only plan uncertainties around anthropogenic
chapter on Socio-economic vulnerability studied that both challenges and accepts climate change. The draft cites from
and adaptive capacity assessment by ISEC the existing scientific consensus on climate the “Non- governmental International
is the only one that quotes directly from change. Third, the sectoral content, is Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC)”, which
the IISc paper on climate projections for broadly informed by a detailed policy-gap refers to the ‘limitations’ of IPCC’s 2007
Karnataka.51 These papers were possibly analysis that was conducted prior to the report and suggests that climate change
written in parallel, and it is unclear if the preparation of the plan. Fourth, the EMPRI- occurs due to “changes in ecological
BCCI-K provided a formal platform for led draft plan relies on an available GHG cycles” and “not anthropogenic GHG
organisations to share their findings during inventory for the state by BCCI-K, but emissions.”60 The SAPCC, however,
the pre-draft stages. With the exception of does not fully use the existing vulnerability concludes that despite uncertainties, the
ISEC, it was perhaps a missed opportunity assessment study. Despite having a “weight of evidence attributing climate
for institutions to collaborate in manner mitigation specific base-line report like change to human activities is significant”
that resulted in a more cohesive picture of the GHG inventory, however, the SAPCC and projected vulnerabilities cannot be
climate change impacts and actions for the conforms with other state plans in not ignored.61 There is little description of the
state. proposing mitigation actions that address IPCC or the NIPCC or effort to discuss
climate change in a transformative manner. whether the two exercises are of equivalent
Second, while the BCCI-K plan is notably The following section presents an overview rigour and therefore should be accorded
research oriented in tone and focus, of the content in the SPACC and elaborates equivalent weight.
four out of seven chapters – forestry, on the aforesaid themes.
agriculture, water and energy – include EMPRI conducted a policy-gap analysis as
sectoral recommendations. However, Given EMPRI’s limited capacity to develop part of its Rapid Assessment report prior
with the exception of agriculture, these a comprehensive climate plan, one of the to the formulation of the climate plan.
proposals are largely broad-based in scope. most notable aspects of the SAPCC is that None of the other SAPCCs studied have
The agriculture chapter is the most detailed it is builds on the research and findings conducted such an exercise in their pre-
chapter in the report. It also includes a cost of the BCCI-K report rather than treat is draft stages.62 The Rapid Assessment
calculation for recommended activities.52 as a parallel effort to be out-competed.56 report offers a department-wise list of
In fact specific recommendations in the It makes use of data on temperature and actions taken and actions proposed at
CSD and EMPRI plans are borrowed from rainfall projections, the GHG inventory the state level for interventions that
the agriculture chapter of the BCCI-K study, as well as crop productivity and also address climate change. The report
7 AN ANALYSIS OF KARNATAKA’S ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE

TABLE 3:
Overview of
the content in
EMPRI’s SAPCC
CATEGORIES DETAILS

Chapter-wise break-up 1. Executive Summary


2. Background
3. Climate trends
4. GHG emissions
5. Sectoral chapters
6. Action Plan

GHG Emissions inventory Prepared by CSTEP


1. Power
2. Transport
3. Households
4. Industry
5. Agriculture and allied sectors
6. Waste

Vulnerability Assessment There is no separate vulnerability assessment chapter though a portion of


the vulnerability assessment study done by ISEC in the BCCI-K report is
reflected in the agriculture chapter of the EMPRI-led SAPCC.

Sectors covered 1. Agriculture and allied sectors


2. Water resources
3. Forestry biodiversity and wildlife
4. Coastal Zone
5. Energy
6. Urbanisation
7. Human health

Sector-wise chapter break-up 1. Concerns


2. Projections
3. ‘Actions, policies and institutional preparedness’
4. Missions under NAPCC
5. Selected emerging intervention areas

Recommendations break-up 1. Actions already underway


2. Actions required:
- Challenges
- Implementation
- Data management
- R&D
- Policy intervention
3. Priority actions and entry points
31 out of 200 actions for immediate implementation

Finances Priority action tables indicate the amount of money allocated for that type
of activity under the NAPCC. The document does not offer a cost estimate
for different actions, not does it specify a cumulative budgetary estimate.

Source: EMPRI climate plan.


