SM-GS-CH-4

Solved Problems
SUBJECTIVE

Problem 1: Calculate the total pressure in a 10 L cylinder which contains 0.4 g of

helium, 1.6g of oxygen and 1.4 g of nitrogen at 27°C. Also calculate the
partial pressure of helium gas in the cylinder. Assume ideal behaviour for
gases.

Solution: Moles of He = w/M = 0.4/4 = 0.10

Moles of O 2 = w/M = 1.6/32 = 0.05
Moles of N 2 = w/M = 1.4/28 = 0.05
Total moles = 0.2
PV = nRT
P 10  0.2  0.082  300
P = 0.492 atm

Problem 2: One litre flask contains O2 at 0°C and 7.6 × 10–10 mm Hg. Calculate the
number of molecules of O2 present.

Solution: PV = nRT
7.6  10 –10
P atmosphere
760
= 10 –12 atmosphere
V1  1 litre n=?
–1 –1
R = 0.082 litre L atm K mol , T = 273 K
 10 –12 1  n  0.082  273
 n = 4.46 10 –12 moles
Molecules = 4.46 10 –14  6.02 1023  2.68 1010

Problem 3: Assuming that N2 molecules is spherical and its radius is 2×10–10 meter,
calculate the empty space in one mole of N2 gas at NTP.

4 3
Solution: Volume of one molecule of N 2  r
3
4  3.14(2 10 –10 )3
  3.35 10 –29 m3  3.35 10 –23 cm3
3
Volume of one mole N 2 molecules  6.02 1023  3.35 10 –23 cm3
= 20.167 cm3
Volume of one mole N 2 at NTP = 22400 cc.
Hence empty space = 22400 – 22379.833 cm3
Empty volume  100 22379.833 100
% empty space    99.9%
Total Volume 22400
 SM-GS-CH-5

Problem 4: A glass bulb of one litre contains 2 ×1021 molecules of nitrogen exerting
pressure of 7.57 ×103 Nm–2. Calculate the root mean square velocity and
temperature of the gas molecules. The ratio of U mpv to U rms is 0.82.
Calculate also Umpv of gas molecules at this temperature.

Solution: We will calculate first the temperature of the gas from the given data.
PV = nRT
All the values are to be taken in MKS system.
P  7.57 103 Nm –2
V  1litre  110 –3 meter 3 ,
2  1021
n moles, R  8.31 JK –1mol –1
6.02  1023
2  1021  8.31 T
 7.57 103 10 –3 
6.02  1023
T = 274.2 K
3RT
Now, U rms 
M
All the values are to be taken in MKS system,
R = 8.31, M = 28 10 –3 kg for N2
T = 274.2 K
3  8.31 274.2
 U rms 
28 10 –3
= 494.2 meter/sec.
Again , U mp  0.82  U rms
= 494.2  0.82
= 405.26 meter/sec.

Problem 5: Using Vander Waals equation calculate the pressure exerted by one mole of
CO2. Its volume at 373 K is 0.05 dm3. Given a = 3.592 atm L2mol–2 and
b = 0.0426 L mol–1.

 an 2 
Solution:  P  2 
(V – nb)  nRT
 V 
P = ?, n = 1, V = 0.05 litre,
a = 3.592, b = 0.04267, T = 373 K
R = 0.0821 L atm K –1 mol –1 ,
 3.592 
P   (0.05 – 0.04267)  1 0.0821 373  P  1620.95 atm
 (0.05) 2 
SM-GS-CH-6

Problem 6: Density of a mixture of CO and CO2 at 303 K and 73 cm of Hg is 1.5

gram/litre. What is the mole percent of two gases in the mixture.

wRT
Solution: PV 
M
wRT
or P 
MV
dRT
or P 
M
73
P  atm, d = 1.5 g/litre, M = ?
76
T = 303 K, R = 0.0821 L atm K –1 mol –1
73 1.5  0.0821 303
 
76 M
M = 38.85 (molecular mass of the mixture)
Suppose, Total moles = 100
Moles of CO = a, Moles of CO 2  100 – a
Mass of CO 2  (100 – a)44
Total mass = 28a + (100 – a) 44
28a  (100 – a)44
Molecular mass of mixture 
100
But molecular mass of mixture is 38.85
28a  (100 – a)44
38.85 
100
a = 32.19
Mole percent of CO = 31.19
Mole percent of CO 2  67.81

Problem 7: Two grams of gas A are introduced in a evacuated flask at 25°C. The
pressure of the gas is 1 atm. Now 3g of another gas B is introduced in the
same flask, the total pressure becomes 1.5 atm. Calculate (a) the ratio of
molecular mass M A and M B (b) volume of the vessel, if A is O2.

