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COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR (RAJ.)

TRAINING REPORT

Of

“132kV Grid Sub-station, Sukher”

Submitted for partial fulfilment for the award of the Degree of “Bachelor of Technology”
Department of Electrical Engineering
(Session 2018-2019)

Submitted By:
Harish Mahla
B.Tech (FinalYear)
Electrical Engineering
College Of Technology and Engineering
Udaipur
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the training report entitled, “132kV GSS Sukher” submitted by Harish
Mahla in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Technology
Degree in Electrical Engineering at College of Technology And Engineering is an authentic
work carried out by him under my super vision and guidance. To the best of my knowledge
the matter embodied in the thesis has not been submitted to any other University/Institute for
the award of degree or diploma.

Date:
Dr. R.R. JOSHI
Dept. of Electrical Engg.
College of Technology and Engineering
Udaipur, Rajasthan

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am deeply indebted to Dr. R.R. Joshi for his able guidance, expert advice and
showing me the right way of carrying out the research project. I am also thankful
to him for giving me the special attention and cooperation in between his very
busy hours. I am also grateful to our entire electrical faculty for their efforts to
strengthen the fundamental concepts so that one can take up any assignment of
serious gravity with confidence. I would like to take this opportunity to express
my heart-felt indebtedness towards Dr. Vinod Yadav for his support and
enlightenment. At this moment I would also like to express my gratitude for the
technical staff and Lokpriya Mam and four laboratories.

DATE: Harish Mahla


ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
CTAE, UDAIPUR

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ABSTRACT
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system.
Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several
other important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may
flow through several substations at different voltage levels. A substation may
include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission voltages and lower
distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different transmission voltages.
Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned by a large
industrial or commercial customer. Generally substations are unattended, relying
on SCADA for remote supervision and control.
The word substation comes from the days before the distribution system became a grid. As
central generation stations became larger, smaller generating plants were converted to
distribution stations, receiving their energy supply from a larger plant instead of using their
own generators. The first substations were connected to only one power station, where the
generators were housed, and were subsidiaries of that power station.

iii
LIST OF CONTENTS
CONTENT Page

ABSTRACT iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ii

CONTENTS vi

1. INTRODUCTION
 CRS
 Shape File
 Shape File Format
 Spacial Data Type
 Vector Data
1. Point
2. Line
3. Polygon
 Roster Data

2. INTRODUCTION TO GIS
 What is GIS?
 How GIS works
 Advantages of GIS

3. DIGITALLIZATION
 Digitization of Map
 Google Earth
 Quantum GIS

4. EXPERIMENTAL WORK
 Process
 File format are used

5. COCLUSION AND RESULT

6. REFRENCES

iv
Chapter 1-INTRODUCTION
Substation serves as sources of energy supply for the local areas of distribution in
which these are located. Their main functions are to receive energy transmitted at
high voltage from the generating station, reduce the voltages to a value appropriate
for local distribution and provide facilities for switching. Some substations are
simply switching stations where different connections between various
transmission lines are made, others are converting substations which either convert
a.c. into d.c. or vice-versa or convert frequency from higher level to lower or vice-
versa. There are some additional functions; they provide points where safety
devices may be installed to disconnect equipment or circuit in the event of fault.
Voltage on the outgoing distribution feeder can be regulated at a substation.

Classification of Substation:
The substations may be classified in numerous ways, some of the common ones
are given below:-

1. On the basis of Nature of Duty:

a. Step up or Primary Substations: These are the substations where from


power is transmitted to various load centers in the system network and are
generally associated with generating station.
b. Step-up and Step-down or Secondary Substation: These are located at
generating points where from power is fed directly to the loads and balance power
generated is transmitted to the network for transmission to other load centers.
c. Step-down or Distribution Substation: Such substations receive power
from secondary substation at extra high voltage (above 66 KV) and step down its
voltage for secondary distribution.