8 EXAMINING SECTORAL CONTENT IN THE CLIMATE PLANS

surmises that there are numerous policy action plans that typically offer a far longer implementation barriers.76 None of these
initiatives with climate co-benefits across list of recommendations. However, there proposals are placed in the context of a
sectors though they are largely qualitative seems to be no clear basis on how these business as usual analysis or a modelling
in nature. In addition, they do not carry 31 actions were arrived at. The final list analysis to show alternative pathways under
“targets or timeframes” or even cost covers agriculture, water, forests and different assumptions. Hence there is no
estimates for their implementation.63 The biodiversity, coasts, energy, urban, and basis for judging whether these proposals
EMPRI climate plan is comprehensive in research & documentation activities.69 are transformative or even ambitious.
another regard: The section on polices Actions are categorised as either pertaining
and institutional preparedness in various to ‘implementation and planning’, ‘data However a key energy concern in the state
sectoral chapters is accompanied by a management’, ‘R&D intervention’ or ‘policy is that irrigation pump sets use up the
narrative on whether the implemented intervention’ (see Table 3). In terms of highest percentage of electricity generated
programs have been successful or not. For scale and specificity, actions – with some in the state and lead to severe ground water
instance the chapter on water resources exceptions – are largely specific in nature.70 depletion. These are picked up as priority
states that Karnataka’s water resources For instance under agriculture a suggested areas in the EMPRI plan.77 Another notable
authority was meant to improve research objective is to promote irrigation efficiency recommendation is in the forestry sector
gaps in water management and increase and the listed activity specifically targets the of the EMPRI climate plan on assessing the
external participation, but there is, “an theft of distribution pipes.71 Under energy carrying capacity of the Western Ghats.78
impression that the authority failed to efficiency, the target is to stabilize grid Such an initiative– if followed through could
live up to expectations for unspecified supply voltage and the recommendation have significant ecological implications.79
reasons.”64 is to develop an automated load shedding
system.72 In the context therefore of protecting the
The EMPRI based action plan does not Ghats and targeting water and energy
include a separate chapter on vulnerability In this regard, the EMPRI plan differs in agricultural use, the EMPRI plan looks
assessment for the state despite the from several state plans that offer broad to address significant concerns. And
availability of ISEC’s vulnerability study in objectives but lack specific actions to although officials in the state are sceptical
the BCCI-K report. The agriculture chapter guide implementation efforts. However of the political tenability of being able to
in the EMPRI plan instead lists some findings the EMPRI plan follows the norm in that carry out such measures, it is nonetheless
from the vulnerability analysis.65 The EMPRI recommendations (whether broad based or worth noting their inclusion in the report
climate plan does, however, include a specific) are typically driven by sustainable as an indication of occasional efforts at
GHG inventory chapter based on CSTEP’s development imperatives rather than climate considering large-scale transformative
state GHG inventory.66 It is unclear why based forecasts. Some recommendations change.80 As one stakeholder noted,
the agency elected to keep the latter but in the sectoral chapters of EMPRI’s climate “Karnataka gives free electricity to farmers
exclude the former as it diverges from the plan in fact, have no perceivable climate as there is no user fee, so water extraction
trend seen in other SAPCCs. The dominant links. The chapter on coasts for example, high and this affects the ground water
trend in other states is to include a VA but looks at making beaches zero-waste areas, situation. So ground water is a priority
not a GHG inventory, both because states’ and the chapter on energy addresses area… [the nodal department head] had
chose to focus on adaptation measures local air pollution caused by stand-alone reservations about irrigation tariffs... but
and also because the MoEF has informally generators. However, the agriculture he agreed. We said all actions should have
requested states not prepare a GHG report chapter is a notable exception. It uses IISc’s dual benefits, mainstream as much as
as there is concern that state baseline recommendations to reassess regional possible”81
figures may not add up to the national crop changes and crop rotation in light of
figures put forth in India’s Second National changes in temperature and precipitation
Communication (NATCOM) to the United outcomes in various districts.73 Karnataka Climate Change
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Action Plan by CSD
Change (UNFCCC).67 As with other SAPCCs, recommendations
in the EMPRI climate plan are not discussed While the CSD plan uses climate science
With regard to the actionability of in a context that enables assessment of and research from the BCCI-K report and
recommendations in the EMPRI climate whether there was an active effort to carries a separate vulnerability assessment
plan, they tend to be fairly specific, but realize the NAPCC aspiration of effecting report, climate change is not it’s sole
without much clarity on how they are a “directional shift in the development focus.82 The report’s four stated objectives
prioritized. In addition, actions are often pathway” of the country.74 For example, are preserving biodiversity hubs, improving
only tangentially rooted in climate concerns related to mitigation, the EMPRI climate the state’s “ecological-index”, natural
but rather based on broad sustainability plan proposes actions to increase the share resource conservation, and “reducing
issues. of renewable energy in the state’s energy unwarranted release of pollutants.”83
mix from the current 11.5 per cent but there GHG emission reductions are perceived as
EMPRI’s climate plan identifies 200 action is no specific target to how much.75 Other one part of this overarching exercise. For
plans, likely selected based on the policy suggestions include developing indigenous instance, the mining section talks of not
gap analysis, but chooses to focus on solar research and manufacturing to drive just climate impacts from increased energy
31 implementation activities.68 This is a down costs, attracting more players in use as a result of mining activities, but also
significant departure from other state the wind and solar space, and removing surface and groundwater pollution.84 The
9 AN ANALYSIS OF KARNATAKA’S ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE

