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UDAIPUR (RAJ.)
TRAINING REPORT
Of
Submitted for partial fulfilment for the award of the Degree of “Bachelor of Technology”
Department of Electrical Engineering
(Session 2018-2019)
Submitted By:
Harish Mahla
B.Tech (FinalYear)
Electrical Engineering
College Of Technology and Engineering
Udaipur
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the training report entitled, “132kV GSS Sukher” submitted by Harish
Mahla in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Technology
Degree in Electrical Engineering at College of Technology And Engineering is an authentic
work carried out by him under my super vision and guidance. To the best of my knowledge
the matter embodied in the thesis has not been submitted to any other University/Institute for
the award of degree or diploma.
Date:
Dr. R.R. JOSHI
Dept. of Electrical Engg.
College of Technology and Engineering
Udaipur, Rajasthan
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am deeply indebted to Dr. R.R. Joshi for his able guidance, expert advice and
showing me the right way of carrying out the research project. I am also thankful
to him for giving me the special attention and cooperation in between his very
busy hours. I am also grateful to our entire electrical faculty for their efforts to
strengthen the fundamental concepts so that one can take up any assignment of
serious gravity with confidence. I would like to take this opportunity to express
my heart-felt indebtedness towards Dr. Vinod Yadav for his support and
enlightenment. At this moment I would also like to express my gratitude for the
technical staff and Lokpriya Mam and four laboratories.
ii
ABSTRACT
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system.
Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several
other important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may
flow through several substations at different voltage levels. A substation may
include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission voltages and lower
distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different transmission voltages.
Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned by a large
industrial or commercial customer. Generally substations are unattended, relying
on SCADA for remote supervision and control.
The word substation comes from the days before the distribution system became a grid. As
central generation stations became larger, smaller generating plants were converted to
distribution stations, receiving their energy supply from a larger plant instead of using their
own generators. The first substations were connected to only one power station, where the
generators were housed, and were subsidiaries of that power station.
iii
LIST OF CONTENTS
CONTENT Page
ABSTRACT iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ii
CONTENTS vi
1. INTRODUCTION
CRS
Shape File
Shape File Format
Spacial Data Type
Vector Data
1. Point
2. Line
3. Polygon
Roster Data
2. INTRODUCTION TO GIS
What is GIS?
How GIS works
Advantages of GIS
3. DIGITALLIZATION
Digitization of Map
Google Earth
Quantum GIS
4. EXPERIMENTAL WORK
Process
File format are used
6. REFRENCES
iv
Chapter 1-INTRODUCTION
Substation serves as sources of energy supply for the local areas of distribution in
which these are located. Their main functions are to receive energy transmitted at
high voltage from the generating station, reduce the voltages to a value appropriate
for local distribution and provide facilities for switching. Some substations are
simply switching stations where different connections between various
transmission lines are made, others are converting substations which either convert
a.c. into d.c. or vice-versa or convert frequency from higher level to lower or vice-
versa. There are some additional functions; they provide points where safety
devices may be installed to disconnect equipment or circuit in the event of fault.
Voltage on the outgoing distribution feeder can be regulated at a substation.
Classification of Substation:
The substations may be classified in numerous ways, some of the common ones
are given below:-
a) Air Insulated Substation: The Air Insulated sub stations are of two types:
a. Indoor Type Substation: In such Substations the apparatus is installed
with in the substation building. Such substations are usually for a voltage up to 11
kV but can be erected for the 33 kV and 66kV when the surrounding atmosphere is
contaminated with impurities such as metal corroding gases and fumes, conductive
dust etc.
b. Outdoor substations: These substations are further subdivided into:
I.Pole Mounted Substation: Such substations are erected for distribution of power
in localities. Single stout pole or H-Pole and 4-pole structures with Suitable
platforms are employed for transformers capacity up to 25 kVA, 100 kVA
respectively
II.Foundation MountedSubstation: For transformers of capacity above 250 kVA
the transformers are too heavy for pole mounting. Such substations are usually for
voltages of 33,000 volts and above.
a. Single Bus Bar Arrangement: This is the simplest scheme in which each
circuit is provided with one circuit breaker. This arrangement offers little security
against bus bar faults and no switching flexibility resulting into quite extensive
outage of bus bar and frequent maintenance of bus bar isolators.
a. Each circuit is protected by its own circuit breaker and hence plant outage
does not necessarily result in loss of supply.
b. A fault on the feeder or transformer circuit breaker causes loss of the
transformer and feeder circuit, one of which may be restored after isolating the
faulty circuit breaker.
c. A fault on the bus section circuit breaker causes complete shutdown of the
substation. All circuits may be restored after isolating the faulty circuit breaker.
d. A bus bar fault causes loss of one transformer and one feeder. Maintenance
of one bus bar section or isolator will cause the temporary outage of two circuits.
e. Maintenance of a feeder or transformer circuit breaker involves loss of the
circuit.
f. Introduction of bypass isolators between bus bar and circuit isolator allows
circuit breaker maintenance facilities without loss of that circuit.
