FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

Pile Foundation

Luthfi Hasan
Geotechnical expert

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
SUKSES?
Hadir
maksimal
Kuliah &
SKS
aktif

SUCCESS

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
 Proporsi penilaian

35 % UTS

Penilaian 50 % UAS

15 % kehadiran ≥ 10 kali

p  Mengetahui dasar fondasi dalam

Target p  Mampu mendesain fondasi dalam

pencapaian (pile foundation)

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
(pile foundation)
Contents
Part one :

p  Pengertian Geotechnical Project

p  Penentuan fondasi dangkal & dalam
p  Jenis Pile foundations
p  Mekanisme transfer beban pada pile foundations
p  Pengertian kapasitas fondasi (pile capacity)
p  Pile capacity di tanah non kohesif (sand)
(end bearing & friction)

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
(pile foundation)
Contents
Part two :

p  Pile capacity di tanah kohesif (clay)

(end bearing & friction)
p  Pile capacity berdasarkan data CPT dan SPT
p  Pemancangan (pile driving)
p  Uji beban (pile load test)
p  Group piles
p  Penurunan (settlement of group piles)
p  Bored piles

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Main References
p  Das, B.M. (2002). Principles of
Geotechnical Engineering, 5th edition,
Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning

p  Das, B.M. (2004). Principles of Foundation

Engineering, 5th edition, Brooks/Cole
Thomson Learning

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Part One

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
 Typical Geotechnical Project

Geo-Laboratory Design Office

soil properties
~ for testing ~ for design & analysis

construction site Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Shallow & Deep
Foundations

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
FOUNDATION
load

Foundation

Soil
Condition

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Shallow Foundations
~ for transferring building loads to underlying ground

~ mostly for firm soils or light loads

firm
ground

bed rock
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Deep Foundations
~ for transferring building loads to underlying ground
~ mostly for weak soils or heavy loads

P
I
L
weak soil E

bed rock Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Perbedaan F. Dangkal & F. Dalam

F. Dangkal F. Dalam

D/B Kecil Besar

Sampai
Di dalam
Keruntuhan permukaan
tanah
tanah
Dipancang/
Instalasi Digali
dibor
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Analisis jenis fondasi
Beban
Besar Kecil
Dalam

Fondasi F. Dalam
Lapis tanah stabil

Dalam F. Dangkal
Dangkal

F. Dalam Fondasi
F. Dangkal Dangkal

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Shallow Foundations

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
 Pile Foundations
p  Piles are relatively long and slender members used to
transmit foundation loads through soil strata of low
bearing capacity to deeper soil or rock having a higher
bearing capacity.

p  Pile resistance is comprised of

n  end bearing
n  shaft friction

p  For many piles only one of these components is

important. This is the basis of a simple classification
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Use of pile foundations

When one or more upper soil layers are highly

compressible and too weak to support the load
transmitted by the superstructure. Piles are used to
transmit the load to underlying bedrock or a
stronger soil layer

When bedrock is not encountered at a reasonable depth

below the ground surface, piles are used to transmit the
structural load to the soil gradually. The resistance to the
applied structural load is derived mainly from the
frictional resistance developed at the soil-pile interface

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Use of pile foundations

When subjected to horizontal forces, pile

foundation resist by bending , while still
supporting the vertical load transmitted by the
superstructure

The foundations of some structures, such as

transmission towers, offshore platforms and basement
mats below the water table, are subjected to uplifting
forces. Piles are sometimes used for these foundations
to resist the uplifting force

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Use of pile foundations

Bridge abutments and piers are usually are

usually constructed over pile foundations to
avoid the loss of bearing capacity that a
shallow foundation might suffer because of
soil erosion at the ground surface

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Deep Foundations

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Pile foundation

Tall buildings need

piles down to the
rock bed to transfer
the loads directly to
the solid part in the
earth to avoid
uneven settlement

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
 Jembatan Suramadu

Sisi Surabaya Sisi Madura

Total panjang jembatan 5438m
Cable Stayed 818m
Causeway Approach Approach Causeway

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
PONDASI CABLE STAYED BRIDGE

20 m 15 m
100 m 100 m

56 Tiang

Diameter 2.4 m

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Sutong Bridge - China
1088m

60m

Pondasi:
Panjang = 130m
Diameter = 3.2m - 60m pertama
2.8m - sisanya
Jumlah = 131 tiang Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Piled Foundations