“ Karnataka gives free electricity to farmers as there is no user fee, so


water extraction high and this affects the ground water situation.
So ground water is a priority area … [the nodal department head]
had reservations about irrigation tariffs ... but he agreed. We said all
actions should have dual benefits, mainstream as much as possible”
- Consultant, EMPRI climate plan

Implementation
This section addresses implementation
transport section in addition lists other air error in comprehending the difference mechanisms that feature in the EMPRI-
pollutants and noise pollution as concern between absolute emissions reductions and led plan document. The BCCI-K report as
areas.85 Further, the section on industries reductions in emissions intensity. discussed earlier, is less a standalone action
expands on the problem of e-waste.86 plan and more a scientific value-add to the
Finally, a recurring concern in the document other two climate action plans. Sectoral
By establishing the policy objective of is that many mitigation strategies are recommendations are proffered only in
its plan up front, and explicitly stating improperly categorized as adaptation some chapters. Moreover, the research and
its overarching targets, CSD follows measures. For instance, a committee to insights in the BCCI-K report are copiously
a useful exercise, but the final list of monitor carbon stocks under forestry is employed in both drafts. The CSD report
recommendations in the CSD report are tagged as an adaptation action.91 Further, states that actions proposed in its plan are
all mitigation driven and have little bearing recommendations such as energy audits, merely meant to bring important issues
on the sectoral recommendations of the GHG accounting of industries, public to the attention of the state government,
previous chapters. Some are apparently transport to reduce conventional fuel and it is left up to state departments along
borrowed from the experience of dependency, are all listed as adaptation with ‘non-state actors’ to carry out its
industrialised nations without any effort plans. As noted earlier, it is unclear if implementation.92 Moreover, the plan as of
to contextualize the proposal. For instance the consultants involved in the CSD plan January 2014 is not in the public domain.
the report offers a detailed account of process had any expertise in working on The EMPRI-led climate plan, in contrast
adopting energy budgets, perhaps echoing climate issues in India. is the only document that is formulated
the United Kingdom (UK) experiment with by a government-affiliated body and
carbon budgets, and tradable emission In sum, the presence of three climate action more likely to be adopted by the state
quotas (TEQs) such as exist in the European plans in Karnataka, while problematic with possible inputs from the other two
Union.87 However, there is no discussion if for institutional reasons, provides a vast plans. This section therefore focuses on
these ideas are viable and workable in the array of climate strategies for the state. EMPRI’s climate plan, specifically on four
Indian context. The plan also expands on The BCCI-K report is replete with relevant aspects; prioritization of actions, budgets,
the importance of addressing large point- climate research, although it only offers mechanism for monitoring and evaluation,
source of emissions such as agriculture, policy recommendations in some of its and institutional mechanisms to take the
thermal plants, aluminium, steel plants, chapters, and they are largely broad- plan forward.
and the Information Technology industry.88 based. The agriculture chapter however
In addition, it talks of each government is a notable exception in terms of detail
department preparing carbon reduction and specificity of proposed actions and Prioritisation
delivery plans.89 Incidentally these this is picked up by both the CSD and
measures are aimed at achieving a “target EMPRI reports. The EMPRI plan in turn, One of the key advantages of the EMPRI-
of 25 percent reduction in GHG emission is comprehensive in providing detailed led climate plan is the provision of a specific
levels by 2020” at the state level which is suggestions across seven sectors. This was priority list with targets and timetables for
a considerably stronger statement than informed by a policy-gap analysis that was each activity. A targeted list of 31 actions
the national pledge of a 20 to 25 per cent conducted prior to the preparation of the raises its likelihood of implementation
reduction in emissions intensity.90 This is plan. While the draft offers a considerably given the ready focus and timeframe
the only report among those studied that targeted list of priority actions, there seems provided. There is however no evidence of
aims to quantify its actions in terms of to be no framework used to prioritise these a reasoned process or relevant criteria with
absolute emission reductions by a fixed actions from a climate perspective. The CSD which the agency arrived at this final list.
period, though it offers no baselines for plan, for its part, provides several specific Moreover, there is a lack of consistency
that reduction, nor any justification or sectoral recommendations that focuses between sectoral recommendations in
feasibility analysis. Given how far outside solely on mitigation solutions, all of which individual chapters, those included in the
the mainstream of climate thought these are insufficiently discussed or justified. actions required section and those in the
proposals actually are, it is unclear if the CSD III. Mechanisms for priority actions list. For instance one of the
document represents simply an elementary intervention areas in the energy chapter
10 MECHANISMS FOR IMPLEMENTATION

