APPENDIX J

METALS AND MINERALS

Metal Element Mineral Sources Chemical Formulas

Aluminum (Al) Bauxitea ore
consists of the
following:
Diaspore AlO(OH),
Gibbsite Al(OH)3 ,
Boehmite AlO(OH)
Alumina Al2 O3
Antimony (Sb) Stibnitea Sb2 S3
Arsenic (As) Arsenopyrite FeAsS
Realgar AsS
Orpiment As2 S3
Beryllium (Be) Beryla Be3 Al2 Si6 O18
Bertrandite Be3 Al2 (SiO3 )6
Bismuth (Bi) Bismuth metal Bi
Cadmium (Cd) Greenockite CdS
Cesium (Cs) Pollucitea Cs4 Al4 Si9 O26 ·H2 O
Lepidolite K(Li,Al)3 (Si,Al)4 O10 (OH,F)2
Chromium (Cr) Chromitea FeCr2 O4

Hydrometallurgy: Fundamentals and Applications, First Edition. Michael L. Free.

© 2013 The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

424
 METALS AND MINERALS 425

Metal Element Mineral Sources Chemical Formulas

Cobalt (Co) Smaltite CoAs2
Cobaltite CoAsS
Carrolite CuCo2 S4
Linnaeite CoS4
Copper (Cu) Chalcopyritea CuFeS2
Chalcocitea Cu2 S
Bornitea Cu5 FeS4
Covellitea CuS
Cupritea Cu2 O
Malachitea CuCO3 ·Cu(OH)2
Native metal Cu
Tennantite Cu8 As2 S7 (varying stoich)
Tetrahedrite 4Cu2 S·Sb2 S3
Azurite 2CuCO3 ·Cu(OH)2
Enargite Cu3 As5 S4
Gallium (Ga) No important
minerals,
by-product
Germanium (Ge) Argyrodite 3Ag2 S·GeS2
Gold(Au) Native metala Au
Sylvanite (AuAg)Te2
Calavernite AuTe2
Hafnium (Ha) No important
minerals,
co-product
with Zr
Indium (I) No important
minerals,
by-product
Iron (Fe) Hematitea Fe2 O3
Magnetitea Fe3 O4
Goethite Fe2 O3 ·H2 O
Limonite Hydrous ferric oxides
Siderite FeCO3
Pyrrhotite FeS (variable stoichiom.)
Pyrite FeS2
Lead (Pb) Galenaa PbS
Cerussite PbCO3
Anglesite PbSO4
Jamesonite Pb4 FeSb6 S14
Lithium (Li) Spodumenea LiAlSi2 O6
Amblygonite 2LiF·Al2 O3 ·P2 O5
Lepidolite LiF·KF·Al2 O3 ·3SiO
(continued)
426 METALS AND MINERALS

Metal Element Mineral Sources Chemical Formulas

Magnesium (Mg) Dolomite MgCa(CO3 )2
Magnesite MgCO3
Carnallite KMgCl3 ·6H2 O
Brucite Mg(OH)2
Manganese (Mn) Pyrolusitea MnO2
Manganite Mn2 O3
Braunite 3Mn2 O3 ·MnSiO3
Psilomelane Oxide mixture
Mercury (Hg) Cinnabara HgS
Molybdenum (Mo) Molybdenite MoS2
Wulfenite PbMoO4
Nickel (Ni) Pentlanditea (FeNi)S
Garnieritea Hydrated Ni–Mg silicate
Niccolite NiAs
Millerite NiS
Niobium (Nb) Pyrochlorea (Ca,Na)2 (Nb,Ta)2 O6 (O,OH,F)
Columbitea (Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2 O6
Platinum Group
Metals (Ru, Rh,
Pd, Os, Ir, Pt)
Platinum (Pt) Native metala Pt
Sperrylitea PtAs2
Osmium (Os) Os–Ir alloy Os–Ir
Rare Earth Metals
(Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm,
Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy,
Ho, Er, Tm, Yb,
Lu)
Cerium (Ce) Bastnaesitea (Ce,La)(CO3 )F
Lanthanum (La) Bastnaesitea (Ce,La)(CO3 )F
Yittrium (Y) Xenotimea YPO4
Thorium (Th) Monazitea (Ce,La,Th)PO4
Thorianite ThO2 U3 O8
Radium (Ra) By-product
Rhenium (Re) No important
minerals,
by-product
from MoS2
Rubidium (Rb) No important
minerals,
by-product
Silicon (Si) Quartza SiO2
 METALS AND MINERALS 427

Metal Element Mineral Sources Chemical Formulas

Selenium (Se) Naumanite Ag2 Se
Clausthalite PbSe
Eurcairite (AgCu)2 Se
Berzelianite Cu2 Se
Silver (Ag) Argentitea Ag2 S
Tantalum (Ta) Pyrochlorea (Ca,Na)2 (Nb,Ta)2 O6 (O,OH,F)
Columbitea (Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2 O6
Tellurium (Te) Sylvanite (AuAg)Te2
Calavernite AuTe2
Thallium (Tl) No important
minerals,
by-product
Thorium (Th) See rare earths
Tin (Sn) Cassiteritea SnO2
Titanium (Ti) Ilmenitea FeTiO3
Rutile TiO2
Anatase TiO2
Tungsten (W) Wolframa (Fe,Mn)WO4
Scheelitea CaWO4
Uranium (U) Pitchblendea UO2
Uranitea U3 O8
Carnotite K2 (UO2 )2 (VO4 )2 ·3H2 O
Autunite Ca(UO2 )2 (PO4 )2 10–12H2 O
Tobernite Cu(UO2 )2 (PO4 )2 ·12H2 O
Vanadium (V) Patronitea VS4
Carnotitea K2 (UO2 )2 (VO4 )2 ·3H2 O
Roscoelite H8 K(MgFe)(AlV)4 (SiO3 )12
Vanadinite (PbCl)V4 (PO4 )3
Zinc (Zn) Sphaleritea ZnS
Smithsonite ZnCO3
Marmatite (Zn,Fe)S
Zincite ZnO
Willemite Zn2 SiO4
Zirconium (Zr) Zircon ZrSiO4

Source: B. A. Wills, “Mineral Processing Technology”, 3rd edition, Pergamon Press, 1985.

a Indicates major commercial mineral source.