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Pile

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Jembatan Cikubang

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Jembatan Suramadu

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Ciujung

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Type of Pile Foundations

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Types of Piles

Concrete Steel Timber Steel H Pre-cast Composite

Pipe Concrete

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Steel piles
p  Discription
n  Usual length 15-60 m
n  Usual load 300-1200 kN
p  Advantages
n  Easy to handle with respect to cut off and extension to the
desired length
n  Can stand high driving stress
n  Can penetrate hard layers
n  High load-carrying capacity
p  Disadvantages
n  Relatively costly
n  High level of noise during driving
n  Subject to corrosion
n  H-piles may be damaged or deflected during driving through
hard layers
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Concrete piles

p  Precast piles

n  Using ordinary reinforcement

n  Prestressed : using high-strength steel

prestressing cable

p  Cast-in-situ piles

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Concrete piles
p  Discription
n  Usual length 10-15m (press : 10-45m)
n  Usual load 300-3000 kN (press : 7500-8500 kN)
p  Advantages
n  Can be subjected to hard driving
n  Corrosion resistant
n  Can be easily combined with a concrete superstructure
n  High load-carrying capacity
p  Disadvantages
n  Difficult to achieve proper cutoff
n  Difficult to transport

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Steps in Rational Pile Selection
p  Adequate Subsurface Investigation
p  Soil Profile Development
p  Appropriate Lab/Field Testing
p  Selection of Soil Design Parameters
p  Static Analysis
p  Applied Experience

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Load Magnitude
Typical range of
Deep foundation Typical length
nominal (ultimate)
type (feet)
resistance (kips)

Timber pile 75 – 200 20 – 40

Concrete pile 200 – 2,000 20 – 150

Steel H-pile 200 – 1,000 20 – 160

Pipe pile 175 – 2,500 20 – 100

Drilled shaft 750 – 10,000 20 – 160

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
What is a Driven Pile?

A Driven Pile is a deep

foundation that is constructed
by driving a concrete, steel or
timber pile to support the
anticipated loads in competent
subsurface material.

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Driven Low Displacement Piles

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Driven High Displacement Piles

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Drilled Shafts (bored piles)

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Driven & Bored Pile

Jenis Keunggulan Kekurangan

Kualitas terjamin
Dynamic pile capacity
Driven pile
Pelaksanaan singkat Vibrasi saat driving
(Precast pile)
Displacement pile
Human error kecil
Kualitas perlu ketelitian
Bored pile Tanpa vibrasi Non dynamic pile capacity
(cast insitu) Non displacement pile Pelaksanaan cukup lama
Human error relatif besar

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Type of piles based on installation

p  Non displacement pile (bored pile)

p  Displacement pile ( driven pile)

p  Extra displacement pile ( franki ple)

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Pile capacity

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Ultimate Bearing Capacity -
Static Formula Method (Qu = Qp + Qs)
Qu = Ultimate Bearing Capacity

Qs = fAs

f = Unit Frictional
Embedded Resistance
=D
Length AS = Shaft Area
qP = Unit Bearing
Capacity
AP = Area of Point
QP = qPAP
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
 Qu

ΔL1 QS1 Layer 1

ΔL2 QS2 Layer 2

ΔL3 QS3 Layer 3

Qu = ΣQs+Qp
ΔL4 Layer 4
QS4

Qp
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
End Bearing or Friction?
END BEARING FRICTION
LOAD LOAD

SANDS SANDS
SANDS
L L
L
O O
O
The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted.
Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.

A A
A
D D
D
SOFT CLAYS
CLAYS
CLAYS

The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted.
Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.

ROCK SAND
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Method of Support
End Bearing Side Friction Combined

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Mekanisme trasfer beban

p  Tahanan friksi (gesekan permukaan) termobilisasi penuh

jika telah terjadi displacement sebesar :
● 5-10 mm (0,2-0,3 inch)……………..B.M. Das
● 0,30 – 1% lebar/diameter tiang …..Tomlinson

p  Tahanan ujung termobilisasi penuh jika telah terjadi

displacement sebesar
● 10-25% lebar/diameter tiang ……….B.M. Das
● 10-20% lebar/diameter tiang ……….Tomlinson

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Ultimate Bearing Capacity -
Static Formula Method
Qu = Ultimate Bearing Capacity

Qu = Qp + Qs
Qs = fAs

f = Unit Frictional
Embedded Resistance
=D
Length AS = Shaft Area
qP = Unit Bearing
Capacity
AP = Area of Point
QP = qPAP
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
End Bearing Piles

