Syllabus contents table

The contents of the ‘Topic’, ‘Core’ and ‘Supplement’ columns of this table is taken from the Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry syllabus for
examination from 2016 to 2018. Teachers and learners should always ensure they are referring to the syllabus for the year they are
entering for examination.
This table tells you which section of the book covers each syllabus topic. You can use this table as a revision guide by ticking off the
syllabus points as you study them.

Topic Core Book Supplement Book

9 9
Section Section

1. The ◆ State the distinguishing 2.1 {

particulate properties of solids, liquids
nature of and gases
matter
◆ Describe the structure of solids, 2.1 {
liquids and gases in terms of
particle separation, arrangement
and types of motion
◆ Describe changes of state in 2.1 { ◆ Explain changes of state in terms 2.3 {
terms of melting, boiling, of the kinetic model
evaporation, freezing,
condensation and sublimation
◆ Describe qualitatively the pressure 2.3 {
and temperature of a gas in terms
of the motion of its particles
◆ Show an understanding of the 2.3 { Describe and explain Brownian 2.3 {
random motion of particles in motion in terms of random
a suspension (sometimes known molecular bombardment
as Brownian motion) as evidence
◆ State evidence for Brownian motion
for the kinetic particle (atoms,
ions or molecules) model of ◆ Describe and explain dependence of
matter rate of diffusion on molecular mass
◆ Describe and explain diffusion 2.3 {
2. Experimental 2.1 Measurement
techniques
◆ Name appropriate apparatus 12.3 {
for the measurement of time,
temperature, mass and volume,
including burettes, pipettes and
measuring cylinders
2.2.1 Criteria of purity
◆ Demonstrate knowledge 2.2 { ◆ Interpret simple chromatograms, 2.2 {
and understanding of paper including the use of Rf values
chromatography
◆ Outline how chromatography 2.2; 12.2 {
◆ Interpret simple chromatograms 2.2 { techniques can be applied to
colourless substances by exposing
◆ Identify substances and assess 2.1 {
chromatograms to substances
their purity from melting point
called locating agents (knowledge
and boiling point information
of specific locating agents is not
◆ Understand the importance of 2.2 { required)
purity in substances in everyday
life, e.g. foodstuffs and drugs

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Chemistry Syllabus contents table 1

Topic Core Book Supplement Book
9 9
Section Section

2.2.2 Methods of purification

◆ Describe and explain methods 2.2 {
of purification by the use of
a suitable solvent, filtration,
crystallisation, distillation
(including use of fractionating
column). (Refer to the fractional
distillation of petroleum in
Section 14.2 and products of
fermentation in Section 14.6.)
◆ Suggest suitable purification 2.2 {
techniques, given information
about the substances involved

3. Atoms, 3.1 Atomic structure and the

elements and Periodic Table
compounds
◆ State the relative charges and 2.4 {
approximate relative masses of
protons, neutrons and electrons
◆ Define proton number (atomic 2.4 {
number) as the number of
protons in the nucleus of
an atom
◆ Define nucleon number (mass 2.4 {
number) as the total number
of protons and neutrons in the
nucleus of an atom
◆ Use proton number and the 2.4 {
simple structure of atoms to
explain the basis of the Periodic
Table (see Section 9), with
special reference to the elements
of proton number 1 to 20
◆ Define isotopes as atoms of 2.4 { ◆ Understand that isotopes have 2.4 {
the same element which have the same properties because
the same proton number but a they have the same number of
different nucleon number electrons in their outer shell
◆ State the two types of isotopes 2.4 {
as being radioactive and
non-radioactive
◆ State one medical and one 2.4 {
industrial use of radioactive
isotopes
◆ Describe the build-up of electrons 2.5 {
in ‘shells’ and understand the
significance of the noble gas
electronic structures and of outer
shell electrons (The ideas of the
distribution of electrons in s and
p orbitals and in d block elements
are not required.)

