Introduction:-

The heart of the history of India or the first human life

of Indian subcontinent, the Great Indus valley civilisation. It is also known

as “The Harrapan civilisation.” It was spreaded across parts of India as well

as large part of Pakistan. The name Indus valley comes from its main river in

its river system which is the Indus River. It was a civilisation of the Bronze

Age and it dated from 3000 BC – 1500 BC. It was one the 1st

civilisations taking place in the world history. The people of Indus valley civilization were

extremely peaceful and advanced in farming.

They

were also good in the field of trade. They traded with the Mesopotamian and

Egyptian civilization.

The land of Ziggurats

or the Mesopotamian civilization was known for its complex government

structures. The area of it was just like in the shape of a crescent and so was

also called “the ancient fertile crescent area”. It was situated between the

two fertile rivers- Tigris and Euphrates. It was in existence from 3500-1800

BC. These people were hot-minded and used to fight which caused often wars

between people, rulers and other countries. Due to these wars the civilization

declined.

Main content:-
 Geography:-

Mesopotamian civilization is mostly located in Iraq. It forms a crescent

shape and so is called “the fertile crescent”. Mesopotamia encompasses the land between
the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, both of which have

their headwaters in the Armenian Highlands. Both rivers are fed by numerous

tributaries, and the entire river system drains a vast mountainous region.

Overland routes in Mesopotamia usually follow the Euphrates because the banks

of the Tigris are frequently steep and difficult. The climate of the region is

semi-arid with a vast desert expanse in the north which gives way to a 15,000

square kilometres (5,800 sq mi) region of marshes, lagoons, mud

flats, and reed banks in the south. In the extreme south, the Euphrates and the

Tigris unite and empty into the Persian Gulf. There were three major problems of the geography

which are unpredictable floods/dry summers, no natural barriers for protection

as the small villages were in the open plains which were defenceless, &

lastly there were limited natural resources like metal, wood and stone. But for

this they found a excellent solution which is building of irrigation ditches,

city walls with mud bricks, and trade of resources which couldn’t be found

there respectively.

The Indus Valley

Civilization encompassed most of Pakistan and parts of south-western India, and

Afghanistan, extending from Pakistani Baluchistan in the west to Uttar Pradesh in the east, north-
eastern

Afghanistan to the north and Maharashtra to the south. It had rich

agricultural lands which were surrounded by highlands, desert, and ocean. The

climate was pleasant and cool; also it was ideal for farming due to the monsoon

rains.

weapons:-

Indus valley civilization was a peaceful civilization. The people were

more attached to agriculture and trading and thus usage of weapons was found

very less. Other than weapons there are many agricultural tools found such as

the plough, etc. The weapons which could be found are sword, spears, daggers,

saw, bow and arrow, etc. Many of these were made up of bronze.

The Mesopotamians were advanced in the science of making tools and

weapons. The Sumerians were expert in making unique and advanced tools and

weaponry which helped them to last long. Sumerians developed the wheel to use

it in the farm as well as in the wars. The geography of this civilization is

such that the water can’t reach every part of the civilization. Thus they
developed efficient water transporting system which could be evident through

the “Hanging Gardens of Babylon.” Moving towards weaponry they used usually

bronze for it. The main weapons are Bow and arrow, spears, battle axes, etc.

They also had war chariots which would help them to move fast for attack. They

used several other equipments such as the Javelins, etc. For defence they used

to have helmets and armours.