PILES SOFT SOIL

ROCK

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
 Friction Piles

PILES SOFT SOIL

Strength
increases
with depth

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Mekanisme keruntuhan

Terzaghi Meyerhof Vesic Skempton

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Luthfi Hasan (1998)

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Arching at Pile Tip
Ground Surface

Arching Action D
f

Zone of
Shear & PO = αγDf γDf
Volume
Decrease

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
 Loads applied to Piles
M
V
p  Combinations of vertical, horizontal and moment
H
loading may be applied at the soil surface from
the overlying structure

p  For the majority of foundations the loads applied

to the piles are primarily vertical

p  For piles in jetties, foundations for bridge piers,

tall chimneys, and offshore piled foundations the
lateral resistance is an important consideration

p  The analysis of piles subjected to lateral and

moment loading is more complex than simple
vertical loading because of the soil-structure
interaction.
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Estimation of Pile Capacity

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Tahapan desain

p  Mengusahakan data tanah melalui soil investigation,

berupa :
- Cone Penetration Test (CPT = Sondir)
- Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
- Boring (pengambilan sampel tanah)

p  Melakukan survei tentang kedalaman fondasi tiang pada

bangunan sekitarnya

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Tahapan desain (lanjutan)
p  Melakukan estimasi kapasitas fondasi tiang tunggal
menggunakan static formula, berdasarkan data:
- Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
- Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
- Hasil uji laboratorium
- Korelasi dari berbagai data diatas

p  Melakukan estimasi kelompok tiang berdasarkan hasil

estimasi tiang tunggal dan beban kolom yang harus
ditahan

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Tahapan desain (lanjutan)

p  Melaksanakan pile driving dengan menggunakan

dynamic formula berdasarkan estimasi nilai static
formula. Menentukan kapasitas tiang yang digunakan

p  Melaksanakan pile load test bagi fondasi tiang yang

meragukan.

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Estimasi kapasitas tiang
Q u = Q p + Qs − ( W )
Q u = A p .q p + A s .q s
A p .q p As .q s
Qall = +
SF1 SF2
Qp Tahanan ujung end bearing)
Qs Tahanan friksi (friction resistance)
qp Unit daya dukung
qs Unit tahanan friksi
SF1 Angka keamanan untuk tahananujung
SF2 Angka keamanan untuk tahanan friksi
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Menghitung tahanan ujung (end bearing)

Q p = A p .q p

Terzaghi
_
q u = 1,3.c.N c + q N q + 0,4.B.γ.N γ Square footing

_
q u = 1,3.c.N c + q N q + 0,3.B.γ.N γ Circular footing

Meyerhof
_
q u = c.N c .Fcs .Fcd + q N q .Fqs .Fqd + 0,5.B.γ.N γ .Fγs .Fγd

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Menghitung tahanan ujung (end bearing)

Deep foundation
_
General equation q p = c.N*c + q .N*q + γ.B.N*γ

N*c , N*q , N*γ Bearing capacity factors

Nilai B atau D kecil γ.B.N*γ ≈ 0

_
*
q
Sehingga : p = c.N c + q .N*q
_
* *
Q p = A p (c.N c + q .N q )
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
DAYA DUKUNG AKSIAL

Qu = Qp + Qs
Qs =Σ2πr Δl (α C)
+ Σ2πr Δl (k σv tanδ)
Δl Qu
Qall =
κ σv F.S.
σv

Qp =Ap(c Nc +q Nq)

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Bearing Capacity Factors for Deep Foundations (Meyerhof, 1976)
1000
800
600
400

200

100
80
60
40
and

20

10
8
6
4

1
0 10 20 30 40 45
S oil  friction   a ngle,     Ø     (deg)
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Tahanan ujung tiang pada tanah pasir
Tanah pasir c = 0 , sehingga : Q p = A p .q p
_ _
Q p = A p . q .N*q q = ∑ γh

Meyerhof s
Method :

Loose

L=LB
L

LB Dense

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Tahanan ujung tiang pada tanah pasir
qp akan naik sejalan dengan naiknya LB dan akan maksimum pada :

L B ⎛ L B ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟
D ⎝ D ⎠critic

Dibawah (Lb/D)cr digunakan qp

Diatas (Lb/D)cr digunakan qp = qL (limit/batas)
_
Sehingga : Q p = A p . q .N*q ≤ A p .q L

q L = 50.N*q . tan φ kN/m2

q L = 5.N*q . tan φ T/m2

q L = 1000.N*q . tan φ lb/ft2

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Cases
Case-1
Kedalaman tiang 305x305 mm adalah 12 m. Tanah pasir homogen dengan
γb=16,8 kN/m3, φ = 35o. Hitung nilai tahanan ujung tiang (Qp) dengan cara
Meyerhof

