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或來電(02)2705-5066”
目 錄
Contents
推薦序 003
自序 005
1
管理數學原理
第 1 堂課 數學基礎 011
第 2 堂課 函數 039
Python Part 1 061
2
微分
第 3 堂課 微分方法:單變數 087
第 4 堂課 微分方法:多變數函數之偏微分與全微分 101
第 5 堂課 微分的應用與邊際意義 113
Python Part 2 127
3
積分
第 6 堂課 積分原理 133
第 7 堂課 積分方法:單變數 149
第 8 堂課 多變數重積分 171
第 9 堂課 積分應用 179
Python Part 3 197
006
“本試閱檔為五南圖書所有。如欲購買此書,請至五南網站www.wunan.com.tw
或來電(02)2705-5066”
4
矩陣代數
第 10 堂課 矩陣代數基礎 205
第 11 堂課 矩陣的基本運算與應用 221
第 12 堂課 矩陣進一步性質與應用 243
Python Part 4 259
5
數學規劃與管理決策
第 13 堂課 單變數函數的最佳化問題 267
第 14 堂課 雙變數函數的極值:
無限制條件下的極值判斷問題 287
第 15 堂課 具限制條件的最佳化問題 301
第 16 堂課 選擇性主題 311
Python Part 5 335
Python Part 6 353
Python Part 7 373
Python Part 8 383
007
“本試閱檔為五南圖書所有。如欲購買此書,請至五南網站www.wunan.com.tw
或來電(02)2705-5066”
PPA===$240 4 VA(0) = $108 = $5, 200 V (1) = $4,687.50
V y (=t$240
)
$108
= + 7 − $512.50t
x$5,200 V ( t ) = $5,200 − $512.50t
((tt)=)==3$5,200 VP(2) = $4,175 V (3) = $3,662.50
VVP $240$5,200−−$512.50
$512.50tt = $240
V (0) = $5, 200 V (1) = $4,687.50
VA (0)
= =
$108 $5, 200 V (1) = $4,687.50
VVV(0) ( t )===$5,
(0) $5, 200
$5,200 (1)
(1)==$4,687.50
200 −VV$512.50 $4,687.50
t V (4)
V $3,150 − $512.50
( t ) ==$5,200 V (7) = $1,612.50
t
VP (2)
= =
$240 $4,175 V (3) = $3,662.50 V (2) = $4,175 V (3) = $3,662.50
VVV(2) V (8) = $1,100 第 堂課 數學基礎
(0)===$4,175 $5, 200 VVV (3)
(1)===$3,662.50
1
V (0) = $5, 200 V (1) = $4,687.50 025
(2) $4,175 (3) $3,662.50
$4,687.50 V (4) = $3,150 V (7) = $1,612.50
VVV (4)(4) $3,150 −V$512.50
( t )===$3,150
$5,200 (7)= =$1,612.50
V(7) $1,612.50
t C (2) (Q )==$4,175 Q + 250 V (3) = $3,662.50
V(4)(2)==$3,150 $4,175 VV(7) (3)==$1,612.50
$3,662.50 V
V (8)
(0) = $1,100
$5, 200 V (1) = $4,687.50 V (8) = $1,100
VVV(8) (4)===$1,100
(8) $1,100
$3,150 V (7) = $1,612.50 VR ((4) Q ) ==$3,15010Q V (7) = $1,612.50
C
V (
(2)Q ) == Q +
$4,175 250 V (3) = $3,662.50 C (Q ) = Q + 250
7. (1) CCV((QQ ))===QQ ++250 Vy (8) 2
= $1,100
(8) $1,100250 R (=Q−) = 10 x +Q3
R VR
( Q(
(4)Q) ) ==1010Q Q
$3,150 V (7) = $1,612.50 3 Q + 250
(2) RC(Q =
(Q) )==10 QQ+,抽水 250 C
Q 噸的總收益函數為 10Q,故抽一噸水索價美金 ( Q ) = 10
Vy (8) 22==2$1,100 yy (= 12 x+3
R (= Q −) x
10 +Q 3 R =Q−) =x 10 + 2Q
yy ==−− 3xx++33
元。 C (Q )3 = Q + 250 23
3 2 1 2
yy = 1 x+
− x+3
(3) 28R y噸
y =Q
(= 11−1) =x 10x +2Q3
+ y =
= 3x + 32
yy == 2xx3++22 32
221 2 112 x + 28
8. 是。 yyy = − x+3 9. 是。 yyy =
= 111 3xx ++ 32 = x+3
=
yy == 32xx++33 = 323 x − 3
31 12
y =312 xx ++ 328 yy = 1 xx +− 389
10. 是。 yy = = 2 22 x −88 11. 是。 y =
= 3 x+ 3
yy == 33xx−− 3 23 4
3312 338 2
11 x − 11 89
yy = 1
=1 3 xx + x +−9 39 y =
12. 是。y y= = 1 9 13. 是。 yy = = 3 xx +
22 + 346
y = 2 223xx++ 4 834
y =211 xx − 411
9 yy = 11 9
11
14. 否 y yy= = =1123x x+ + +11 3 15. 否 = 2 xx + +4
11
y = 2 12x + 6946 1
2 6
11
21 6
11
yy == 2 xx + +4 y= x+
2 6
2 6
1 11
y= x+
1.3 極限與連續 2 6
極限的意義和基本性質
極限和連續在現代數學扮演了相當重要的角色,本節我們將學習極限與
連續的數學直觀及邏輯。首先,我們掌握一個「直覺」的概念:
極限是指「逼近」但「不相等」
f ( x ) = 3x + 2
定義:極限 lim (3x + 2) = 2
x →0
x 2 + x − 12 ( x −lim 3) (f x( x+)4) =L
x→a
2 lim f ( x ) = L
lim (3x 22 −x →2 ax + 3) lim (3x + 2) = 2 = x→a
= x+4
lim
x →1 (3 x 2 − 2 x + 3)
lim (3 x − 2 x + 3) x →0 x − 3 lim x − f 3( x ) = L , lim g ( x ) = M
lim
x →1 (3 x
x →1 lim
2 − 2 ax + 3)
f ( x ) = L , lim g ( x ) = M
x →1 x + xx→−
上述這些運算性質說明了在四則運算中,取完極限再運算,或是先運算 12 lim f (xx→ = )alim= L( x + 4) = 7 x → a x →a
lim ( xx 22 + 2
x − 12 )
f ( )x ) ± lim g ( x ) = lim( f ( x ) ± glim
x→a
( x ))f =( xL) ± ± lim g ( x ) = lim( f ( x ) ± g ( x )) = L ±
x →3 ( x + xx −
+x lim −a 12 M
x → 3
lim
lim x−→3
12
x →3 (
再取極限,結果是一樣的。接下來,我們介紹如何求極限。 )) lim x → a f ( x ) = Lx → ,a lim g ( x ) x=→ aM x →a x→a
lim
x →3 ( x
xx −− 3
3
x →3
x +((lim−1 3− 1 f ( x ))(lim g ( x )) = lim( f ( x ) g((lim
x → a x → a
( x )) =f LM ( x ))(lim g ( x )) = lim( f ( x ) g ( x )) = LM
lim ( xx + + 11x− −→1 a)
1 limx →fa ( x ) ± limxg→x(a + x )1=−lim(
1 xf→(ax ) ± g ( xx)) →a= L ± M x →a
lim (( x +x1 − 1 ))
lim
x → 0 x → a lim x → ( a x →) lim
a
f ( x )
極限的求法 lim
x →0 ( xlim f )( x ) f (x → x )0 gL(xx )) = lim( f ( x) L
(3x 222 −xxx2→xa + 3) ==((lim ⋅x1→222a −f 2( x⋅ 1))(lim
x → a f ( x ) g ( x )) =
lim