Fig.1. Single Bus Bar Arrangement
b. Main and Auxiliary Bus Arrangement: This is technically a single bus bar
arrangement with an additional bus bar called “Auxiliary Bus” energized
from main bus bars through a bus coupler unit i.e for ‘n’ number of circuits,
it employs ‘n+1’ circuit breakers. This arrangement is extensively used in
132 kV Sub Stations.
Such a substation has the following characteristics.
a. Each circuit is connected to main bus bar through a circuit breaker with
isolators on both sides and can be connected to auxiliary bus bar through an
isolator.
b. The additional provision of bus coupler circuit (Auxiliary Bus) facilitates
taking out one circuit breaker at a time for routine overhaul and maintenance
without de-energizing the circuit controlled by that breaker as that circuit then gets
energized through bus coupler breaker.
c. As in the case of single bus arrangement, this scheme also suffers from the
disadvantage that in the event of a fault on the main bus bar or the associated
isolator, the entire sub station is lost.
Lines Lines
Lines Lines
Main Bus1
Main Bus
Transfer
Bus Main Bus2
19
•BAY10
•BAY13
•BAY16
•BAY4
•BAY7
•BAY1
•BAY11
•BAY14
•BAY17
•BAY8
•BAY2
•BAY5
•BAY12
•BAY18
•BAY15
•BAY9
•BAY3
•BAY6
•BUS-2
In all except the second of the list, the CT's occupy incidental space and do not
affect the size of the layout. The CT's become more remote from the circuit breaker
in the order listed above. Accommodation of CT's over isolator bushings, or
bushings through walls or roofs, is usually confined to indoor sub stations.
a. Space Factor
b. Insulation Security
c. Standardization
d. Ease of Maintenance
e. Cost
a. Should be capable of carrying the specified load currents and short time
currents.
b. Should be able to withstand forces on it due to its situation. These forces
comprise self weight, and weight of other conductors and equipment, short circuit
forces and atmospheric forces such as wind and ice loading.
c. Should be corona free at rated voltage.
d. Should have the minimum number of joints.
e. Should need the minimum number of supporting insulators.
f. Should be economical.
The most suitable material for the conductor system is copper or aluminium. Steel
may be used but has limitations of poor conductivity and high susceptibility to
corrosion.
In an effort to make the conductor ideal, three different types have been utilized,
and these include:
Power transformers are usually the largest single item in a substation. For economy
of service roads, transformers are located on one side of a substation, and the
connection to switchgear is by bare conductors. Because of the large quantity of
oil, it is essential to take precaution against the spread of fire. Hence, the
transformer is usually located around a sump used to collect the excess oil.
Transformers that are located and a cell should be enclosed in a blast proof room.
8. Protective Relays:
The protective relay may be defined as an electric device interposed between the
main circuit and the circuit breaker in such a manner that any abnormality in the
circuit acts on the relay, which in turn, if the abnormality is of dangerous character,
causes the breaker to open and so isolate the faulty element. The relay ensures the
safety of the circuit equipment from any damage which might be other wise caused
by the fault.
All the relays have three essential elements:
i.Sensing Element or measuring element.
ii.Comparing Element.
iii.Control Element.
The main features of a good protective gear/ relay are:
i.Selectivity.
ii.Sensitivity.
iii.Reliability.
iv.Quickness.
Non - interference with future extension
a. All the equipments are within view and therefore fault location is easier.
b. The extension of the installation is easier, if required.
c. The time required in erection of such substation is lesser.
d. The smaller amount of building materials (steel core) is required.
e. The construction work required is comparatively smaller and cost of the
switch gear installation is low.
f. There is practically no danger of a fault which appears at one point being
carried over to another point in the installation because the apparatus of the
adjoining connections can be spaced liberally, without any appreciable increase in
cost.
a. GIS have no risks for fire & explosion due to leakage of oil
b. They generate no noise & have no radio interference
c. Located closure to load centers there by reducing transmission &
distribution s\ms
d. It offer solutions including
-In industrial areas where space & pollution problems
-Mountain areas where ice & snow are major problems
GIS Technology
SF6 used as the insulating media: Extremely high dielectric properties of SF6
have long been recognized. Compressed SF6
has been used as an insulating medium as well as arc quenching medium in
electrical apparatus in a wide range of voltages.
Advantages of GIS
a. Because of the entire equipment being enclosed in enclosures, filled with
pressurized SF6 gas, installation is not subject to environmental pollutions, as
experienced along coastal areas or certain types of industries.
b. Such installations are preferred in cosmopolitan cities, industrial townships,
etc., where cost of land is very high and higher cost of SF6 insulated switchgear
is justified by saving due to reduction in floor area requirement. It is not necessary
that high voltage or extra high voltage switchgear to be installed out doors.
c. Since most of the construction is modular and the assembly is done in the
works, one site erection time both for supporting structures and switchgear is
greatly reduced.
Disadvantages of GIS
a. GIS installations tend to be much more expensive that air-insulated
installations with the same rating.
b. VFTO during switching operations or earth faults and transient enclosure
voltages and particle contamination
Application of GIS
a. High voltage installations (above 115kv)
b. Urban installations
c. Indoor installations