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Topic Core Book Supplement Book
9 9
Section Section

3.2.1 Bonding: the structure

of matter
◆ Describe the differences 3.1 {
between elements, mixtures
and compounds, and between
metals and non-metals
◆ Describe an alloy, such as brass, 3.1; 3.6 {
as a mixture of a metal with
other elements

3.2.2 Ions and ionic bonds

◆ Describe the formation of ions 3.4 { ◆ Describe the formation of ionic 3.4 {
by electron loss or gain bonds between metallic and
non-metallic elements
◆ Describe the formation of ionic 3.4 {
bonds between elements from ◆ Describe the lattice structure of 3.6 {
Groups I and VII ionic compounds as a regular
arrangement of alternating
positive and negative ions

3.2.3 Molecules and covalent

bonds
◆ Describe the formation of single 3.4 { ◆ Describe the electron 3.4 {
covalent bonds in H2, Cl2, H2O, arrangement in more complex
CH4 and HCl as the sharing of covalent molecules such as N2,
pairs of electrons leading to the C2H4, CH3OH and CO2
noble gas configuration
◆ Describe the differences 3.6 { ◆ Explain the differences in melting 3.6 {
in volatility, solubility and point and boiling point of ionic
electrical conductivity between and covalent compounds in
ionic and covalent compounds terms of intermolecular forces

3.2.4 Macromolecules 3.6 { ◆ Describe the macromolecular 3.6 {

structure of silicon(iv) oxide
◆ Describe the giant covalent
(silicon dioxide)
structures of graphite and
diamond 3.6 { ◆ Describe the similarity in 3.6 {
properties between diamond
◆ Relate their structures to the use
and silicon(iv) oxide, related to
of graphite as a lubricant and
their structures
conductor, and of diamond in
cutting

3.2.5 Metallic bonding ◆ Describe metallic bonding as a 3.4 {

lattice of positive ions in a ‘sea of
electrons’ and use this to describe
the electrical conductivity and
malleability of metals

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Topic Core Book Supplement Book
9 9
Section Section

4. Stoichiometry 4.1 Stoichiometry

◆ Use the symbols of the elements 3.5 { ◆ Determine the formula of an 3.5 {
and write the formulae of ionic compound from the
simple compounds charges on the ions present
◆ Deduce the formula of a simple 3.5 { ◆ Construct equations with 4.4 {
compound from the relative state symbols, including ionic
numbers of atoms present equations
◆ Deduce the formula of a simple 3.5 {
compound from a model or a
diagrammatic representation
◆ Construct word equations 4.2 { ◆ Deduce the balanced equation 4.4 {
and simple balanced chemical for a chemical reaction, given
equations relevant information
◆ Define relative atomic mass, Ar, 2.4; 6.1 {
as the average mass of naturally
occurring atoms of an element
on a scale where the 12C atom
has a mass of exactly 12 units
◆ Define relative molecular mass, 6.1 {
Mr, as the sum of the relative
atomic masses (relative formula
mass or Mr will be used for
ionic compounds)
(Calculations involving reacting
masses in simple proportions
may be set. Calculations will not
involve the mole concept.)

4.2 The mole concept ◆ Define the mole and the 6.2 {
Avogadro constant
◆ Use the molar gas volume, taken 6.4 {
as 24 dm3 at room temperature
and pressure
◆ Calculate stoichiometric reacting 6.3; 6.4; 6.5 {
masses and volumes of gases and
solutions, solution concentrations
expressed in g/dm3 and mol/dm3.
(Calculations involving the idea
of limiting reactants may be set.
Questions on the gas laws and the
conversion of gaseous volumes
to different temperatures and
pressures will not be set.)
◆ Calculate empirical formulae 6.2 {
and molecular formulae
◆ Calculate % yield and % purity 6.3 {

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Topic Core Book Supplement Book
9 9
Section Section

5. Electricity ◆ Define electrolysis as the 4.5 { ◆ Relate the products of 4.5; 4.6 {
and chemistry breakdown of an ionic electrolysis to the electrolyte and
compound, molten or in electrodes used, exemplified by
aqueous solution, by the passage the specific examples in the Core
of electricity together with aqueous copper(ii)
sulfate using carbon electrodes
◆ Describe the electrode products
and using copper electrodes (as
and the observations made
used in the refining of copper)
during the electrolysis of:
◆ Describe and explain 4.5 {
– molten lead(ii) bromide 4.5 {
electrolysis in terms of the ions
– concentrated hydrochloric acid present and reactions at the
electrodes in the examples given
– concentrated aqueous 4.5 {
sodium chloride
– dilute sulfuric acid
– between inert electrodes
(platinum or carbon) 4.5 {
◆ State the general principle that 4.5 {
metals or hydrogen are formed at
the negative electrode (cathode),
and that non-metals (other than
hydrogen) are formed at the
positive electrode (anode)
◆ Predict the products of the 4.5 { ◆ Predict the products of 4.6 {
electrolysis of a specified binary electrolysis of a specified halide
compound in the molten state in dilute or concentrated
aqueous solution
◆ Describe the electroplating of 4.5 {
metals
◆ Outline the uses of 4.5 { ◆ Construct ionic half-equations 4.5 {
electroplating for reactions at the cathode
◆ Describe the reasons for the 4.5 { ◆ Describe the transfer of charge
use of copper and (steel-cored) during electrolysis to include:
aluminium in cables, and why
– the movement of electrons in 4.5 {
plastics and ceramics are used
the metallic conductor
as insulators
– the removal or addition of 4.5 {
electrons from the external
circuit at the electrodes
– the movement of ions in the 4.5 {
electrolyte
◆ Describe the production of 4.5 {
electrical energy from simple
cells, i.e. two electrodes in an
electrolyte. (This should be
linked with the reactivity series
in Section 10.2 and redox in
Section 7.3)