g ( x=) ≠ 0a LM = , M = lim g ( x
x →0
lim
x →0
3lim +x3→==a 4 , Mx →=alim
lim
x →1 (3 x 2 −lim
lim (3 x − 22 xx g+ + ( 3)
3)x ) =
= 33 x⋅⋅→ 112a −− g22 (⋅⋅ 11x )+
+ 33 =(M
= 44x + 1 − 1) lim(x →ga(xx+) 1 + 1) g ( x ) M
x → x →a
lim
x →1 (3 x −x2
求極限的方法有三種:直接代入法、消去分式法、有理化法。下面例 → x
a + 3) = 3
lim ⋅ 1 f −( =
x 2 ) lim
⋅ 1 + ( 3 = 4
f ( x ) L + 1)
x → a )
xx→1+ x − 12 ( x − 3)x →(ax + 4)x =
x→ 21
x→+a 4 x ( =x + 1,
→0
xx 222 ++ xx − − 12
12 = (( xx − − 3)
3) (( xx + + 4)
4) = lim M = lim g ( x ) ≠ 0
題,說明了這三個方法。
x +x − x− 3 12 = ( x −2 3) xlim −→(a3xg+( x4)) = xxx + 44 g ( xx) lim M(3x 2 − 2 xx → a
xx − 3 lim =
= (3 x − x 2
x − x 3+ 3) =
= x +
+ 4 + 3)
= lim x− −(33x +x4) →1 = 7 xx − − 33 = lim ( x →1 )
x ( x + 1 + 1) x 2 + x − 12
= lim
= lim
x → 3 ( x + 4) = 72
( x + 4) = 7
x →0
x → 3 ( x + 4) = x7 + x − 12 2
lim
範例=1. x → 3 求極限:(1) lim (3 x − 2 x + 3) (2) lim (
x →3 lim ( ) 1 1 )
x →3 x −x →31 = lim ( x →3
)= x−3
x +1 −1 x 2 +x →x0− 12( x + 1 + 1) 2x + 1 − 1
lim ( xx + + 1
1 −
− 1
1 ) + lim
x 1 − 1( )
lim
x → 0 (3)
lim ( xlim+ x 1 −
( 1 ) ) lim ( )
x →0 (
lim )) x →3 x2 − 3
x →0 ( xx0 x x
x→ x →0
x →0
( xx+ 1 −21) ( x + x1 + x +
+ 11)−21x − 12
⋅−1)3 −) 2 ⋅1 + 3 =lim 41 (3x − 2 x + 3) = 3 ⋅ 1 − 2 ⋅ 1 + 3 = 4
2 2
= lim ( (( lim xx ++ 1
(3
1 x 1)
−
− 1) −lim 2(( x xx+( + +3)1
1 =+ + 31)
x1)
解 (1) 這一題是多項式函數,因為多項式函數的定義域和值域均是整個實
= lim
= lim (( ( x +x 1(− 1)
x → 0 x → 1 x +x(→10 +x 1) + 1 +x1) )) x →
= lim x →0 (
2 xxx+ x((( − 12 xx + 1 + 1) )
2 x + x − 12 ( x − 3) ( x + 4)
2
x →0
x + 1 +( 1)
1= +(31)x−x2 3)
x
2
+ (xx−+124)
x →0
數系,它沒有無法定義的地方。因此,我們可以直接將極限點帶入 x x+ lim − 2 x + 3) ==3 ⋅x1+ −4 2 ⋅ 1 + 3 = 4= = x+4
= lim ( xx
x − 3 x → ) 1
x x − − 3 3 x − 3 x − 3
= lim
= lim (( x ( x +x 1 + 1) 2))
x → 0
= lim x →0 (
x → 0 x (= lim x + 1 ++1) x ) + x −x 212+ x −( 12 x − 3) ( x = + lim4) ( x + 4) = 7
x ( xx →1+3 1( x+
x →0 x ( x + 1
“本試閱檔為五南圖書所有。如欲購買此書,請至五南網站www.wunan.com.tw + 1) 1)4) =17 = x →3= x + 4
= lim ( 1
1 ) = x 1
1 − 3 x − 3 x − 3
=
= lim
= lim
x →0 (
x →0 (
( x +11 或來電(02)2705-5066”
+ 1) =)) lim = 12
=
lim
x → 0 ( ( x + 1 + 1) ) =
( x + 1 + 1) x →2 23 ( xx 2++4)x =− 12 7
x +1 −1
lim f ( x ) = L
2)a =f 2( x ) ± lim g (xx→)a = lim( f ( x ) ± g ( x )) = L ± M ((lim f ( x ))(limx → a g ( x )) = lim( f ( x ) g ( x ))
x →0
lim (3x +xlim →
lim
x →0 f ( x ) = x→a L x →a x→a
x →a x →a
lim
x→a
f ( x ) = L , lim g ( x ) =
x→a lim f ( x ) = L , lim g ( x ) = M lim f ( x )
lim f ( x ) ((lim x = L f ( x ))(lim glim
→ a x → ( x )) = 2lim(
a
−a2 xf + ( x3)
) g ( x )) = LM x→a
f ( x ) Lx → a
lim
x → a f ( x ) = xL a lim g (xx →)a = M (3 x x → = = g ( x, = li
) =Mlim(
x →a
→,
lim f ( xx)→±a lim g ( x ) = lim( f ( x ) ± g ( x )) = L ± M
x → 1 lim f ( x ) ± lim
x→a
lim f ( x ) x=lim → aL , f ( lim
x ) gx →( ax ) = fM( x )x → 2a
lim第 g (1x堂課 數學基礎
) xx→ →aa
g ( x ) x → a 027
M x→a x
lim
x→a f ( x ) ± lima g x(→ xa)==lim lim(lim
f ( x )x±=+g (xLx−)), 12= )L ±=M x → a
((lim f ( x ))(lim g ( x )) = lim
x→a ((lim
x→
x → a f ( x ))(lim x → ag (→x3))( =lim( f ( x )Mg ( x ))lim= LMg( x) ≠ 0
lim f ( x ) ±lim → ag g
xlim ( x( )x ) =xx→→ aa xg
lim( f (( xx )
) ±
x→ g
x (
−
aMx 3)) = L ± Mx → a x →a x →a x→a
((lim
x→a f ( x ))(lim
x→ x→ a a g ( x )) =
lim xf→(ax )
x →lim(
a f ( x ) g ( x )) = LM lim (3x − 2lim 2
x + 3) f ( x) f ( x)
x →a
((lim f ( xx))(lim g ( =x ))lim = lim(
x→a
f ( xf )(x x) g+(L1x ))− 1= LM = lim =
x →1 x →a
lim
→a
x → af ( x ) 求得極限: lim
x →xa→L0 ( = , M
) = lim g ( x ) ≠ 0 lim g ( x ) x→a g ( x ) M
lim
x →a 2
g (
x ) f ( x x)→a
lim (3x − 2 x +=3) , M = lim g ( x ) ≠ 0g ( x ) M
x x →a x 2
+ x − 12
f ( x ) xx=→→a1lim
x →a
lim x→a g
f ( x) L lim ( x→a
)
lim
x →a g ( x ) x M
lim
= limx + x − 12= x →1 , M = lim g ( x ) ≠ 0
2 (3 x 2
− 2 x
x →a
+ 3) = 3 ⋅ 1 2
− 2 ⋅ 1 + 3 =x→4 3 x − 3
x→a
lim g ( x ) limx →( a 2 g ( x ) )M2 x →a
x + 1lim − 1 (3x − 2 x + 3)
2
x→a lim x → 3 (3 x x − −2 x3 + 3)x + x − 12 ( x − 3) ( x + 4) lim ( x →1 )
lim (3(2)
2 x →1
x − 2 x +23) = = x +x4→=0 0,導致這個極限 x
在這一題,明顯地,當
x x++x1−−12 1 x − 3 x → 3 時,函數的分母 x−3 x 2 + x − 12
lim (3x − 2xx→+3 3) = x3−⋅ 132 − 2)⋅ 1 + 3 = 4
lim (
x →1
lim (3x2 lim 2