is the creation of an energy conservation climate in their development plans, or even


“ We decided, lets
fund.93 This is neither picked up in the implement priority actions. Moreover,
not put budgets for ‘actions required’ table nor the priority list. some of the recommendations may not
Conversely the suggestion of an energy be politically feasible since they pertain to
all actions, let the conservation building code is in the final topics that have been contested by civil
section of the report, but is not listed in any society groups. For instance restructuring
government approve
part of the energy chapter. As officials have power tariffs in agriculture sector or
NAPCC budgets noted, the final list was arrived at based adding a cess on every unit of electricity
on the state’s overriding development and consumed does not find support in all
and then we would environment concerns.94 constituencies.99 In addition suggestions of
bio-diesel plantations in forest areas, and
allocate funds
soil carbon sequestration may be opposed
based on budgets Budgetary Allocation by some organisations.100 A state official
cited another example, “The knowledge on
approved.” The EMPRI-led action plan does not link framing the NAPCC and SAPCC is available,
any of its recommended actions with but implementation is a big issue. Electricity
- Consultant on the specific budgetary requirements, nor does is almost free in Karnataka for agriculture.
it offer a cumulative monetary figure for Renewable energy projects cannot come
EMPRI climate plan
the entire action plan. The document up because they will cost some money,
instead provides the total amount of money even though the government may subsidize
available centrally for an area of work in the it. Also the neighbouring village will have
final priority list. For instance, on devising free electricity. So unless implementation
cropping shifts, the table states that, “INR is made absolutely compulsory, it will not
65,000 crore of INR 108,000 crore under the happen.”101 This ties to a larger process-
NAPCC Mission for Sustainable Agriculture driven concern of not making the process
is earmarked for technology, products and open to external participants. As a result
practices.”95 As one stakeholder noted, the action plan does not take into account
“We decided, lets not put budgets for all the social or political tenability of some
actions, let the government approve NAPCC actions.
budgets and then we would allocate funds
based on the budgets approved.”96 In 2013,
different departments, according to EMPRI, Institutional mechanism to take
were asked to submit specific financial the plan forward
requirements for priority actions.97
One of the big tasks ahead for the
government of Karnataka is streamlining
Mechanisms for monitoring, the SAPCC process from its three current
evaluation tracks, and formally nominating a single
plan for approval from the state. If the
There is no stated mechanism in the EMPRI-led plan is the likely choice, the
draft to ensure monitoring, evaluation state needs to decide if aspects of the CSD
and implementation of the EMPRI-led report will be included (the BCCI-K report
draft plan. Each of the priority actions has been extensively cited by both the
are comprehensive to the extent that other plans). Much of this is still unclear.
information on the key implementing When we spoke with officials at EMPRI
departments as well as other departmental in April 2013, various departments had
stakeholders is provided. In addition, the been tasked with submitting budgetary
table lists capacity building requirements allocations for sectoral recommendations.
to implement a given action. For instance, Moreover, EMPRI is constrained in another
to increase the deployment of improved regard; all key members who were involved
chulas, the key implementers are Gram with the SAPCC process have moved
Panchayats, and the stakeholders are the office, including the secretary at the
Department of Rural Development and Environment and Ecology division of the
Panchayati Raj, as well as the Department nodal department. The new team in place
of Health and Family Welfare.98 Given may be hindered by the lack of a planned
that departments were not sufficiently institutional mechanism to take the SAPCC
co-opted in the draft plan process, one forward.
concern is that EMPRI lacks the required
capacity and bureaucratic weight to nudge
other key departments into mainstreaming
11 AN ANALYSIS OF KARNATAKA’S ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE