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Topic Core Book Supplement Book
9 9
Section Section

◆ Describe, in outline, the

manufacture of
– aluminium from pure 4.5; 9.2 {
aluminium oxide in molten
cryolite
– chlorine and sodium hydroxide 4.5; 9.5 {
from concentrated aqueous
sodium chloride
(Starting materials and essential
conditions should be given but not
technical details or diagrams.)

6. Chemical 6.1 Energetics of a reaction

energetics
◆ Describe the meaning of 7.1 { ◆ Describe bond breaking as 7.1 {
exothermic and endothermic endothermic and bond forming
reactions as exothermic
◆ Draw and label energy level 7.1 {
diagrams for exothermic and
endothermic reactions using
data provided.
◆ Interpret energy level diagrams 7.1 { ◆ Calculate the energy of a 7.1 {
showing exothermic and reaction using bond energies
endothermic reactions

6.2 Energy transfer

◆ Describe the release of heat 1.4; 7.1
energy by burning fuels
◆ State the use of hydrogen as a fuel 1.4
◆ Describe radioactive isotopes, 2.4
such as 235U, as a source of energy
{ ◆ Describe the use of hydrogen 1.4 {
as a potential fuel reacting with
oxygen to generate electricity
{
in a fuel cell (details of the
{ construction and operation of a
fuel cell are not required)

7. Chemical 7.1 Physical and chemical changes

reactions
◆ Identify physical and chemical
changes, and understand the 4.1 {
differences between them

7.2 Rate (speed) of reaction

◆ Describe and explain the effect 7.2 { ◆ Devise and evaluate a suitable 7.2 {
of concentration, particle size, method for investigating the
catalysts (including enzymes) effect of a given variable on the
and temperature on the speeds rate of a reaction
of reactions
◆ Interpret data obtained from 7.2 {
◆ Describe the application of the 7.2 { experiments concerned with
above factors to the danger of speed of reaction
explosive combustion with fine
powders (e.g. flour mills) and
gases (e.g. methane in mines)
Note: Candidates should be
encouraged to use the term rate
rather than speed.

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Topic Core
◆ Demonstrate knowledge and
understanding of a practical
method for investigating the
speed of a reaction involving gas
evolution
7.3 Reversible reactions
◆ Understand that some chemical
reactions can be reversed by
changing the reaction conditions
(limited to the effects of heat
and water on hydrated and
anhydrous copper(ii) sulfate and
cobalt (ii) chloride.) (Concept of
equilibrium is not required.)
7.4 Redox
◆ Define oxidation and reduction
in terms of oxygen loss/
gain. (Oxidation state limited
to its use to name ions, e.g.
iron(ii), iron(iii), copper(ii),
manganate(vii)
© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Chemistry
Book Supplement Book
9 9
Section Section
7.2 { ◆ Describe and explain the 7.3 {
effects of temperature and
concentration in terms of
collisions between reacting
particles, including the idea
of activation energy (An
increase in temperature causes
an increase in collision rate
and more of the colliding
molecules have sufficient
energy (activation energy) to
react whereas an increase in
concentration only causes an
increase in collision rate.)
◆ Describe and explain the role of 7.4 {
light in photochemical reactions
and the effect of light on the rate
of these reactions (This should
be linked to section 14.4)
◆ Describe the use of silver salts 7.4 {
in photography as a process
of reduction of silver ions to
silver; and photosynthesis as
the reaction between carbon
dioxide and water in the
presence of chlorophyll and
sunlight (energy) to produce
glucose
7.5 { ◆ Predict the effect of changing 7.5 {
the conditions (temperature and
pressure) on other reversible
reactions
◆ Demonstrate knowledge and 7.5 {
understanding of the concept of
equilibrium
4.3 { ◆ Define redox in terms of 4.4 {
electron transfer
◆ Identify redox reactions by 4.4 {
changes in oxidation state and
by the colour changes involved
when using acidified potassium
manganate(vii), and potassium
iodide. (Recall of equations
involving KMnO4 is not required.)
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Topic Core Book Supplement Book
9 9
Section Section