2. On the basis of Operating Voltage:

a. High Voltage Substation: Involving voltages between 11 KV and 66 KV.


b. Extra high Voltage Substation: Involving Voltages between 132 KV and
400 KV.
c. Ultra High Voltage Substation: Operating on voltage above 400 KV
3. On The basis of Importance:

a. Grid Substation: These are substations from where bulk power is


transmitted from one point to another point in the grid. These are important
because any disturbance in these substations may cause the failure of the grid.
b. Town Substation: These substations are EHV Substations which step down
the voltages at 33/11 KV for further Distribution in the towns and any failure in
such substations result in the failure of supply for whole of the town.

4. On the basis of Design:

a) Air Insulated Substation: The Air Insulated sub stations are of two types:
a. Indoor Type Substation: In such Substations the apparatus is installed
with in the substation building. Such substations are usually for a voltage up to 11
kV but can be erected for the 33 kV and 66kV when the surrounding atmosphere is
contaminated with impurities such as metal corroding gases and fumes, conductive
dust etc.
b. Outdoor substations: These substations are further subdivided into:

I.Pole Mounted Substation: Such substations are erected for distribution of power
in localities. Single stout pole or H-Pole and 4-pole structures with Suitable
platforms are employed for transformers capacity up to 25 kVA, 100 kVA
respectively
II.Foundation MountedSubstation: For transformers of capacity above 250 kVA
the transformers are too heavy for pole mounting. Such substations are usually for
voltages of 33,000 volts and above.

b) Gas Insulated Sub Stations: Gas Insulated Sub Sstations(GIS) is a


compact, multi component assembly enclosed in a ground metallic housing which
the primary insulating medium is compressed sulphur hexaflouride(SF6) gas.
Chapter 2- DESIGN OF GRID SUBSTATION
An Electrical Substation is a subsidiary station of an electricitygeneration,
transmission and distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to
low or the reverse using transformers. Electric power may flow through several
substations between generating plant and consumer, and may be changed in
voltage in several steps.
A substation that has a step-up transformer increases the voltage while decreasing
the current, while a step-down transformer decreases the voltage while increasing
the current for domestic and commercial distribution. The word substation comes
from the days before the distribution system became a grid. The first substations
were connected to only one power station where the generator was housed, and
were subsidiaries of that power station.
Design of Sub Station
The main issues facing a power engineer are reliability and cost. A good design
attempts to strike a balance between these two, to achieve sufficient reliability
without excessive cost. The design should also allow easy expansion of the station,
if required.
Selection of the location of a substation must consider many factors. Sufficient
land area is required for installation of equipment with necessary clearances for
electrical safety, and for access to maintain large apparatus such as transformers.
Where land is costly, such as in urban areas, gas insulated switchgear may save
money overall. The site must have room for expansion due to load growth or
planned transmission additions. Environmental effects of the substation must be
considered, such as drainage, noise and road traffic effects. Grounding (earthing)
and ground potential rise must be calculated to protect passers-by during a short-
circuit in the transmission system. And of course, the substation site must be
reasonably central to the distribution area to be served.
On the basis of Design the Sub Stations are broadly classified in two categories
a. Air Insulated Sub Stations
b. Gas Insulated Sub Stations
DIFFERENT LAYOUTS FOR SUBSTATIONS
BUS BAR SCHEME:

The commonly used bus bar schemes at Sub Stations are:


a. Single bus bar
b. Main and auxiliary bus bar
c. Double bus bar
d. Double Main and auxiliary bus bar
e. One and half breaker scheme.

a. Single Bus Bar Arrangement: This is the simplest scheme in which each
circuit is provided with one circuit breaker. This arrangement offers little security
against bus bar faults and no switching flexibility resulting into quite extensive
outage of bus bar and frequent maintenance of bus bar isolators.