Conclusion
Karnataka’s climate plan process stands information from various departments be useful in such a plan, the EMPRI plan
out for its relatively robust scientific and leading to a one-way dialogue. Based on fails to demonstrate strategic thinking or
analytical grounding, largely due to the the knowledge gathered, EMPRI proceeded prioritization beyond picking items from
input of the BCCI-K, a consortium of to conduct a “policy gap” analysis. This departmental lists of actions.
research organisations. This, in turn was was an intriguing effort in identifying gaps,
possible because of the density of scientific as the process was neither structured to Moreover, the plan remains uncertain on
establishments in Bengaluru. External be deliberative nor did it lead to cross- process, as it does not adequately address
consultants played a more limited role here departmental discussion. Ultimately, it implementation issues. More clarity is
than witnessed in other states. However, turned out to be a failed opportunity needed on the best way forward, especially
the fact that three separate processes on two counts – to better communicate since there are three different, competing
were initiated, speaks to some degree climate change within the government, state plans. There is a need for enhancing
of incoherence and lack of coordination and start a discussion on the appropriate institutional capacity (particularly given the
within the state. Given that the EMPRI ways of mainstreaming climate change staff turnover at EMPRI); clear financial
plan is the formal SAPCC initiated by the into developmental policy. As a result, and allocations; and effective monitoring
Government of Karnataka, the remainder despite the benefit of the BCCI-K input on mechanisms. These measures would be
of the conclusion focuses specifically on science, final recommendations appear to necessary in order to build upon the
this plan. be a disconnected list, lacking a broader positive elements in Karnataka’s SAPCC and
strategy or direction and with no stated allow it to result in tangible mainstreaming
The content of the EMPRI plan was linkages to climate change impacts. While of climate change considerations in
substantively determined by harvesting a broad sustainable development focus can Karnataka’s development process.

About Centre for Policy


Research, Climate
Initiative Acknowledgments

The Climate Initiative seeks to generate The authors thank officials in the
research and analysis on the global climate Government of Karnataka as well as other
negotiations, and on the links between stakeholders who were generous with
the global climate regime and domestic their time and valuable insights during a
laws, policies and institutions in India. It state visit and also offered helpful review
also seeks to create a platform from which comments. We are also grateful to Ben
scholars and activists can engage in policy Mandelkern, Anandita Bishnoi, Shibani
and academic debate on climate change. Ghosh, Vyoma Jha, and Neha Joseph for
assistance with various aspects of this
publication. The Oak Foundation and The
International Development Research Centre
provided generous financial support,
without which this project would not have
been possible. All responsibility for the
content and interpretation in this report
rests with the authors.
12 NOTES