Case-2
γb=15,7 kN/m3
5m loose φ = 30o Dimensi fondasi : 309 X 309 mm2
∇
⊆ c=0
Hitunglah : Qp
γsat=18,1 kN/m3
13 m
loose φ = 30o
c=0

γsat=19,4 kN/m3
4m
dense φ = 40o
c=0

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Menghitung tahanan friksi (friction)

General : Qs = ∑ p.ΔL.f
p = perimeter (keliling tiang)
ΔL = unit panjang tiang
∑p. ΔL = luas selimut tiang
f =qs = unit tahanan friksi

f = K.σ'v . tan δ
K = Koefisien tekanan tanah
σ v = Tegangan efektif vertikal pada kedalaman yang
ditinjau, dianggap konstan setelah kedalaman 15D
(Meyerhof) atau 10D (Schmertmann)
δ = Sudut gesek permukaan (tanδ = µ)
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
DAYA DUKUNG AKSIAL

Qu = Qp + Qs
Qs = Σ2πr Δl (k σ tanδ)
v

Δl Qu
Qall =
κ σv F.S.
σv

Qp =Ap(c Nc +q Nq)

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Nilai K dan δ
Nilai K :

Metoda instalasi K

Tiang pancang, displacement besar (1-2)Ko

Tiang pancang, displacement kecil (0,75-1,75)Ko
Bored pile (0,75-1)Ko

Ko = 1-sinφ

Nilai δ :

Interface δ

Baja halus (0,5-0,7) φ

Baja kasar (0,7-0,9) φ
Precast concrete (0,8-1) φ
Cast in place φ
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Menghitung tegangan effektif (σv )

σ v akan naik sejalan dengan kedalaman tiang

hingga mencapai kedalaman L = 15D (asumsi,
tergantung dari nilai φ, Cc dan Dr), selanjutnya
konstan.

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Case-3
γb=15,7 kN/m3
5m loose φ = 30o Dimensi fondasi = 400X400 mm ,
∇
⊆ c=0
K = 1-sin φ , δ = 0,6 φ
γsat=18,1 kN/m3
13 m φ = 30o Hitung tahanan friksi tiang (Qs).
loose
c=0

γsat=19,4 kN/m3
4m
dense φ = 40o
c=0

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Tahanan ujung tiang pada clay (lempung)

_
Q p = A p (c.N*c + q .N*q )

_
Tanah lempung : φ = 0 ; q N q ≈ kecil Nc = 9

Q p = A p .9.c u

cu = undrained cohesion

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Menghitung tahanan friksi (friction)

Banyak metoda diperkenalkan untuk mencari tahanan

friksi pada lempung : Metoda α, metoda λ dan metoda β

Metoda α
f = α.cu = α.Su
f = unit friksi ; α = adhesion factor ;
cu = undrained cohesion ; Su= undrained strength

α dicari dengan beberapa cara, yang banyak digunakan

adalah API (American Petroleum Institute, 1981) dan
Randolph & Murphy (1985)
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
DAYA DUKUNG AKSIAL

Qu = Qp + Qs
Qs =Σ2πr Δl (α c)

Δl Qu
Qall =
F.S.

Qp =Ap.c Nc

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Faktor penentu nilai α

p  Konsolidasi tanah selama pelaksanaan

p  Dragdown lapisan diatasnya saat pemancangan

p  Cara mendapatkan Su atau cu

p  Tipe instalasi fondasi tiang

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Menentukan α

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Menentukan α

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Nilai undrained shear strength (Su) :

Clay Su (kPa) Su (kg/cm2)

Very soft 0-12 0-0,12

Soft 12-24 0,12-0,24

Medium 24-48 0,24-0,48

Stiff 48-96 0,48-0.96

Very stiff 96-192 0,96-1,92

Hard > 192 > 1,92

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Case-4

5m cu =30 kN/m2
∇ γ = 18kN/m3
⊆
5m cu =30 kN/m2
γsat = 19,2 kN/m3 Hitung :
Kapasitas tiang ijin (Qall)
Jika diamater tiang 315 mm
cu =100 kN/m2
20m dan FS = 4
γsat = 19,8 kN/m3

5m

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978