−lim 2 x((+ 3) ))= lim ( x + 4) = 7 2
x →1 x +x逼近無限大而不存在。碰到這個問題,我們可以做如下因式分解,
x→3− 0 12 x −
x→ x3 x →1
lim ( 2 )2 x →3
x →3 x + x −x −
3 12
lim (3x) +−12−x1+ 3) = 3 ⋅ 1 − 2 ⋅ 1 + 3 = 4
以移除分式中的問題:
2 x 2 + x − 12 ( x − 3) x + (1x−+14)
lim ( lim x → 1 ( ) lim
= ( ) = x+4
x →3
x x+x →−1203− 1 x x + 1 − 1 x−3 x → 0 x− x3
lim ( x + x) − 12 ( x − 3) (( x + 4)
x →0 +x1 −(31x 2 − 2 x=+ 3) =lim
x lim x→ 3 0⋅ 1 − 2x
2
⋅ 1 =+ 3x)=+ 44 ,所以原式 = lim ( x + 4)lim = 7(3。 x 2 − 2 x + 3) = 3 ⋅ 12 −
lim ( x →1 x − 3 ) x−3 x →3 x → 1
lim
x →0
(3x 2 −=x22lim x +(3) x += 4)3 ⋅ 1=2 7− 2 ⋅ 1 + 3(= x4 + 1 − 1) ( x + 1 + 1) x 2 + x − 12 ( x − 3) ( x + 4
x →1
(3) 2 x x+
x x3 →− 12 0,函數的分母 ( 2x −= 3) lim ( (x + 4)= 0 時,導致這個極限逼近無限大而不存 ) =
lim (3 x −在 2 x
→ + 3) = 3
= ⋅ 1 − 2 ⋅ 1 + 3 = 4 = x + 4 x + 1 −x1− 3
xx→21
+ x − 12 x −( x3 − 3) ( x + 4)x − 3
x →0
x ( x + 1 + 1) lim ( ) x−3
= = x + 4 x= lim ( x + 4) = 7
=在。但是這個極限又不像上面的題目,可以透過因式分解移除有問
3 12 ( x − 3) x+−1(=3x−7+ 4)
2
x +x − x− x → 0
lim
x→ =3 ( x +x4) 1= lim= (x + 4 x ) x →3
= lim 4)lim = (
x −(3x +題的項目。想要解這個問題,我們用第三個方法:將分子有理化。
7 x − 3 ) x →0
x ( x + 1 + 1) ( x + 1 − 1) ( x + 1 + 1)
x →3
x →0 x = lim ( )
= lim ( x + 4) = 7 1 1
x →0
x ( x + 1 + 1)
x →3 (x +x1+−11−=1)lim( ( x + 1 + 1) x +1 −1
=lim lim(( ) x →0 ( x + 1 +)1) ) = 2 lim (
x x
)
x1 0 0− 1
x →0
x +x → → x x ( x + 1 + 1) = lim ( )
lim ( ) x →0
x ( x + 1 + 1)( x + 1 − 1) ( x +
x →0 x +x1 − 1( x + 1x − 1) ( x + 1 + 1)
lim ( ==lim lim ( ( ) x 2
+ x
) − 12 ) = lim (
( xxxx→→ 1x →0 1
) = x ( x + 1 + 1)
x →0
+001 −x1)( (x +x(1++x11) +11)+ 1)
+ = lim (
= lim ( x − 3) ( x+ + 1 1) 2x
( x + 1 − 1) ( x + 1 + 1) x →0
= lim ( = limx (( x + 11x+ 1)x 2 + )x −)112
x →0
= xlim = lim ( )
x →0
x0x0 ((x (x +x1++11)+ 1) ) = 2 x →0
x ( x + 1 + 1)
= lim (
x→→
( x +
) 1 + 1) x−3 x + x − 12
2
= lim ( x =( lim
x →0 x +x 1 + 1) 1) x 2 + x −112 x − 3 = lim (
1 1
( ) = )=
x →0 x 2
+
x ( x →x10+ 1(+ 1) x − 12 ( x + 1 + 1) 2
x)+=1 1+ 1) x − 32
x → 0
= lim ( x 2 + x − 12
x1 − 3 1 2
= lim ( ( 2x2 + 1 + 1) ) = 2 x + x − 12
x →0
x−3
x →0
( xxx++ +x1x−+−12 12
1) 2 x−3 x 2 + x − 12
x + x − 12
2
或來電(02)2705-5066”
x →1 x +1 −1
lim ( )
lim
xx→2 0 (3 x 2 − 2 x + 3)
+ x − 12 x ( x − 3) ( x + 4)
x →1
= = x+4
limx(3 −2x32+−x2−x12
x + 3) =x3−⋅ 132 − 2 ⋅ 1 + 3 = 4
1 lim ( ( x + 4) = 7)
x →1
x= lim − 3 ( x − 3) ( x + 4)
028 第 部 管理數學原理 +3x −x12
x→23x →
= = x+4
x − x3+ 1 − 1 x−3
lim ( )
x= → lim
0 ( x +x +4)1=−71
lim
x →3 ( )
limx →(3 0 x − 2xx + 3) = 3 ⋅ 12 − 2 ⋅ 1 + 3 = 4
2
定運算的軌跡,且這軌跡是由某交通工具所定義。我們知道僅僅開車是到不
x →1
+ x (− (12 x +x 1+(−1x1−−1)
了日本迪士尼樂園的大門。因此,如果以一個函數代表一種交通工具,要到
x=2 lim 3) (( xx++4)
1 + 1)
lim
x →0 ( =x ( ) x + 1 + 1) = x )+ 4
x→x 0− 3 x
達這個目標至少需要兩個函數:一個定義飛機軌跡的函數和一個定義汽車軌 x−3
= lim ( x (+ 4) = x 7
x + 1 − 1) ( ) x + 1 + 1)
= lim
→3 (
跡的函數。飛機的軌跡對汽車是不連續的,反之亦然。
= xlim
x →0 ( )
x → 0 x ( x + 1 + 1)
x ( x + 1 + 1)
雖然極限的求取有三個方法,但是正確說來只有「直接代入法」。只有
1 1
=lim
= lim((( x + 1 −x 1 ) ) )=
lim
當直接代入法失敗時,依函數的型式,可以試試「有理化法」或「消去分式
x( ( xxx++11++1)1) 2
x →0
xx→ →00
法」,這兩個方法只是「移除」「直接代入」的使用障礙。
( x +11 − 1) ( x1+ 1 + 1)
==xlim
2
+ x((− 12
lim )= )
xx→→00
( x +
x 1( + 1)
x + 1 +21)
x−3
極限的存在
=xxlim
2
2 + x − 12 x
+ x( − 12 )
x →0
x − x
3 ( x +
一個極限若存在,則從左方逼近或右方逼近均一樣。因此,要判斷一個 1 + 1)
x−3
2 + x − 12 1 1
2
=xxlim + x( − 12
極限是否存在,必須定義左、右兩個單邊極限。 )=
x−3
x →0
( x + 1 + 1) 2
x−3
x 2 + x − 12
2
lim−− f ( x ) a
x →a
lim++ f ( x )
因此,藉用左、右極限,我們定義極限如下:
x →a
我們先看單邊極限求法的例題。 3x 2 + 4, x ≠ 2
3x 2 + 4, x ≠ 2 f ( x) =
f ( x) = 12, x = 2
12, x = 2 3x 2 + 4, x ≠ 2
範例 2. 考慮如下函數 f ( x ) = ,試求 lim f ( x )
lim f ( x ) 12, x = 2 x →2
x →2
lim f ( x )
解 lim f ( x ) 是定義域逼近 2lim f ( x)
x的極限。極限是近似但是不相等(x
→2
x →2
≠ 2),
x →2
lim f ( x ) lim f ( x ) = lim(3x 2 + 4) = 12 + 4 =
lim f ( x ) = lim(3x3x+ 4)
因此值域函數為 2 2
= 12x →+2 4 = 16
+ 4。 x →2 x→2
= 16x
x →2 x→2
lim 2 xx < 0
x →5
因為左極限 | x | = − x ↔ |xx12,
x − 5≠ 右極限,故此極限不存在。 <| =0 x−= lim
xx →↔ 3x 2 + 4, x ≠ 2
0 | x |
|3x | =lim − x f↔ ( x|x)x>| =0 − x ↔ x > 0 f ( x ) =
lim+ =∞
x →2
x x 12, x = 2
x →5 x − 5 lim 3 f ( x) lim
3x →0− = lim = − 1
lim x → 2
穿著衣服不能洗澡,有絕對值符號的變數也不能運算。所以當我們遇見 lim | x | x → 0− − x lim f ( x)
lim f ( xx)→5 x − 5 x →5 x − 5 2 x →2