◆ Define oxidising agent as a 4.4 {

substance which oxidises
another substance during a
redox reaction. Define reducing
agent as a substance which
reduces another substance
during a redox reaction.
◆ Identify oxidising agents and 4.4 {
reducing agents from simple
equations

8. Acids, bases 8.1 The characteristic properties

and salts of acids and bases
◆ Describe the characteristic 5.6 { ◆ Define acids and bases in terms 5.11 {
properties of acids as reactions of proton transfer, limited to
with metals, bases and aqueous solutions
carbonates, and effect on litmus
◆ Describe the meaning of weak 5.11 {
and methyl orange
and strong acids and bases and
◆ Describe the characteristic 5.5; 5.7 { state common examples of each
properties of bases as reactions
with acids and with ammonium
salts and effect on litmus and
methyl orange
◆ Describe neutrality and relative 5.1 {
acidity and alkalinity in terms
of pH measured using Universal
Indicator paper (whole numbers
only)
◆ Describe and explain the 5.4 {
importance of controlling
acidity in soil

8.2 Types of oxides

◆ Classify oxides as either acidic 5.3 { ◆ Further classify other oxides as 5.3 {
or basic, related to metallic and neutral or amphoteric
non-metallic character

8.3 Preparation of salts

◆ Demonstrate knowledge 5.9 { ◆ Demonstrate knowledge 5.10 {
and understanding of the and understanding of the
preparation, separation and preparation of insoluble salts by
purification of salts as examples precipitation
of some of the techniques
◆ Suggest a method of making a 5.9; 5.10 {
specified in Section 2.2(b)
given salt from suitable starting
and the reactions specified in
material, given appropriate
Section 8.1
information

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Topic Core Book Supplement Book
9 9
Section Section

8.4 Identification of ions and gases

◆ Describe the following tests to 5.7; 12.1 {
identify:
aqueous cations:
aluminium, ammonium, calcium,
chromium(iii), copper(ii),
iron(ii), iron(iii) and zinc (using
aqueous sodium hydroxide and
aqueous ammonia as appropriate)
(Formulae of complex ions are
not required.)
cations:
use of the flame test to identify
lithium, sodium, potassium and
copper(ii)
anions: 5.7; 12.1 {
carbonate (by reaction with
dilute acid and then limewater),
chloride, bromide and iodide
(by reaction under acidic
conditions with aqueous silver
nitrate), nitrate (by reduction
with aluminium), sulfate
(by reaction under acidic
conditions with aqueous barium
ions) and sulfite (by reaction
with acidified potassium
manganate(vii))
gases: 5.7; 12.1 {
ammonia (using damp red
litmus paper), carbon dioxide
(using limewater), chlorine
(using damp litmus paper),
hydrogen (using lighted splint),
oxygen (using a glowing
splint) and sulfur dioxide
(using acidified potassium
manganate(vii))

9. The Periodic 9.1 The Periodic table

Table
◆ Describe the Periodic Table as a 3.1; 3.2 {
method of classifying elements
and its use to predict properties
of elements

9.2 Periodic trends

◆ Describe the change from 3.3 { ◆ Describe and explain the 3.1 {
metallic to non-metallic relationship between group
character across a period number, number of outer shell
electrons and metallic/non-
metallic character

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Topic Core Book Supplement Book
9 9
Section Section

9.3 Group properties

◆ Describe lithium, sodium 3.2; 8.1 { ◆ Identify trends in Groups, given 3.2; 3.3; 8.1 {
and potassium in Group I as information about the elements
a collection of relatively soft concerned
metals showing a trend in
melting point, density and
reaction with water
◆ Predict the properties of other 3.2 {
elements in Group I, given data
where appropriate
◆ Describe chlorine, bromine 3.2 {
and iodine in Group VII as a
collection of diatomic
non-metals showing a trend in
colour, and state their reaction
with other halide ions
◆ Predict the properties of other 3.2 {
elements in Group VII, given
data where appropriate