Such a substation has the following characteristics.

a. Each circuit is protected by its own circuit breaker and hence plant outage
does not necessarily result in loss of supply.
b. A fault on the feeder or transformer circuit breaker causes loss of the
transformer and feeder circuit, one of which may be restored after isolating the
faulty circuit breaker.
c. A fault on the bus section circuit breaker causes complete shutdown of the
substation. All circuits may be restored after isolating the faulty circuit breaker.
d. A bus bar fault causes loss of one transformer and one feeder. Maintenance
of one bus bar section or isolator will cause the temporary outage of two circuits.
e. Maintenance of a feeder or transformer circuit breaker involves loss of the
circuit.
f. Introduction of bypass isolators between bus bar and circuit isolator allows
circuit breaker maintenance facilities without loss of that circuit.
Fig.1. Single Bus Bar Arrangement

b. Main and Auxiliary Bus Arrangement: This is technically a single bus bar
arrangement with an additional bus bar called “Auxiliary Bus” energized
from main bus bars through a bus coupler unit i.e for ‘n’ number of circuits,
it employs ‘n+1’ circuit breakers. This arrangement is extensively used in
132 kV Sub Stations.
Such a substation has the following characteristics.
a. Each circuit is connected to main bus bar through a circuit breaker with
isolators on both sides and can be connected to auxiliary bus bar through an
isolator.
b. The additional provision of bus coupler circuit (Auxiliary Bus) facilitates
taking out one circuit breaker at a time for routine overhaul and maintenance
without de-energizing the circuit controlled by that breaker as that circuit then gets
energized through bus coupler breaker.
c. As in the case of single bus arrangement, this scheme also suffers from the
disadvantage that in the event of a fault on the main bus bar or the associated
isolator, the entire sub station is lost.
Lines Lines

Lines Lines

Main Bus1

Main Bus

Transfer
Bus Main Bus2

Transformer Transformer Transformer Transformer

• Main Bus with Transfer Bus •Double Main Bus

19

Fig.2 Main and Auxiliary Bus Bar Arrangement


c. Double Bus Bar Arrangement: In this scheme, a double bar arrangement is
provided. Each circuit can be connected to either one of these bus bars
through respective bus bar isolator. This arrangement was used in earlier 220
kV sub stations.
Such a substation has the following characteristics.
a. Bus coupler breaker is also provided so that the circuits can be switched on
from one bus to another on load.
b. This scheme suffers from the disadvantage that when any circuit breaker is
taken out for maintenance, the associated feeder has to be shutdown.
Fig.3 Double Bus Bar Arrangement
d. Double Main and Auxiliary Bus Bar Arrangement: The limitation of
double bus bar arrangement can be overcome by using additional auxiliary
bus bar, bus coupler and Auxiliary bus isolators. The feeder is transferred to
the Auxiliary bus during maintenance of its controlling circuit breaker
without affecting the other circuits. This type of arrangement is generally
used nowadays in 220 kV sub stations.

Fig.4 Double Main and Auxiliary Bus Bar Arrangement


e. One and Half Breaker Arrangement: In this scheme, three circuit breakers
are used for controlling two circuits which are connected between two bus
bars. Normally both the bus bars are in service. The breaker and a half
breaker scheme is best for those sub stations which handle large quantities of
power and where the orientation of out going feeders is in opposite direction.
This scheme has been used in 400kV sub stations.
Such a substation has the following characteristics.
a. A fault on any one of the bus bars is cleared by opening of the associated
circuit breaker connected to the faulty bus bar without affecting continuity of
supply. Similarly, any circuit breaker can be taken out for maintenance without
causing interruption.
b. Load transfer is achieved through the breaker and, therefore operation is
simple. However, protective relaying is somewhat more involved as the central
(tie) breaker has to be responsive to troubles on either feeder in the correct
sequence.
c. Beside each element of the bay has to be rated for carrying the current of
two feeders to meet out the requirement of various switching operations which
increases the cost.
(I-CONFIGUARATION)