x→a lim f ( x ) = lim(3x +x4) = 12 +x4 =lim
有絕對值包裝的函數時,第一件事就是「拿掉絕對值」。技巧如下: 16 f ( x )
) = f ( a3) =lim
x → 2 lim = lim+ = x1→ 2
lim f ( xlim
x →2
∞ 3
x → 0 |=x ∞
+
| x →0 x
x − x5 x →5+ x − 5 lim f ( x ) = lim(3x 2 + 4) = 12 + 4 = 16
x→a +
x →5
lim
lim f ( x ) x →0 | x | | x | = − x ↔ x < 0 x →2 x→2
x →2 lim f ( x ) lim f ( x ) x
x→a
lim f ( x ) ≠ f ( −1)x
x→a | xx | = − x ↔ x > 0 lim
x →−1 lim f lim ( x −) = flim ( alim
= ) f (−x ) = =f − (3a1) x →0 | x |
x → a x2→ 0 | x | x → ax → 0 − x
1 − fx ( x ) lim x x
f ( x ) =lim
也就是說,「拿掉絕對值」這個動作是將原式分成「正」、「負」區間 x lim f ( xxx)→5 x − 5 lim− = lim− = −1
1 + xlim+
x →2 x=→ 2lim =1 x → 0 |x| x → 0 −x
3
lim +1 xf )( x )| ≠x |fxlim
後,再來求解。另外,如果一個極限不存在,除了左右極限不相等之外,還 ( −1)f ( xxlim
+
(1 − x ) (1x →−
x → 0 x → 0
) ≠ f ( −1) = ∞ x x
→−1
x −5 lim = lim+ = 1
1 + x | x |1=−−xx2 ↔ x <10− x 2
x → 5+
有一個情形:極限值無限大。參考下面例題。 x →0+ | x | x →0 x
1 − x ≠ ff (( xx))| = x | 1=+−xxf ↔ ( x )x=>lim 0 f ( x)
1+ x
x→a
| x | = −x ↔ x < 0
g ( x ) = (11 −−xxlim ) (1 + 3)(1 − x ) (1
x lim f ( x ) = f ( a )
範例 4. 求 。 x →+a x ) | x | = −x ↔ x > 0
p( x ) = 3x 2 1−+2 x +x1− 5 1 + lim
x →5
x f ( x) 3
x = 1 1− p x ≠= f3(−x )231+−1x=≠2 xf→(2x )
(1) lim
, lim
解 因為平方根內的實數不可以為負。故這個極限只有一個單邊極限,也 = ∞lim f ( x ) ≠ f ( −1) x → 5
x −5
lim p( xg)( x ) = 1 − x g−(5x ) = 1x →−
x → 5+
− 1x 3
x →1
p( x )lim
就是右極限,所以我們直接從右極限判斷: f 2( x ) x )+=1 3x 2 − 2 x1 − x2 lim = ∞。
x=→ a3x −p2(x f ( x ) = + 1 x −5
lim p( x ) = p(1) x → 5+
x →1
x = 1lim , pf (1) ( x x)===31f−, (2a + )p1(1)= =2 31−+ 2x+ 1 = 2lim f ( x )
因此,這個極限無法逼近一個定值,故不存在。
x→a (1 − x ) (1 + x ) x→a
lim plim ( x ) f ( xlim )x →1 p( x ) 1 + x
x →1
x →2 lim f ( x ) = f (a )
x→a
lim plim ( x) = p
f ( xlim(1)
) ≠ pf((x−1)1) −=xp≠(1)f ( x )
極限的一個重要數學應用,在於協助定義連續。連續是函數的性質,這
x →1
x →−1 x →1 lim f ( x )
x →2
2 g( x) = 1 − x
部分沒有計算,只有依照數學定義判斷某函數是否連續,分為兩類:點連續 1 − x lim f ( x ) ≠ f ( −1)
f ( x) =
1 + x p ( x ) = 3x − 2 x + 1
2 x →−1
1 − x2
(1 − x ) (1 + x ) x = 1 , p(1) = 3 − 2f +( x1)==2
“本試閱檔為五南圖書所有。如欲購買此書,請至五南網站www.wunan.com.tw lim p( x ) 1+ x
1+ x
或來電(02)2705-5066” x →1 (1 − x ) (1 + x )
1 − x ≠ f ( x ) lim p( x ) = p(1)
030 第 1 部 管理數學原理
3x + 4, x ≠ 2 2
f ( x) =
12, x = 2
lim f ( x )
和區間連續。
x →2
lim f ( x )
x →2
先回到前面東京迪士尼大門的例子。我們發現,從臺北到迪士尼,無論 x 3x 2 + 4, x ≠ 2
lim f ( x ) =
3xx2→+0 |4,x |x ≠ 2 3x + 4, x ≠ 2
2 2
3x 2 + 4, x ≠ 2 12, x = 2
ff (( xx )) =
使用何種交通工具都無法直達。也就是說,函數有不連續之處。簡而言之, = 3x + 4, x f≠( 2x ) = f ( x) =
12, x = 2
必須先下飛機,再換巴士。在這裡,我們建立的直觀概念如下: 12,
12,
3xlim 2x x+ ==4,x22x = ≠ 2lim x = −1 12, x = 2 lim f ( x )
flim ( xf) (=x) x →0− | x |limx →f 0(− x−) x x →2
lim → 22
f ( x )
12, x = 2 x → 2 lim f ( x ) lim f ( x)
xx → x →2
x lim f ( xx) x →2
lim ff ( xx ) lim = lim+ = 1
所謂連續,指函數在保持「原貌」運算之下的極限。 lim f ( x )
xx → → 22 x →0+ | x |
x →2
x →0 x x →2 lim f ( x ) = lim(3x 2 + 4) = 12 + 4 =
x →2 x→2
lim
lim ff (( xx )) = = |lim(3
lim(3
x | = xx−22xlim
+
+ ↔ 4)
4) f (=
x= <
) =+
x12
120 + lim(3
44→ 2=
= 16
16x 2 +lim4) f=(12 x ) += 4lim(3
= 16x 2 + 4) = 12 + 4 = 16
xx → → 22 連續有兩種:「點連續」和「區間連續」。我們先介紹點連續。 → 22
xx →
x → 2 x
x →2 x→2 x
lim
lim fxx( x ) = |lim(3 x | = x−2xlim +↔ 4)xx=>120 + 4 = 16 x x →0 | x |
lim
lim x →2 x→2
x →0 | x | lim
xx →→ 0 || x
0 x || 3 x →0 | x | x x
x lim lim− = lim− = −1
lim定義:點連續 x x x
x → 0 | xx|
lim =
x
lim
→ 5
xx x = −lim 5−1 = lim = − 1 x x x →0 | x | x →0 − x
lim = lim (x)− −函數在 = −1 | x → 0− − x lim− =3lim = −1
→ 00 − || x xx ||若 fxx → → 00− − x x →0− |ax點連續,則滿足下面
xx 3 = ∞
x →0 | x |
個條件:
x → 0− − x x x
−
xx →
lim 第一個條件是指函數的值域是有意義的;第二個條件是指左右極限相 2 3
lim+ =∞
3
3− 5 = ∞ 1lim −x = ∞ 3 x → 5 x −5
lim
lim
x →5
x f=( ∞ x ) = x → 5+ x − 5 lim = ∞
xx → → 55++
等;第三個條件表示,如果這個極限存在,則必須用上一節的「直接帶入 xx3− − 55 1+ x x → 5+ x −5 lim f ( x )
x→a
lim
lim lim f ( xx )) (1 − x ) (1x →+a x ) = ∞ lim f ( x ) lim f ( x)
法」求得極限,也就是在維持函數
xx→ → 5a+ f (x − 5 f 的運算規則下,求得極限。我們利用圖 lim f ( x ) = f (a )
x→a x→a
lim ff (( xx )) = = ff (( aa )) x → a1 + x
lim f ( x ) = f ( a )
x→a
xx x x
lim lim− = lim− = −1
xx → →0 | x |
0
x →0 | x | x →0 − x
x x x x
lim−− = lim−− = −1 lim = lim+ = 1
xx → →0 | x |
0 x →0 − x
x → 0
x →0+ | x | x →0 x