9.4 Transition elements

◆ Describe the transition elements 3.3; 8.3 { ◆ Know that transition metals 3.3; 8.3 {
as a collection of metals having have variable oxidation states
high densities, high melting
points and forming coloured
compounds, and which, as
elements and compounds, often
act as catalysts

9.5 Noble gases

◆ Describe the noble gases as 3.2 {
being unreactive, monoatomic
gases and explain this in terms
of electronic structure
◆ Describe the uses of the noble 3.2 {
gases in providing an inert
atmosphere, i.e. argon in lamps,
helium for filling balloons

10. Metals 10.1 Properties of metals

◆ List the general physical 3.1; 8.1 {
properties of metals
◆ Describe the general chemical 8.4; 5.3; {
properties of metals, e.g. 5.6
reaction with dilute acids and
reaction with oxygen
◆ Explain why metals are often 3.1; 9.1 {
used in the form of alloys

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Topic Core Book Supplement Book
9 9
Section Section

◆ Explain, in terms of their 3.6 {

properties, why alloys are used
instead of pure metals
◆ Identify representations of alloys
from diagrams of structure

10.2 Reactivity series

◆ Place in order of reactivity: 8.4 { ◆ Describe the reactivity series as 8.4 {
potassium, sodium, calcium, related to the tendency of a metal
magnesium, zinc, iron, to form its positive ion, illustrated
(hydrogen) and copper, by by its reaction, if any, with
reference to the reactions,
– the aqueous ions
if any, of the metals with
– the oxides
– water or steam
of the other listed metals
– dilute hydrochloric acid and
the reduction of their oxides ◆ Describe and explain the action
with carbon of heat on the hydroxides, 8.4 {
carbonates and nitrates of the
listed metals
◆ Deduce an order of reactivity 8.4 { ◆ Account for the apparent
from a given set of experimental unreactivity of aluminium in 8.2 {
results terms of the oxide layer which
adheres to the metal

10.3 Extraction of metals

◆ Describe the ease in obtaining 8.4 { ◆ Describe in outline, the 9.1 {
metals from their ores by relating extraction of zinc from zinc
the elements to the reactivity series blende
◆ Describe the essential reactions 9.1 {
in the extraction of iron from
hematite
◆ Describe the conversion of iron 9.1 {
into steel using basic oxides and
oxygen
◆ Know that aluminium is 8.2; 9.2 { ◆ Describe in outline the 4.5; 9.2 {
extracted from the ore bauxite extraction of aluminium from
by electrolysis bauxite including the role of
cryolite and the reactions at the
◆ Discuss the advantages and 9.7 {
electrodes
disadvantages of recycling
metals, limited to iron/steel and
aluminium

10.4 Uses of metals

◆ Name the uses of aluminium: ◆ Explain the uses of zinc for 9.1 {
galvanising and for making brass
– in the manufacture of aircraft 8.2 {
because of its strength and low
density
– in food containers because of 8.2 {
its resistance to corrosion

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Topic Core Book Supplement Book
9 9
Section Section

◆ Name the uses of copper related 9.1 {

to its properties (electrical
wiring and in cooking utensils)
◆ Name the uses of mild steel (car 9.1 { ◆ Describe the idea of changing 9.1 {
bodies and machinery) and the properties of iron by the
stainless steel (chemical plant controlled use of additives to
and cutlery) form steel alloys

11. Air and 11.1 Water

water
◆ Describe a chemical test for water 12.1 { ◆ Discuss the implications of an 1.3 {
using cobalt(ii) chloride and inadequate supply of water,
copper(ii) sulfate limited to safe water for drinking
and water for irrigating crops
◆ Describe, in outline, the 1.3 {
purification of the water supply
in terms of filtration and
chlorination
◆ Name some of the uses of water 1.3 {
in industry and in the home