•FEEDER1 •FEEDER3 •FEEDER5 •FEEDER7 •FEEDER9 •FEEDER11

•BUS-1•DIA1 •DIA2 •DIA3 •DIA4 •DIA5 •DIA6

•BAY10

•BAY13

•BAY16
•BAY4

•BAY7
•BAY1

•BAY11

•BAY14

•BAY17
•BAY8
•BAY2

•BAY5

•BAY12

•BAY18
•BAY15
•BAY9
•BAY3

•BAY6

•BUS-2

•FEEDER2 •FEEDER4 •FEEDER6 •FEEDER8 •FEEDER10 •FEEDER12

Fig.5 One and Half Breaker Arrangement


Chapter 3-COMPONENTS OF A SUBSTATION
The substation components will only be considered to the extent where they
influence substation layout.
1. Circuit Breakers: Circuit breakers are mechanical devices designed to close
or open contact members, thus closing or opening an electric circuit under normal
or abnormal condition.
The circuit breaker performs the following duties:
i.It carries the full load current continuously without overheating or damage.
ii.It opens and closes the circuit on No load.
iii.It makes and brakes the normal operating current and
iv.It makes and brakes the short circuit currents of magnitude up to which it is
designed for.

2. Current Transformers: A Current Transformer (CT) is used for


measurement of electric currents. Current transformers, together with Voltage
Transformers (VT) (Potential Transformers (PT) are known as Instrument
Transformers. When current in a circuit is too high to directly apply to measuring
instruments, a current transformer produces a reduced current accurately
proportional to the current in the circuit, which can be conveniently connected to
measuring and recording instruments. A current transformer also isolates the
measuring instruments from what may be very high voltage in the monitored
circuit. Current transformers are commonly used in metering and protectiverelays
in the electrical power industry.
The ratio of primary current to the secondary current is known as
TRANSFORMATION RATIO of the CT

CT's may be accommodated in one of six manners:


a. Over Circuit Breaker bushings or in pedestals.
b. In separate post type housings.
c. Over moving bushings of some types of insulators.
d. Over power transformers of reactor bushings.
e. Over wall or roof bushings.
f. Over cables.

In all except the second of the list, the CT's occupy incidental space and do not
affect the size of the layout. The CT's become more remote from the circuit breaker
in the order listed above. Accommodation of CT's over isolator bushings, or
bushings through walls or roofs, is usually confined to indoor sub stations.

3. Isolators: A disconnector or isolator switch is used to make sure that an


electrical circuit can be completely de-energized for service or maintenance.The
major difference between an isolator and a circuit breaker is that an isolator is an
off-load device.
These are essentially off load devices although they are capable of dealing with
small charging currents of bus bars and connections. The design of isolators is
closely related to the design of substations. Isolator design is considered in the
following aspects:

a. Space Factor
b. Insulation Security
c. Standardization
d. Ease of Maintenance
e. Cost

Some types of isolators include:

a. Horizontal Isolation types


b. Vertical Isolation types
c. Moving Bushing types

4. Conductor Systems: A conductor is a material which contains movable


electric charges. In metallic conductors, such as copper or aluminum, the movable
charged particles are electrons. Positive charges may also be mobile in the form of
atoms in a lattice that are missing electrons (known as holes), or in the form of
ions.
Most familiar conductors are metallic. Copper is the most common material used
for electrical wiring. Silver is the best conductor, but is expensive. Gold is used for
high-quality surface-to-surface contacts.
An ideal conductor should fulfill the following requirements:

a. Should be capable of carrying the specified load currents and short time
currents.
b. Should be able to withstand forces on it due to its situation. These forces
comprise self weight, and weight of other conductors and equipment, short circuit
forces and atmospheric forces such as wind and ice loading.
c. Should be corona free at rated voltage.
d. Should have the minimum number of joints.
e. Should need the minimum number of supporting insulators.
f. Should be economical.
The most suitable material for the conductor system is copper or aluminium. Steel
may be used but has limitations of poor conductivity and high susceptibility to
corrosion.
In an effort to make the conductor ideal, three different types have been utilized,
and these include:

a. Flat surfaced Conductors


b. Stranded Conductors
c. Tubular Conductors

5. Insulation: An insulator, also called a dielectric, is a material that resists the


flow of electric current. An insulating material has atoms with tightly bonded
valence electrons. These materials are used in parts of electrical equipment, also
called insulators or insulation, intended to support or separate electrical conductors
without passing current through themselves.
Insulation security has been rated very highly among the aims of good substation
design. Extensive research is done on improving flashover characteristics as well
as combating pollution. Increased creepage length, resistance glazing, insulation
greasing and line washing have been used with varying degrees of success.
6. Power Transformers
Power transformer are used for stepping-up the voltage for transmission at
generating station and for stepping- down voltage for further distribution at main
step down transformer substation.
EHV power transformers are usually oil immersed with all three phases in one
tank. Auto transformers can offer advantage of smaller physical size and reduced
losses. The different classes of power transformers are:

o.n.: Oil immersed, natural cooling

o.b.: Oil immersed, air blast cooling

o.f.n.: Oil immersed, oil circulation forced

o.f.b.: Oil immersed, oil circulation forced, air blast cooling

Power transformers are usually the largest single item in a substation. For economy
of service roads, transformers are located on one side of a substation, and the
connection to switchgear is by bare conductors. Because of the large quantity of
oil, it is essential to take precaution against the spread of fire. Hence, the
transformer is usually located around a sump used to collect the excess oil.
Transformers that are located and a cell should be enclosed in a blast proof room.

7. Potential Transformer: Voltage transformers (VTs), also referred to as


"potential transformers" (PTs), are designed to have an accurately known
transformation ratio in both magnitude and phase, over a range of measuring
circuit impedances. A voltage transformer is intended to present a negligible load
to the supply being measured. The low secondary voltage allows protective relay
equipment and measuring instruments to be operated at lower voltages.
The primary winding of the potential transformer is connected to the main bus bars
of the switch gear installation and to the secondary windings; various indicating
and metering instruments and relays are connected.
When the rated high voltage is applied to the primary of a PT the voltage of 110
volts appears across the secondary winding. The ratio of rated primary voltage to
the rated secondary voltage is known as TURN or TRANSFORMATION RATIO.

8. Protective Relays:
The protective relay may be defined as an electric device interposed between the
main circuit and the circuit breaker in such a manner that any abnormality in the
circuit acts on the relay, which in turn, if the abnormality is of dangerous character,
causes the breaker to open and so isolate the faulty element. The relay ensures the
safety of the circuit equipment from any damage which might be other wise caused
by the fault.
All the relays have three essential elements:
i.Sensing Element or measuring element.
ii.Comparing Element.
iii.Control Element.
The main features of a good protective gear/ relay are:
i.Selectivity.
ii.Sensitivity.
iii.Reliability.
iv.Quickness.
Non - interference with future extension

Advantages of Air Insulated Sub Station:


The outdoor Substation have the following main advantages over Indoor
substation:

a. All the equipments are within view and therefore fault location is easier.
b. The extension of the installation is easier, if required.
c. The time required in erection of such substation is lesser.
d. The smaller amount of building materials (steel core) is required.
e. The construction work required is comparatively smaller and cost of the
switch gear installation is low.
f. There is practically no danger of a fault which appears at one point being
carried over to another point in the installation because the apparatus of the
adjoining connections can be spaced liberally, without any appreciable increase in
cost.

Disadvantages with Air Insulated Substations


a. It requires huge amount of area.
b. Each and every component of substation is exposed to air and pollution.
c. Particularly in coastal area all the insulators are exposed to air and saline
contamination.
d. Frequent flashovers and breakdown occurs.
e. Maintenance cost is more.
f. Installation time is also more.
g. More concrete work is necessary.
Chater 4-FUTURE TRENDS IN GRID SUB STATIONS
GAS INSULATED SUBSTATION
Gas Insulated Sub Stations (GIS) is a compact, multi component assembly
enclosed in a ground metallic housing which the primary insulating medium is
compressed Sulphur Hexa Flouride(SF6) gas.