xx xx | x | = −x ↔ x < 0
lim
lim =
= lim
lim = 11
=
→ 00 + | x |
+
→ 00+ x
+
xx → | x | xx → x | x | = −x ↔ x > 0
|| xx || = =− − xx ↔ ↔ xx < < 00 3
|| xx || = lim
=− − xx ↔ ↔ xx > > 00 x →5
x −5
3 3
lim lim+ =∞
xx → →5 5
x −5 x →5 x −5
lim 3 =∞ lim f ( x )
lim
圖 1-6 違反點連續條件的情況 + =∞ x→a
xx → →5 5 +
x −5
lim f ( x ) = f ( a )
lim
lim ff (( xx )) x→a
xx → → aa
兩個函數運算過程不同:f 值域的運算,是將括弧內的值 lim f ( x) + 1 放在分母,1
lim xx → a
f ( x ) = f (a ) x →2
減掉其平方放在分子,再相除後丟到值域 →a
lim f ( xy,和 ) ≠ f (g−1)
的 1 - x 的運算完全不同。
lim xx → 2
f ( x) x →−1
→2
函數的連續是針對函數,也就是原始運算,所以不能有任何的因式分解。 1 − x2
lim f ( x ) ≠ f ( − 1) f ( x ) =
xx →− →−11
數學上,定理證明的依據就是「依定義」得證。連續的問題,提供了極 1+ x
22
ff (( xx )) = 1 − x (1 − x ) (1 + x)
佳的示範。接下來,我們就用例題說明,如何利用連續定義的 = 3 個性質來證
1+ x 1+ x
明某函數是連續。 (1 − x ) (1 + x ) 1− x ≠ f ( x)
1+ x g( x) = 1 − x
1 − x ≠ f ( x )
範例 5. 請證明多項式函數 p( x ) = 3x 2 − 2 x + 1 在 x = 1 連續。
g( x) = 1 − x x = 1 , p(1) = 3 − 2 + 1 = 2
證明 只要連續三個條件滿足,則得證。 pp(( xx )) = = 33xx −
22
− 22 xx + + 11 lim p( x )
(1) xx = = 11 , , pp(1) (1) = = 33 − − 22 + + 11 =
= 22 ,故 p(1) 有定義。
x →1
lim p( x ) = p(1)
(2) lim
lim xx →
→1 1
pp(( xx )) 存在。 x →1
x →1
x −1
範例 6. 已知有理函數 f ( x ) =,
x+2
{x | x ∈試證明在
(1) 討論此函數的連續問題 (2) R 且 x ≠ −x2} = 3 處連續
( − ∝ , − 2) ( −2 , ∝)
2
f (3) =
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5
或來電(02)2705-5066”
x −1
lim
032 第 1 部 管理數學原理
x −1 x −1 x −1
證明 (1)f 函數在 ( x )x=− 1 x = -2x之處沒有定義。 f ( x) = f ( x) =
−1 x+2 x+2
f ( x) = fx(+x 2) =
故令此函數連續的定義域集合為
{x | xx∈+ R 2 且 x ≠x −+2} 2 {x | x ∈ Rx且 { | x x∈ ≠R −且 2}x ≠ −2} ,
{x | 或寫成兩個開區間的聯集 {x | x ∈ R 且 x ≠ −2} ( − ∝ , −(2) −∝ ,( −22) )(。−2 , ∝ )
(x−∈∝R, 且 − 2)x ≠ (−−2} 2 , ∝) ,∝
( − ∝ , − 2) ( −( −∝2,, −∝2) ) ( −2 , ∝ ) 2 2
2 f (3) = f (3) =
(2) f (3)2 = ,故有意義。
f (3) = 5f (3) = 2 5 5
5x − 1 5 x − 1lim x − 1
lim 存在(唯一不存在發生於 lim x → 3x x =+-2)。
x − 1 x − 1 x →3 x + 2 2
lim x →3 x + lim
x →3 2
x →3 x + 2 x →
x − 1 lim(
3 x + 2 1)
x− 2 x − 1limlim( x −x1−lim( 1) x2− 1) 2
lim x →3 x →3
= =
lim −1)1 lim( =x − 1)
xx → 3
xxx→ 33 1
lim( x→x− 3
x →23
得證。 x →23 x + 2 x → 3 x + 2 lim( x + 2)
lim( x 2) 5 5
→− x + 2 lim(
limx →3 x + 2) 5 = +
lim x→ 3
= x →3 x →3
x → 3 x + 2 lim( x x++2) x → x3 → 3 2 lim( 5 x + 2) 5 1 1
x →3
1x →3 lim lim =? =?
lim 111 x − 1lim = ? 1 x → 1 x −1 x →1 x − 1
lim
範例 xx →
→
7. = ?x →1 = ?
x →1 x − 1
1 x −1 1 lim 1
lim = +∞ lim+ = +∞ = +∞
111++ x − lim 1 x →1 x − 1 x →1+ x − 1
解 lim+ xx →→ 1
= +∞+ = +∞ x −1
x →1 x − 1
1 x →1 x − 1 lim
1 limf (=x −∞ ) =1 = −∞
lim = −∞ 1 x+2
1− − lim x − 1 x →1 x − 1x →1 x − 1
− −
x + 1 x +1
f (x) = f (x) = 5
→b−
x →b− x +1 2
f ( x )
區間連續 x + 1fx(−x2) = f x(3)= + 1= x − x2 − 1x − 2
f ( x) = 5 lim
−1 <xx−<22 x−2 −1 < x <− x→ 213 <x x+ <2 2
點連續是指函數在實數線上某一點是連續,這個概念可以推廣至函數在 x −1
−1 <− x ≤< x2 ≤ − 1 < x <
lim 2 −1 ≤ x ≤ 21 ≤x x−≤1 2lim( x − 1) 2
−
1 2 x →3 x + 2
lim 13 <x x+ <2 2lim( x + 2) = 5
x →3
某個區間是連續的。我們稱之為區間連續。
−1 ≤− x <≤ x2 <−1 ≤ x ≤ 2 −
− 1 < x < 2
x − 1 lim( x − 1) 2 x→
1 2 x →3
−1 <− x ≤< x2 ≤−1 < x lim <2 x →3
− 1 ≤ x=≤−21 ≤ x ≤ 2
1 2 x → 3 x + 2 lim( x + 2) 5 1
−1 ≤ x ≤[ 2 (−1),≤ x( ≤)]2
定義:區間連續 w∈ f a f b
x →3
w ∈ [ f (lim w
ax →),∈ [ f( b( a)]=), ?f ( b)]
1 xf − 1
wf (∈b在開區間 1
[ f ( a ), f (ab)]<= x? <cb∈連續,則對所有在此區間的點集合,
∈c[ ∈
1.w若函數 f ([aa),,f b(x) ] )] lim [ a , bc]∈ [ a1, b]
x →1 x − 1 lim = +∞
c ∈ [fa(,cb)]= cw∈ [ a , b] f ( c ) = xwf→(1+c )x =− 1w
均滿足點連續的條件。 1
f ( c ) = w f ( c ) = lim w = +∞f ( x ) = f (xx+) 11= x + 1
2. 如果函數 f ( x ) = fx(x) x →1+ x − 1 a ≤ x
+ 1在閉區間 lim
≤ b 連續,則在開區間 = −∞ a < x < b 內,
x →1− x − 1
f ( x ) = x +f 1( x ) = x + 11 x ∈ [3, x ∈ [3, 24]
24]
x ∈
滿足下述兩個單邊極限: [3, 24] lim− = −∞ lim+ f ( x ) = f (a )
x ∈ [3, 24] x ∈ [3, x24] →1 x − 1
f (3) = xf→4(3) a == 2 4 =2
f (3) = 4 = 2
f (3)f = f (3) = lim 4 =f (2x ) = f (af (24)
) 且 =lim f5(24) f (= x )5= f (b )
(24)4 ==52 x → a + x→ b−
c = w f (3)
2
−1 = 4 = 2 f (24) 2= 53 ≤ w − 1 ≤ f (3) = 4 = 2
時期的身高剛剛好 100 公分。因為每一個時間點身體均有一個高度,人的身 2≤ 24w⇔ 2≤ 5
4 ≤ w 2 4≤ ≤25w 2 ≤ 25 3 ≤ w 2 − 1 ≤ 24
3 ≤ w − 1 ≤ 24 ⇔ 4 ≤ w ≤ 25
3 ≤ w 2f − (24)
1 ≤ =245 ⇔ 4 ≤ ww2 ∈≤[25 f (3)2=≤2,w ≤ f (24)
5 4 ≤= w 5]2 25= 5 3 w
f (24)
1 1≤ f24( c ) = f ( w 2 − 1) =