11.2 Air
◆ State the composition of clean 1.2 { ◆ Describe the separation of 1.2 {
air as being approximately 78% oxygen and nitrogen from liquid
nitrogen, 21% oxygen and the air by fractional distillation
remainder as being a mixture of
noble gases, water vapour and
carbon dioxide
◆ Name the common pollutants 1.2 {
in the air as being carbon
monoxide, sulfur dioxide,
oxides of nitrogen and lead
compounds
◆ State the source of each of these ◆ Describe and explain the 1.2 {
pollutants: presence of oxides of nitrogen
in car exhausts and their
– carbon monoxide from the 1.2 {
catalytic removal
incomplete combustion of
carbon-containing substances
– sulfur dioxide from the 1.2 {
combustion of fossil fuels
which contain sulfur
compounds (leading to
‘acid rain’)
– oxides of nitrogen from car 1.2 {
exhausts
– lead compounds from leaded 1.2 {
petrol

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9 9
Section Section

◆ State the adverse effect of 1.2 {

common pollutants on
buildings and on health and
discuss why these pollutants are
of global concern
◆ State the conditions required for 9.1 {
the rusting of iron
◆ Describe and explain methods of 9.1 { ◆ Describe and explain sacrificial 9.1 {
rust prevention, specifically paint protection in terms of the
and other coatings to exclude reactivity series of metals and
oxygen galvanising as a method of rust
prevention

11.3 Nitrogen and fertilisers

◆ Describe the need for nitrogen-, 9.3 { ◆ Describe and explain the 9.3 {
phosphorus- and potassium- essential conditions for the
containing fertilisers manufacture of ammonia by
the Haber process including the
◆ Describe the displacement of 5.7 {
sources of the hydrogen and
ammonia from its salts
nitrogen, i.e. hydrocarbons or
steam and air

11.4 Carbon dioxide and methane

◆ State that carbon dioxide and 1.2 {
methane are greenhouse gases
and may contribute to climate
change
◆ State the formation of carbon 1.1 { ◆ Describe the carbon cycle, 1.1; 7.4 {
dioxide: in simple terms, to include
the processes of combustion,
– as a product of complete 10 {
respiration and photosynthesis
combustion of carbon-
containing substances
– as a product of respiration 7.4; 1.1 {
– as a product of the reaction 5.6 {
between an acid and a carbonate
– from the thermal
decomposition of a carbonate
◆ State the sources of methane, 1.2; 11.2 {
including decomposition of
vegetation and waste gases from
digestion in animals

12. Sulfur ◆ Name some sources of sulfur 9.4 { ◆ Describe the manufacture of 9.4 {
sulfuric acid by the Contact
◆ Name the use of sulfur in the 9.4 {
process, including essential
manufacture of sulfuric acid
conditions and reactions
◆ State the uses of sulfur dioxide 9.4 {
◆ Describe the properties and 5.6; 9.4 {
as a bleach in the manufacture
uses of dilute and concentrated
of wood pulp for paper and as
sulfuric acid
a food preservative (by killing
bacteria)

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Topic Core Book Supplement Book
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Section Section

13. Carbonates ◆ Describe the manufacture of 9.6 {

lime (calcium oxide) from
calcium carbonate (limestone) in
terms of thermal decomposition
◆ Name some uses of lime and 1.4; 9.6 {
slaked lime as in treating acidic
soil and neutralising acidic
industrial waste products, e.g.
flue-gas desulfurisation
◆ Name the uses of calcium 1.4; 9.6 {
carbonate in the manufacture of
iron and of cement

14. Organic 14.1 Names of compounds

chemistry
◆ Name and draw the structures
of methane, ethane, ethanol,
ethanoic acid and the products
of the reactions stated in
Sections 14.4–14.6
◆ State the type of compound
present, given a chemical name
ending in -ane, -ene, -ol, or -oic
acid, or a molecular structure
10 { ◆ Name and draw the structures 10 {
of the unbranched alkanes,
alkenes (not cis–trans), alcohols
and acids containing up to four
carbon atoms per molecule
10 { ◆ Name and draw the structural 10.9 {
formulae of the esters which
can be made from unbranched
alcohols and carboxylic acids,
each containing up to four
carbon atoms

14.2 Fuels
◆ Name the fuels coal, natural gas 1.1; 11.1 {
and petroleum
◆ Name methane as the main 11.2 {
constituent of natural gas
◆ Describe petroleum as a 11.1 {
mixture of hydrocarbons and its
separation into useful fractions
by fractional distillation
◆ Name the uses of the fractions as:
– refinery gas for bottled gas for 11.1 {
heating and cooking
– gasoline fraction for fuel 11.1 {
(petrol) in cars
– naphtha fraction for making 11.1 {
chemicals
– kerosene/paraffin fraction for 11.1 {
jet fuel
– diesel oil/gas oil for fuel in 11.1 {
diesel engines
– fuel oil fraction for fuel for ships 11.1 {
and home heating systems