Notes
1. Interview with Meera Saxena, Former Additional Chief Secretary, 14. EMPRI, Karnataka climate plan, p. 29; Centre for Sustainable
Government of Karnataka, September 27, 2012, Bengaluru, Karnataka. Development (CSD), “Karnataka Climate Change Action Plan”
(Bengaluru: CSD), p. 35.
2. There are over 20 noted science and research-based institutions in
Karnataka; Findouter India. (http://www.findouter.com/India/Region/ 15. BCCI-K, “Foreword,” Karnataka climate plan.
Karnataka/Research_Institutes/2).
16. Interview with B K Chandrashekar, Chairman, Bangalore Climate
3. BCCI-K, “Karnataka Climate Change Action Plan” (BCCI-K), Final Change Initiative- Karnataka (BCCI-K), Former Chairman, Karnataka
report submitted by BCCI-K to the Government of Karnataka (Bengaluru: Legislative Council, September 28, 2012, Bengaluru, Karnataka.
BCCI-K, May 2011).
17. Interview with Anshu Bharadwaj, Director, Centre for Study of
4. Interview with Meera Saxena, September 27, 2012, Bengaluru, Science Technology and Policy (CSTEP), September 28, 2012, Bengaluru,
Karnataka; Interview with Felix Nitz, Technical Advisor, EMPRI, September Karnataka.
28, 2012, Bengaluru, Karnataka.
18. Interview with Meera Saxena, September 27, 2012, Bengaluru,
5. Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Government of India, Karnataka.
“State Action Plan on Climate Change,” Submitted Reports on State
Action Plan on Climate Change (SAPCC) endorsed by National Steering 19. Interview with Anshu Bharadwaj, September 28, 2012, Bengaluru,
Committee on Climate Change. (http://envfor.nic.in/ccd-sapcc). Karnataka.

6. Karnataka Water Resources Department, “Irrigation in Karnataka,” 20. Not for attribution interview with a stakeholder involved in the
April 23, 2010 (http://waterresources.kar.nic.in/irri_in_kar.htm). Karnataka SAPCC process, September 28, 2012, Bengaluru, Karnataka.

7. Environmental Management and Policy Research Institute (EMPRI) and 21. Interview with B K Chandrashekar, September 28, 2012, Bengaluru,
The Energy Resources Institute (TERI), “Karnataka State Action Plan on Karnataka.
Climate Change: 1st Assessment” (Bengaluru: EMPRI, March 22, 2012),
p. 15. (http://parisaramahiti.kar.nic.in/pubs/Karnataka-SAPCC-EMPRI- 22. Interview with Anshu Bharadwaj, September 28, 2012, Bengaluru,
TERI-2012-03-22.pdf). Karnataka.

8. S Puttaswamaiah, “Drinking Water Supply: Environmental Problems, 23. Interview with Anshu Bharadwaj, September 28, 2012, Bengaluru,
Causes, Impacts and Remedies – Experiences from Karnataka,” 2005. Karnataka.
(http://www.isec.ac.in/Drinkingper cent20Waterper cent20Supply.PDF);
EMPRI, Karnataka climate plan, p. 119. 24. Interview with Anshu Bharadwaj, September 28, 2012, Bengaluru,
Karnataka.
9. EMPRI, Karnataka climate plan, p. 15.
25. Interview with B K Chandrashekar, September 28, 2012, Bengaluru,
10. Sugata Srinivasaraju, “Once There Was a River,” Outlook, February Karnataka.
14, 2005 (http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?226478); Vibha
Varshney, “Gold’s Toxic Legacy,” Down To Earth, November 30, 2012 26. Interview with B K Chandrashekar, September 28, 2012, Bengaluru,
(http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/gold-s-toxic-legacy); Divya Karnataka.
Gandhi, “Mini-hydro projects still a major threat to Western Ghats,”
The Hindu, May 23, 2013. (http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ 27. Interview with Felix Nitz, September 28, 2012. Bengaluru, Karnataka.
karnataka/minihydro-projects-still-a-major-threat-to-western-ghats/
article4740215.ece). 28. Interview with Felix Nitz, September 28, 2012, Bengaluru, Karnataka.