2
高不可能在某一天是無法測量的;因此身高是時間的連續函數。我們由以下 2≤w≤5 ≤ c = ≤w 2 − −
w ∈ [ f (3) = 2, f (24)
f ( c =
) =5] w w ∈ [ f (3) = 2, f (24) = 5]
2≤w≤5 4 ≤ w ≤ 25
2
3 ≤ w − 1 ≤ 24
2
2 2 − 1 f ( c ) = f ( w 2 − 1) =
例題加以說明中間值定理的應用。 4 ≤ w 2 ≤ 25 3c≤=ww f−(1c ≤ ) =24w w2 − 1 + 1 = w
2f ( c ) = w
4 ≤ w ≤ 25 3 ≤ w f−(1c )≤=24 cc +=1w=2 w2
− 1 f ( c2) = f ( w 2 − 1) = w2 − 1 + 1 = w
2 − 1 f (c) = f (w 1) 1w+ 1 = w
2 2
c = w f ( c −) = = c + w1 −
=
c = w 2f (−c1) = fc( + c )1== fw(cw=2 −w1)−=1 w 2 − 1 + 1 = w
c = w2 − 1 3 ≤ w 2 − 1 ≤ 24 ⇔ 4 ≤ w 2c≤=25 w −1
2
3 ≤ w 2 − 1 ≤ 24 ⇔24≤≤ww≤2 ≤5 25 3 ≤ w 2 − 1 ≤ 24 ⇔ 4 ≤ w 2 ≤ 25
2≤w≤5 4 ≤ w 2 ≤ 25 3 ≤ w 2 −21≤≤w24≤ 5
4 ≤ w 2 ≤ 25 3c≤=ww2 2−−11≤ 24f ( c ) = f ( w42 ≤− 1)
w 2 ≤ 25 2 3 ≤ w 2 − 1 ≤ 24
= w −1+1 = w
c = w − 1 f ( c ) = f ( w − 1) = w − 1 + 1 = w − 1 f ( c ) = f ( w − 1) = w − 1 + 1 =
2 2 2
2 2 2 c = w
x
a c b
圖 1-7 中間值定理示意圖
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−1 ≤ x ≤ 2 −1 < x < 2 f (c) = w
w ∈f[ (fcw ()a∈ =),[wff((cba))] ),= w f ( b)]c ∈ [fa(,xb) ]= x + 1
−1 < x < 2 f ( x ) = x −+11≤ x ≤ 2 w ∈ [ f ( a ), f ( b)] c ∈ [ a , b]
c ∈ [fa(,xcb)∈ ]=[ af ,(xbx+)] 1= x + 1f ( cx)∈=[3, w 24] f ( x) = x + 1 f (c) = w
−1 ≤ x ≤ 2x ∈ [3, 24]w ∈ [ f ( a ), f ( b)]c ∈ [ a , b]
fw( c24]) = w 24] f ( x ) = x + 1 x ∈ [3, 24]
034 第 部 管理數學原理
f ( xf)(3)
1
f ( cx)∈=[3,
=f (=cx∈
w x∈∈[ [3,
)+ =41
f ( a ),f (3)
= x 2 + 1
f ( b=)] f4(3)
x ∈ [3,
c=∈2=[ a ,4b]= 2
24]
f (c) = w
f (3) = 4 = 2
f ( x) = x + 1
f [(3)a, = b] f 4(24) = 2= f5(24) f ( c )==5 w f ( x ) = x + 1 x ∈ [3, 24]
x ∈ f[3, (24)x24]∈=[3, 5 24] f (3) = 4 = 2 f (24) =5
f (fc(24)
) = w=w5∈ [ f (3) w∈ =f [2,
( fx(3))f=(24) = x2,+ = 1f5](24) x ∈=[3, 5] 24] f (3) = 4 = 2
w ∈ [
f (3)
f (3) = = 4
2, = f 2(24) f (24)
= 5] =
( cx)∈== 5 w ∈ [ f (3) = 2, f (24) = 5]
f (3) = 4 (=x∈
範例 9. f w )2 =[ f (3) xf (+c=1)2, = wff (24)
,且 [3, w5]24]
,故 f (3) = 4 = 2 , f (24) = 5。
f (24) f ( c=f) (24) 5x w
= =c )5= w w ∈f[ (fc(3) = 2, f (24) = 5]f ( c ) = w
∈f ([3, 24]f ( c ) = c +f )(3) 1== =wc +41 == 2w f (24) = 5 w ∈ [ f (3) = 2, f (24) = 5]
證明 如果
w ∈f[ (fc(3) w ∈ [
) = =f c2, f (3) =
( c+=)f1=(24)=w 2, f (24)
=15]f ( c ) =
= 5]
w 2 ,則在定義域內可找到一數
− 1= 5 f ( c ) = c + 1 = fw( cc,使得
)==5]w
f (3) 4c c= +w 2 2 =−c1w=fw(24) w ∈ [ f (3) = 2, f (24)
f (2c ) = w 2 2
−1。
f ( cc)== ww 。也就是說 − 1= w − 1 f2 ( c3)≤=w 2c−+11≤=24
f c(24) = 53 ≤ w − 1 ≤w24 ∈ [⇔ f (3)
w⇔
4 ≤=w2,
,則
2 4f ≤
≤f (24)
25 (ccw)=2= =w w25
≤5] f (c) = c + 1 = w
f ( c3)≤=w f ( c−)3+1=≤
2
1 ≤ = c
24 2w + ⇔1 = 4 wc≤ = w w
2 2
≤ − 1
25
25 ≤4fw(=≤c≤5] 3 ≤ w 2
− 1 ≤ 24 ⇔ 4 ≤2 w 2 ≤ 25
故 f (3)−21=≤≤2,w24≤ )w5= w
。 ≤ 25
2
w ∈[ w ⇔
f (24) f ( c ) = c + 1 = wc = w − 1
222 ≤ w ≤ 5
w1 w
2
c =2w≤2 c−
因此,若 w=1≤fw2(5c≤)−= ≤45 ≤,則 32 ≤ 4w≤2 − w(1c2 ≤≤ 24 25≤c⇔ 24 3 ≤ ≤cww =24≤w−25 2 1 ≤ 24
−21 3 ≤ w 2 − 1 ≤ 24 ⇔ 4 ≤ w 2 ≤ 2
w ≤ 25 f ) = 3 w + x 12−=
−1 ≤
w
x − 1 =
3 ≤ 4w2≤2 3− w≤1 ≤
2 2
w4 24 ≤)−=
25 1⇔ 2≤
≤c424 3≤⇔ ≤w22w2≤4≤≤w
2
3=1w
−25 ≤≤≤5w
2
2≤
24 2 25 4 ≤22wx1 +≤125 2 3 ≤ w2 − 1 ≤ 24
2
w 1 25 2− 1 ≤ 24 3 1 24−≤1≤w ≤ =5≤ w
1 − 1 + 1 = w 。 225
24
c w − f 2( c ) 2 = ≤ f (ww − − 1)
2≤ = w
⇔ w
+ 1
所以,我們找到 f ( c
x − x − 1 =5 c = w − 1 2 + 1 = w c = w − 1 x
f ( c ) = f ( w −2 1) − x − 1 = w
2 ≤cw=≤2w5≤2 −w1≤ 4 f≤( w w 2 −≤1)25=2 2 231−≤ <1w x+21<2− 2 1 ≤ xw24+2 1− 1
w 1 f (4c≤) =w f ≤( w25− 1)=3 ≤ww −−11+ ≤1
2
2 x2f1 + (1c ) =
− 1 f ( c1)32=2≤fw( w− 1− 1) w c
2=
≤4−−w =
w1xw≤+−151≤=
2 2
x 2
− x c−c=12=w =
w2 −1 ≤ =1 ⇔
24 wx ≤ 2
= 25
4 ≤1w<2 4x≤≤<25 2 x≤25
w −3x≤− w12=3−=≤1x w w2x24 −−112 x≤−24 1f (=1c )<=x f<(2w 2 2−21) = xw+2 − 1 1 =22 w
3 ≤ w 2 x−+11≤ 24c⇔ 2 +
≤
4 12≤−≤w w ≤≤ 25 51 xf (+x1)4=≤xw − ≤x 25 − 1 − 1 31c+ ≤=ww −−11≤24f ( c ) = f ( w 2 − 1
範例1 10. 證明方程式 2 2 1−f−<1(xc x
1 − x − 1 = 在 1 < x < 2 有解。 x1 + 1
f <( xcx−)=1<= 2f( c( w
)= 2 f ( w − 1)2 =
2w≤x w
2
=1f−
2
(w )− 1x+ 1−2=2x w− 1 −
2 2
≤ x5)−< − 1)14<≤=xw<2w2≤x −+ 251f +x1==c3w=
2
c=w ≤ w3w −−11 ≤ 24 xf (+c12) = 1f ( w − 1) = w − 1 + 1 =
2 2
x 1+
1 <1 x < 2 1 f (1) = − f (2) =
f ( x ) 4= ≤x 3w− 2 2
f (x≤x−)25 1 −x 2 − x3 − ≤ 1w−2 )−=21 −≤x1224 f ( x1) = x2 − x −213− 2
, 2
證明 這個方程式可定義一函數 =
x= +21 cf (=x w −