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Topic Core Book Supplement Book
9 9
Section Section

– lubricating fraction for 11.1 {

lubricants, waxes and polishes
– bitumen for making roads 11.1 {

14.3 Homologous series

◆ Describe the concept of 10.2 { ◆ Describe the general 10.2 {
homologous series as a ‘family’ of characteristics of a homologous
similar compounds with similar series
properties due to the presence of ◆ Recall that members of a 10.2 {
the same functional group homologous series have the
same general formula
◆ Describe and identify structural 10.4 {
isomerism

14.4 Alkanes
◆ Describe the properties of 10.2; { ◆ Describe substitution reactions 10.5 {
alkanes (exemplified by 10.5 of alkanes with chlorine
methane) as being generally
unreactive, except in terms of
burning
◆ Describe the bonding in alkanes 10.2 {

14.5 Alkenes
◆ Describe the manufacture of 11.1 { ◆ Describe the properties of 10.6 {
alkenes and of hydrogen by alkenes in terms of addition
cracking reactions with bromine,
hydrogen and steam
◆ Distinguish between saturated 10.2; {
and unsaturated hydrocarbons 10.3
– from molecular structures
– by reaction with aqueous
bromine
◆ Describe the formation of 10.6; {
poly(ethene) as an example 11.3
of addition polymerisation of
monomer units

14.6 Alcohols
◆ Describe the manufacture of 10.7 { ◆ Outline the advantages and 10.7 {
ethanol by fermentation and by disadvantages of these two
the catalytic addition of steam methods of manufacturing
to ethene ethanol
◆ Describe the properties of 10.8 {
ethanol in terms of burning
◆ Name the uses of ethanol as a 10.7; {
solvent and as a fuel 10.8

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14.7 Carboxylic acids

◆ Describe the properties of ◆ Describe the formation of 10.9 {
aqueous ethanoic acid ethanoic acid by the oxidation
of ethanol by fermentation
and with acidified potassium
manganate(vii)
◆ Describe ethanoic acid as a 5.11; 10.9 {
typical weak acid
◆ Describe the reaction between 10.9 {
a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
in the presence of a catalyst to
give an ester

14.8.1 Polymers
◆ Describe polymers as large 11 { ◆ Understand that different 11 {
molecules built up from small polymers have different units
units (monomers) and/or different linkages

14.8.2 Synthetic polymers

◆ Name some typical uses of 11.3; { ◆ Describe the differences 11.3; 11.4 {
plastics and of man-made fibres 11.4 between addition and
such as nylon and Terylene condensation polymerisation
◆ Describe the pollution problems 11.4 { ◆ Deduce the structure of the 11.3 {
caused by non-biodegradable polymer product from a given
plastics alkene and vice versa
◆ Describe the formation of nylon 11.4 {
(a polyamide) and Terylene
(a polyester) by condensation
polymerisation, the structure of
nylon being represented as:
O O O O O

C C N N C C N N C 11.4 {
H H H H

and the structure of Terylene as:

O O O O

C C O O C C O O 11.4 {

(Details of manufacture
and mechanisms of these
polymerisations are not required.)

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14.8.3 Natural polymers

◆ Name proteins and 11.4 { ◆ Describe proteins as possessing 11.4 {
carbohydrates as constituents the same (amide) linkages as
of food nylon but with different units.
◆ Describe the structure of
proteins as:
H O H O

N C N C N C 11.4 {
H O

◆ Describe the hydrolysis of 11.4 {

proteins to amino acids
(Structures and names are not
required.)
◆ Describe complex 11.4 {
carbohydrates in terms of a
large number of sugar units,
considered as HO— —OH,
joined together by condensation
polymerisation
e.g. O O O O

◆ Describe the hydrolysis 11.4 {

of complex carbohydrates
(e.g. starch) by acids or enzymes
to give simple sugars
◆ Describe the fermentation 10.7 {
of simple sugars to produce
ethanol (and carbon dioxide)
(Candidates will not be
expected to give the molecular
formulae of sugars.)
◆ Describe, in outline, the 11.4 {
usefulness of chromatography
in separating and identifying
the product of hydrolysis of
carbohydrates and proteins

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