11. Ramaswamy Iyer, “Cauvery Dispute: A Lament and a Proposal,” 29. EMPRI, Karnataka Climate Plan, p. 13.
Economic & Political Weekly, vol. 48, no. 13, (March 30, 2013).
30. Department of Forest, Ecology and Environment, Government of
12. Business Standard, “HC contempt notice to chief secretary over lake Karnataka, “State Action Plan on Climate Change Karnataka: Rapid
protection,” August 29, 2013. (http://www.business-standard.com/ Assessment of Sectoral Actions Initiated” (Bengaluru: EMPRI, December
article/economy-policy/hc-contempt-notice-to-chief-secretary-over-lake- 30, 2010). (http://karnataka.gov.in/pubs/Karnataka-SAPCC-Rapid-assessment-
protection-113082901150_1.html). EMPRI-2010-12-30.pdf).
31. EMPRI, Karnataka Climate Plan, p. 13.
13. The Karnataka report is part of a larger study examining climate plans
in Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and Sikkim. 32. EMPRI, “State Action Plan on Climate Change: Outline of Information
In some states, there are multiple versions of climate plans in the public to be provided by Departments,” questionnaire sent to line departments.
domain; this study uses the most recent version, as specified in the notes
to this report. The climate plans, in general, are referred to as State 33. EMPRI, Outline of Information to be provided by Departments.
Action Plans on Climate Change (SAPCC).
13 AN ANALYSIS OF KARNATAKA’S ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE

34. Interview with Meera Saxena, September 27, 2012, Bengaluru, 53. EMPRI, Karnataka climate plan, p. 36.
Karnataka.
54. CSTEP, “Mitigation options in energy sector,” in Karnataka Climate
35. EMPRI, Karnataka Climate Plan, p. iv. Change Action Plan (Bengaluru: BCCI-K, May 2011), ch. 7, p. 3.

36. Interview with Felix Nitz, September 28, 2012, Bengaluru, Karnataka. 55. Interview with Muthukumar Mani,
Senior Environmental Economist, The World Bank, 6 June, 2012, New
37. Interview with Kanwerpal, Commissioner, Watershed Development Delhi.
Department. Former Secretary to Government of Karnataka (Environment
and Ecology), September 28, 2012, Bengaluru, Karnataka. 56. EMPRI, Karnataka climate plan, p. 18.

38. Interview with Felix Nitz, September 28, 2012, Bengaluru, Karnataka. 57. EMPRI, Karnataka climate plan.

39. Interview with Felix Nitz, September 28, 2012, Bengaluru, Karnataka. 58. EMPRI, Karnataka climate plan, p. 19.

40. Interview with Meera Saxena, September 27, 2012, Bengaluru, 59. EMPRI, Karnataka climate plan, p. 75.
Karnataka.
60. EMPRI, Karnataka climate plan, p. 3.
41. Interview with Felix Nitz, September 28, 2012, Bengaluru, Karnataka.
61. EMPRI, Karnataka climate plan, p. 4.
42. Deloitte is acknowledged in the CSD report for technical support. We
were also informed by observers engaged in the process that Deloitte 62. Madhya Pradesh asked the Indian Institute of Forest Management
consultants were hired to undertake the technical work of pulling to conduct a policy gap analysis for the state. But according to state
together departmental information into a report. officials, it wasn’t taken into account while drafting the MP climate plab
because of time constraints.
43. Not for attribution interview with representative of a research
organisation, September 27, 2012, Bengaluru, Karnataka. 63. EMPRI, Karnataka climate plan, p. 13.

44. Interview with, Srinivas, Centre for Sustainable Development, 64. EMPRI, Karnataka climate plan, p. 65.
September 27, 2012, Bengaluru, Karnataka.
65. EMPRI, Karnataka climate plan, p. 42.
45. Participants in a “Bangalore Platform” discussion on climate change
had little information on the CSD process, although they were aware of 66. EMPRI, Karnataka climate plan, p. 29.
the BCCI-K and EMPRI reports.
67.  Interview with Sumana Bhattacharya, Head – Climate Change and
46. As of September 2012, the Karnataka government was looking to Sustainability, Intercooperation, India, 6 August 2012, New Delhi.  
meet all the key actors and arrive at a consensus on the final plan as well
as deciding if key inputs from other plans could be incorporated in the 68. EMPRI, “Foreword,” Karnataka climate plan.
final version.
69. EMPRI, Karnataka climate plan, pp. 165-196.
47. A policy-gap analysis typical involves a sector wise assessment of
ongoing policies and programs that also provide climate benefits after 70. Some activities in the EMPRI SAPCC are broad-
which policy ‘gaps’ or targets are identified, that need to be bridged in based in scope: For example, conducting an
order to design a comprehensive climate plan. “assessment of barriers impeding the deployment of different renewable
energy technologies”, or assessing the barriers to effective solid waste
48. CSD, Karnataka climate plan. management among urban local bodies. However, such priorities, at
the scale of objectives rather than specific actions, are relatively few in
49. CSTEP, “Karnataka - Greenhouse Gas Inventory,” in Karnataka number in the EMPRI led draft; EMPRI, Karnataka climate plan, pp. 189
Climate Change Action Plan (Bengaluru: BCCI-K, May 2011), and 193.
ch. 1, p. 3. (http://www.lse.ac.uk/asiaResearchCentre/_files/
KarnatakaCCactionPlanFinal.pdf) 71. EMPRI, Karnataka climate plan, p. 168.