x f−(1=c−)−=32f,
(1) ( w,− 1) = wx + −1 + 1 = w
f (1) = − , f (2) x + 1 f
1 ≤ x
1
2≤ 2
x2 + 1 f (2) = 3
2
c = 3w − 1 3f ( c2) = f ( w 2− 1)
2 f3 ( x ) = x 22
− x − 1 − −1+1 = w 3 2
且 1f ≤(1)x =≤ −2 f, 3 =≤ xw x≤+f21(1) 2= − , f (2) =
(1)f =(2) − = ,, f f(2) (1) == − 1, f (2) = 3 2
2 2 3 3 3 2 f (1) =2 − 3< 0,2 f (2) = >30
1f ≤(1)x =≤ −2 31<≤ 0, f (1)
2 = − , f (2) = 1 ≤ 3 x2 ≤ 2 2 3
這個函數在 x ≤f 2(2)是連續的,且 = 1>≤0x 2≤ 2 f (1) = 3− 2 < 0, f (2) = 3 > 0 ,
23 1< x < 2
f (1) = − < 0, f (2) 3 1=≤23x >≤02 23 3
f2(1) = 2− < 0, f (2) = > 0
2
故 1 < x < 2 2間必有一解(值)a,使 f (1) = − < 0, ff (2)
(1) = = − 1>< <0 0,x < f (2)
f (a ) = 0 。 2 = > 0 3
2 3 3 32 2 3
1f <( ax)1-8 <= 20所示。 f (1) = − < 0, f f( a
(2) ) = = 0
1< x < 2 > 0 1
參考圖 1< x < 2 1 < x 2< 2 f ( x ) = 3x 2 − x − 1 −
ff (( ax )) == 0x 2 − 1 f ( a ) = 0 x1 +1
1 −0 1 < x f<( a2) = 0 f ( x ) = x − nx − 1 − x n+−11
2
f (xa−) =
x 1+ 1 ) = 0 1 p( x ) = an x + 2an −1 + …1+ a1 x + a0
f ( x ) = x2 − fn (xx − ) 1 −x 2n −−1f x( a−
= 1
f −
( x ) = x 2
p
− (xx −) 1= f a( xx1)n =+ xa − xxn −
−
−1 1 −
+ … + a1 x + a0
p( x ) = an x + an −1 x x ++1 … + a1 x + a0 p( x ) = 0n n −1 x +1
x2 + 1 1 x +1
1f ( x ) = 1 x − x − p1 (−x ) = 0 an x + an −1 x n −1 + … + a1 x + a0
∀+xaaxx∈+p+x(1(acnx,−)1d=
n
p( x ) = 0an xp(+x )a=nx−1ax− xx −++1…
n 2 n −n
a=pn −(+ x+a)n11−=x1 ++
an…ax0n+ c
)…
n x1x 1 n −1 0 + + a1 x + a0
p(xxc )∈=( c0, dp)( x ) 1=<0 x <p2( x )p=( xa)n x=n0+ a∀nc−x1, xd∈ 1(pc( , )
c
∀ n −∈ R x
… d) =
+ + a1 x + a0 0
c∀,xdc ∈ (Rc, d∀)x c ∈ ( c, dp) ( x2 )∀=x c0∈ ( c, d1c),pd( c∈) ∀ ⋅Rpx(cd∈) (<c,0d )
f ( x ) = x − x − 1 − p( c ) ⋅ p( d ) < 0
cp,( dc )∈⋅ pR( d c) ,<d0∈ R ∀x c ∈ c, d ∈ R
c, (dc,∈dR) x + 1p( x ) = 1 (3x 3 − 5x )
pp(( cx)) ⋅=p(1d(3 )p< 3 2 p1( c4) ⋅ p3 ( d ) < 0
x( c30)−⋅ 5fpx(1)
()d )=c<,−d0 ∈
2
p, (R c )f ⋅(2) p( d= )p<( x0) = (3x − 5x )
3 p( x ) =40
14 1
= 0 (3px( x3 )−1=5≤x1)x(3≤px(23c−)p⋅5(pxx())d=) <1 0(3px1(3x−) 5=px0)( x ) = (3x − 5x )
3
pp(( xx )) =
4 4 1 43 2 (3x 3 − 5x ) =4 0
1p( x ) 3= 0 p( x ) =f (1) =p−( x3) <= 0, (3 x −=154x )> 30p( x ) = 0
f (2)
(3x − 5x ) = 0 0 2 p( x4) = 0 4 3
(3x − 5x ) = 0
14 151
(3x 3 − 5x1) (3 = x031 −< 5xx<)p2(=x0)1=(30x 3 − 5x ) ±= 15 0
(3x 3 − 5x ) = 0
±4
15 4 f (a ) = 1 0 43 ± 34
3 (3x − 5x ) = 0 3 15
±
15 15 4 2 15 1 ( −∞, ±− 15 )
圖15 ±
1-8 f ( x ) = x −
± x − 1 − 15
( −∞3, − )3 15 3 1 , − 33 )
x +( −∞
3 ± 3
15 p( x ) = a x n + a x n −1 + … +15 a1 x, +0)a0 15
( −∞, − ( −∞ ) , − 15 ) n3( −∞, n−−1 15 ()− 15( −∞ ,− )
15 3 p( x3) = 0 ( − 3 , 0) 3
(− , 0)
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3 ( −∞, − ) 3 15 15
15 ∀x c ∈ ( c, d ) 15
或來電(02)2705-5066” 3
(− , 0)( − 15 , 0) (0, ( − ) , 0)
315 c, d ∈ R ( − , 0) 153 3
f (1) n= − ,n f−1(2) 2 = c, d ∈ Rp3( c2) ⋅ p( d ) < 0 3 1
3 p1(≤x )x=1≤∀ a22xn xc ∈∀ +(1xca2≤c,n −∈ ,2d+=)… 33a 1x < x0< 2 2 3 11 ≤≤pxx(2x≤≤ 1)222= 43 (3x 1− 5x )
3
d1x
x f(≤c(1)
) − + < 1 0,+ fa(2) = > 0
f ((1)x ) == −x −<x0,− 1f −(2)1=≤ x >≤ 02 p( c ) ⋅ p( d ) <f0(1) = − < f0,( pxf() x(2) =) x== −(3 x>x−01−−5x )
2 1 < x < (2x0) =31 (3x 3 2− 5x )
2
2 pf( (1) x )x==+c01− 33 R =3 2 > 0 f ( a1)p= 4)3−−=330<< 0, x +1 22
, d ∈<c,R0,d ∈ f1(2) x <3<2 0,p(2x (2) f ( a ) = 02 4 ff (1)p
(1) ( x
=
= 0,n −ff1 (2)
(2) == >>
1p<( xx) <= 2an x n + a∀n x−1cx∈ 2 + af 3(1) x +=<a(0− (3x>12 <0− 5x x<) 2 1p( px () x=)1a=n x0 +22an −1 x + … +33a1 n
< 0 = )f>=
3
,(…
n −1
(f cp+
(1) cd)=)⋅p−p((c1d)<)⋅ fp<0, 0 df)2(2) ( 0x4)p= (3xx) =−0x − 1第 − 1 堂課 數學基礎 035
2< x <( a2) = 0 3f ( x ) = x 2 −f (xa−) 1=−0 1x +p(11x )11=<<403xx(3<<x22 − 5x ) = 0
3
pf (( ax )) == 00 1< x < 2
c, d ∈ R 1 1 1 3 p ( x ) = 01 (3x − 5x ) = 0
11 c ff ((a
f ( a )11=< p0(xx )<=p2( x )(3=fx(34x−(3 5=xx )x−2 5−xx)p−( 1x )−=(3a1xn x−n 5+xa)n=−12xx0n+−∀ +x4… + aa1))x==+00a
3
x ( ,2d ) ) − 1+−a( cx,1 d+15)a 0
∈
c
∀ ∈
f ( x) = x − x −1− c p ( c ) ⋅ p ( d ) < 0 f 4 ( a ) = 0 1 p( x3 ) =4 a xfn (+x )a = xx n −−1 +x …
x +f (1a ) = 0 x ) = 0 1 (3xp( x−)5=xx)n0+=10 n −1 15 ±x1 + 1 022 11
c, d ∈ R n f ( xn)−1=p1(xx2 )−=p3x(0− 1− 2 4n 1 n −15 …
c, ±d ∈ ff ((Rnxx−)1) =3= xx −− xx −−11−−