A GIS has many advantages over a conventional substation, including a space


saving and flexible design, less field construction work resulting in quicker
installation time, reduced maintenance, higher reliability and safety, and excellent
seismic withstand characteristics. Aesthetics of GIS are far superior to that of a
conventional substation, due to its substantially smaller size. A GIS can even be
installed in a building, if desired. When all of these advantages are taken into
consideration, a GIS is a cost effective alternative to a conventional substation that
offers many benefits to the end user.

a. GIS have no risks for fire & explosion due to leakage of oil
b. They generate no noise & have no radio interference
c. Located closure to load centers there by reducing transmission &
distribution s\ms
d. It offer solutions including
-In industrial areas where space & pollution problems
-Mountain areas where ice & snow are major problems

GIS Technology
SF6 used as the insulating media: Extremely high dielectric properties of SF6
have long been recognized. Compressed SF6
has been used as an insulating medium as well as arc quenching medium in
electrical apparatus in a wide range of voltages.

The Main Properties of SF6 Gas are:


a. SF6 does not harm to the ozone layer.
b. Sf6 gas is chemically stable
c. Non poisonous
d. Colorless & heavier than air
e. Almost water insoluble
f. Non inflammable
Features of Gas Insulated Sub Stations
a. Gas Insulated Substations (GIS) can be used for longer times without any
periodical inspections. Conducting contamination (i.e. aluminum, copper and silver
particles) could, however, seriously reduce the dielectric strength of gas-insulated
system.
b. The introduction of SF6 gas has revolutionized not only the technology of
circuit breakers but also the layout of substations.
c. The dielectric strength of SF6 gas at atmospheric pressure is approximately
three times that of air.
d. It is incombustible, non toxic, colorless and chemically inert.
e. It has arc-quenching properties 3 to 4 times better than air at equal pressure.
f. This enables the substation to be laid in a much lesser space.
g. Space requirement is only 10 to 25 percent of what is required is a
conventional substation.
h. Thus where creation of a substation becomes necessary but adequate space is
not available, such as in big cities or otherwise highly populated areas, GIS is the
solution.
i. Reduced clearances
- 345 kV AIS 4.6 m (15 feet)
- 345 kV GIS 380 mm (15 inches)

Components of Gas Insulated Sub Stations


a. Bus bars
b. Circuit Breakers
c. Disconnecting switches
d. Earthing switches
e. Current transformers
f. Voltage transformers
g. Cable and boxes
h. Local control

Advantages of GIS
a. Because of the entire equipment being enclosed in enclosures, filled with
pressurized SF6 gas, installation is not subject to environmental pollutions, as
experienced along coastal areas or certain types of industries.
b. Such installations are preferred in cosmopolitan cities, industrial townships,
etc., where cost of land is very high and higher cost of SF6 insulated switchgear
is justified by saving due to reduction in floor area requirement. It is not necessary
that high voltage or extra high voltage switchgear to be installed out doors.
c. Since most of the construction is modular and the assembly is done in the
works, one site erection time both for supporting structures and switchgear is
greatly reduced.

Disadvantages of GIS
a. GIS installations tend to be much more expensive that air-insulated
installations with the same rating.
b. VFTO during switching operations or earth faults and transient enclosure
voltages and particle contamination

Application of GIS
a. High voltage installations (above 115kv)
b. Urban installations
c. Indoor installations

Future Trends in Gas Insulated Substations


a. Compact design of switch gear by using three phase modules
b. Use of vacuum circuit breaker cells in the medium high voltage GIS and
fewer brakes per pole in high voltage circuit breakers
c. Optimization of GIS design to allow easier maintenance

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