50. Indian Institute of Science (IISc), “Climate variability and climate 72. EMPRI, Karnataka climate plan, p. 184.
change predictions- Karnataka Region,” in Karnataka Climate Change 73. EMPRI, Karnataka climate plan, p. 43, table 18.
Action Plan (Bengaluru: BCCI-K, May 2011), ch. 2, p. 26.
74. Prime Minister’s Council on Climate Change, Government of India,
51. Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC), “Socio-economic “National Action Plan on Climate Change” (New Delhi: Government of
Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity Assessment,” in Karnataka Climate India, 2008), p. 7. (http://pmindia.nic.in/climate_change_english.pdf).
Change Action Plan (Bengaluru: BCCI-K, May 2011) ch. 6, p. 4.
75. EMPRI, Karnataka climate plan, p. 199.
52. CSD, Karnataka climate plan, p. 176.
14 NOTES

76. EMPRI, Karnataka climate plan, p. 189-190. 99. Parvathi Menon, “The rural anger in Karnataka,” The Frontline,
vol. 21, issue 12, June 05-18, 2004. (http://www.frontline.in/static/
77. EMPRI, Karnataka climate plan, p. 165. html/fl2112/stories/20040618003303500.htm); The Hindu, “Rider on
free power not acceptable,” September 3, 2008. (http://www.hindu.
78. EMPRI, Karnataka climate plan, p. 179. com/2008/09/03/stories/2008090356330300.htm).

79. EMPRI, Karnataka climate plan, p. 191. 100. WWF India, “Biofuel Plantations.” (http://www.wwfindia.org/
about_wwf/reducing_footprint/sustainable_forestry/solutions/biofuel_
80. Not for attribution discussion in, “State Action Plans on Climate plantations/).
Change in India: Framing, processes, and drivers,” A report on the round
table dialogue organized by the Centre for Policy Research (CPR), Climate 101. Not for attribution discussion in, State Action Plans on Climate
Initiative (New Delhi: CPR CI, April 27, 2013) (http://cdkn.org/wp-content/ Change in India: Framing, processes, and drivers, CPR CI.
uploads/2013/05/SAPCC-Workshop-Report_CPR_27-April-2013_update.
pd)

81. Interview with Sumit Gautam, Fellow, The Energy Resources Institute,
September 27, 2012, Bengaluru, Karnataka.

82. The CSD plan predominantly details climate-related sectoral impacts


and uses BCCI-K recommendations on shifting cropping patterns; CSD,
Karnataka climate plan, pp. 149-150.

83. CSD,Karnataka climate plan, p. 23.

84. CSD, Karnataka climate plan, p. 131.

85. CSD, Karnataka climate plan, p. 139.

86. CSD, Karnataka climate plan, p. 51.

87. CSD, Karnataka climate plan, p. 215.

88. CSD, Karnataka climate plan, p. 217.

89. CSD, Karnataka climate plan, p. 220.

90. CSD, Karnataka climate plan, p. 217; Press Information Bureau,


“Speech of Jairam Ramesh at Copenhagen on Climate Change,”
December 17, 2009. (http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx).

91. CSD, Karnataka climate plan, p. 47.

92. CSD, Karnataka climate plan, p. 28.

93. EMPRI, Karnataka climate plan, p. 117.

94. Interview with Kanwerpal, September 28, 2012, Bengaluru,


Karnataka.

95. INR refers to the Indian Rupee; EMPRI, Karnataka climate plan, p.
166.
96. Interview with Sumit Gautam, September 27, 2012, Bengaluru,
Karnataka.

97. Not for attribution discussion in, State Action Plans on Climate
Change in India: Framing, processes, and drivers, CPR CI.

98. EMPRI, Karnataka climate plan, p. 192.

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