p( x ) = an x + apn(−1xx) = + … (3x+ af−21(5xxx+)p)=(axx0x)+=1−axn1x− 1p+− ( ax ) =x0 + + a x + a0an −1 3x + … + a1 x + a0xx ++11
1
∀xxnc−+±1∈1( c3,pd( x) ) = a1n x +
n
limxx → → cc
f ( x ) = 310.5 −
x→c g ( x )
lim
3 g(( −∞ x
15 ) ,= − 15 ) f (
x)→
x3 =)cc 3 x) =
2 p ( x c )c= 0 33
15 lim
15 xx → f ( x ) = 2− 15 15 p滿足
lim lim[x →
( c ) ⋅ xp→(pcd()x<)()−0= 0 ;在此題為
lim 15
g f( (x x ) ) =× 15
2
g ( x )] 15
0。據此,我們可以判斷
(( − , lim[ ,→)0)cc f ( x) × 2
gf ((xx))c=∈g((−x()]−∞ , −(c, d)15 ()−3 3 ), 0) x→c c 1 , 0) ( x = 0。
x → c (0, c , ∞)
x → c
lim ∞ dlim ∈f ,(0, d(∈
f0) 1=內有一根
x=(3)x(0, −)0.5 3 g (lim xx→15 )cc 3 2f ( x ) = 2− 33 15
15
3 3 lim x→c
2 3 15 lim 3 ( x )f )
3215 3 lim (0,
g( cx )lim = g )
( x ) = 2 x
3 ((−− 0 ,, 0)
= 0)
lim x → c g( gg((xx)) =( − 1 x →,xc→lim 0)c p( x ) lim[ x→
x →3
= xc0 f=1( x0) × 3g (1x )]
c
1
→ 31
→−
x +22
036 第 部 管理數學原理
lim 2 lim
lim 439x− +x 29
lim 4x92x−−+x429
lim
x → 2−
lim
→ 2−2 x + 8
x →−
x →3 x →3
x +22 2 lim
lim xx42x++226+x9− 27
lim lim 4 9
3 x − x
+ 9 lim
→29 x + 8
3
→ 32−2 x + 8
x →− 2
xx →− xx →− x+9
x42x++226+x9− 27
x xxx2 +++246 x−−227
lim
12 求 lim 3 13. 求 lim
xxx →−→2
→−2 9 x +x8+ 9
lim
xx →− 3
→−29 x +x8+ 9
x2 + 2
x →0 x
lim xx3 ++ 46 x−−227 xx2 + 46 x−2 −227
xlim
14. 求 lim →−2 x + 8 15. 求 lim lim 1 − 2x − 1
→09 x+9 lim →09
xx →− x+9
2 x
xx →−
x + 6 x − 27 x →1 x −1
lim x +24x−2 −2 1 ( x + 1)( x − 3) +24x−2( −
1|f−xx( x− x2 + 1)( x − 3)
x →−91 − x
lim +ff ((9xx )) = ((( xxx + + 1)( 1)( xx − − 3)
3) lim
lim )2=| 1
16. 求 lim = + 1)( x − 3)
(2x + 1)( x − 3) 17. 求 lim x x−2
xx−ff1(( xx )) =
x → 0
x →0
= 1)( x 2− 1
+)f(=(xx(x+)xxxxx−1)(
x →1
x →1
x + 4f−2( x(f2x)( x= =+−
−
−3)1)( x22 −x3) − 3) x → 2+ x −
lim 1|−xf (−x22)x|= − 1 −−x244− 2 2 x − 2 1 | x
− − 2
2 x| 2
− 1 xx−+41)( x − 3)
(
limxlim (xx ff+((1)( (xx)) x+ =−x1)( 3)
− x 2 −xxx − −
3) 44 x − 4 lim+ f ( x )f =( x ) =
lim
→0
→(21x+ ) f=( ) f=( x ) = ( x − 2)((x x = x − x ++1) 1)( x − 3) ( x − 2)( xx +−1)2
xxf→
依題意,判斷連續 x −x 2−f12(xx−) 2= xf(( (xx−x− x −x 2− 1
→21
x − −
2 4 )x2)( =−x4xx−+
2)( + 41)
1)
xx→
1|−xf (−x22)x|= − f ( x )
f (1x ) = = ( x − 2)( ( xx + − 1)
x 2)(
− x
2 + 1) | x − 2 | 1 x − 4
lim
18. 求取令函數xlim
fx → →(1x + ) f=( x
( x−f+1(x1)( x(−x) x4= =−−x2)( (( −xx1
3) 1(−
1
1
+
+4xx1)( 2)(
+−1)2)(
1)( xxx − −+x3)1)+ 1)
3)
x − 為連續的區間。
4
lim+ f ( x )f =( x ) =
( x − 2)( x + 1)
f
x −x 2) f=( x ) = ( x ) −xx1 − 22 1 x − 2 x −1
fxxx(1) )1xx+=−
x →2
2 = 1− 1
| xf (−(xx2) f−|=(x2)( (xf−x)(1x2− x+
= 2)( x
) =2 x −(x4x−−12)( x + 1) −
− 1
1 1)
g ( x ) = x − 51 2
lim+ 1gg ((xxx−)) = =41xxxx222 −− −x1x5 5− − 1 42 f ( x) =
19. 求取令函數
xf→(2x ) fx=(−x 2)ggff=(( xxx))1−= = gx((2xx− −−)2 5 52)(
= x x 1 −
+ 5
1) 為連續的區間。 f ( g ( x )) x − 1
g ( (xx)−gffff− gxxggx2)(((−x=
=1((((2)( x−x1)))
x ))
5
))+xf(=(x1)x−−)52)( − 5x + 1)
=
g ( x ))f (1g ( x ))x − 1 g( x) = 5 x −5
2
Step-by-Step
Python Part 1
主題 1 裝置
學習程式由 Python 入手,是一個相當理想的選擇。主要原因是 Python
是一個多功能的語言,除了數學上的數值計算,更可以用來開發軟體,寫
App 和網站。在此我們先有一個好的開始,先學習如何成功裝置軟體。
圖 Py 1.1-1 進入 Python 官網
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062 第 1 部 管理數學原理
Step 2. 下載軟體
承上,點選進入後,就會看到如圖 Py 1.1-2。Python 2.x 和 3.x 的糾葛
就不談,我們以 3.7 為主要版本。直接按下,就會傳輸 32 位元的安裝檔
python-3.7.0.exe。
圖 Py 1.1-3 下載 64 位元 Python
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Python Part 1 063
圖 Py 1.1-4 依圖形點選,尤其是下方打勾
1
Step 4. 裝置完畢後,以 Windows 7 為例,以 IDLE 啟動 Python 。IDLE 是
Python GUI(Graphical User Interface),如圖 Py 1.1-5
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064 第 1 部 管理數學原理
圖 Py 1.1-5 啟動 Python
>>> 1+1
然後按下 Enter,就會出現:
>>> 2
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管理數學與Python : 數據分析的必修課/何宗
面; 公分
1.管理數學 2.Python(電腦程式語言)
319 108005413
1FWC
管理數學與Python:
數據分析的必修課
作 者 ─ 何宗武
發 行 人 ─ 楊榮川
總 經 理 ─ 楊士清
總 編 輯 ─ 楊秀麗
副總編輯 ─ 張毓芬
責任編輯 ─ 紀易慧
內文排版 ─ 張淑貞
文字校對 ─ 石曉蓉
封面設計 ─ 姚孝慈
出 版 者 ─ 五南圖書出版股份有限公司
地 址:106臺 北 市 大 安 區 和 平 東 路 二 段 3 3 9 號 4 樓
電 話:(02)2705-5066 傳 真:(02)2706-6100
網 址:http://www.wunan.com.tw
電子郵件:wunan@wunan.com.tw
劃撥帳號:0 1 0 6 8 9 5 3
戶 名:五南圖書出版股份有限公司
法律顧問 林勝安律師事務所 林勝安律師
出版日期 2019年6月一版一刷
定 價 新臺幣520元
※版“本試閱檔為五南圖書所有。如欲購買此書,請至五南網站www.wunan.com.tw
權所有.欲利用本書內容,必須徵求本公司同意※
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