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Materials
E
Young’s modulus E , Shear modulus G where ν is Poissons ratio
2(1 )
Thermal expansion: L = L o 1 + T
Composite Materials
Ecomposite E f a f Em (1 a f ) (when loaded parallel to fibres)
1
Ecomposite
a f / E f 1 a f / Em
(when loaded perpendicular to fibres)
Viscoelastic Materials
Stress at time t (t) in a viscoelastic material under constant strain
bd 3
Rectangle about N.A.: I
12
r4
Circle about diameter: I
4
2 EI
Euler’s formula for the buckling of slender axially loaded pin-ended columns: Fc
L2
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Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
pr pr
Cylindrical : hoop stress 1 , longitudinal stress 2
t 2t
pr
Spherical : 1 2
2t
x
x y x y cos 2
xy sin 2
2 2
y
x y x y cos 2
xy sin 2
2 2
x y
x y sin 2 cos 2
xy
2
Principal Stresses
2
x + y x y
1,2 = + xy 2
2 2
2 xy
tan 2 p =
x - y
x y
2
1 2
max,min = xy 2 =
2 2
( x - y )
tan 2s = , s p 45
2 xy
1
Centre x y ,0
2
1
1 2 2
Radius = x y
2
xy
2
Biaxial Strain
( x + y ) ( x - y ) xy
x' = + cos 2 + sin 2
2 2 2
( x + y ) ( x - y ) xy
y' = - cos 2 - sin 2
2 2 2
x' y' ( x - y ) xy
= - sin 2 + cos 2
2 2 2
Document1 2
2 2
x + y x y xy
1,2 = +
2 2 2
xy
Tan 2p =
x - y
max,min = ( x - y ) 2 + xy 2 = (1 - 2 )
xy 2 b a c ( b at 45)
Stress/Strain Transformation
x y y x
x = - , y = -
E E E E
E E
x = ( x + y ) , y = ( y + x )
(1 2 ) (1 2 )
E
= G =
2(1 + )
1 2 2 1
1 = - , 2 = -
E E E E
E E
1 = (1 + 2 ) , 2 = ( 2 + 1 )
(1 2 ) (1 2 )
e 12 22 1 2
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