Solution: For gas A :Its mass = 2g; PA  1 atm , T = 298 K

For gas B : Its mass = 3g, PB  0.5 atm. T = 298 K
According to Dalton’s law of partial pressure
P = pA  pB
1.5 = 1 + p B
 p B = 0.5 atm
wRT
Now, PV 
m
For gas A : p A  1 atm, m  M A , w = 2g
 SM-GS-CH-7
2  RT
1 V  … (1)
MA
for gas B : p B  0.5 atm, m  M B , w = 3g
3  RT
0.5  V  … (2)
MB
Dividing the equation (1) and (2)
3 MA
0.5 
2 MB
MA 1
or 
MB 3
(b) If A is O 2 then M A  32, T = 298 K, V = ?
Put these values in equation (1)
2  0.0821 298
V  1.53 litres
32

Problem 8: One litre O2 and one litre H2 are taken in a vessel of 2 litre at STP. These
gases are made to react to form water. Calculate (a) moles and weight of
water formed. (b) amount of gas left in the vessel. (c) Total pressure of the
gas at 100°C.

Solution: 2H 2  O 2  2H 2O
Volume before reaction (L) 1 1 0
Volume after reaction (L) 0 0.5 1
a) For H 2 O : PV = nRT
At STP P = 1 atm, V = 1 litre,
 Moles of H 2O(n)  4.46 10 –2
Weight of H 2O  4.46 10 –2 18  0.803 gram

b) Gas left in the vessel = 0.5 litre at STP

 22.4 litre O 2 at STP weigh 32 g
32  0.5
 0.5 litre O 2 at STP weigh 32g   0.714 gram
22.4
c) Moles of H 2 O formed = 4.46  10 –2
O 2 left = 0.5 litre at STP
 2.23 10 –2 moles
Total moles in the vessel  4.46 10 –2  2.23 10 –2  6.69 10 –2
PV = nRT
P = ? V = 2 litre,
n  6.69 10 –2 , T = 373 K
P  2  6.69 10 –2  0.0821 373
 P = 1.02 atm
SM-GS-CH-8
Problem 9: At 27°C vapour density of the mixture of NO2 and N2O4 is 38.3. Calculate
the moles of NO2 in 100 g mixture.

Solution: Vapour density of mixture = 38.3

Molecular mass of mixture = 2  38.3
Mass of mixture = 100 g
100
Number of moles present = … (1)
2  38.3
Suppose mass of NO 2  a gram
Mass of N 2 O 4  (100 – a)gram
Moles of NO 2  w / M  a / 46
Moles of N 2 O 4  w / M  (100 – a) / 92
a 100 – a
Total moles  … (2)
46 92
Equating equation (1) and (2)
100 a 100 – a
 
2  38.3 46 92
 Moles of NO 2  w / M  20.1/ 46  0.43

Problem 10: A given volume of O2 gas diffuses in 224 seconds. Under identical
conditions same volume of a mixture of O2 and another unknown gas
diffuses in 234 seconds. If the mixture contains 80% O2, calculate the
molecular mass of the unknown gas.

Solution: Mixture contains O 2  80%

Unknown gas = 20%
Suppose,
Molecular mass of unknown gas = m
According to Graham’s law
rO2 Mg

rg M O2
rO2  V / 224 , M O2  32
80  32  20m 234 80  32  20m
rg  V / 234, M g   
100 224 100  32
m = 46.6 (molecular mass of unknown gas)
 SM-GS-CH-9

Assignments (New Pattern)

SECTION – I Single Choice Questions

1. A large cylinder of helium filled at 2000 mm of Hg had a small orifice through which
helium escaped into evacuated space at the rate of 6.4 moles/hour. How long would it
take for 10 mole of CO to leak through a similar orifice if the CO were confined at the
same pressure?
(a) 2.1 hour (b) 4.2 hour
(c) 5.6 hour (d) 11.2 hour.

2. When 150 ml of ozonized oxygen was passed through red hot tube, the volume increased
by 10 ml, then the volume percentage of ozone in the sample is
(a) 25% (b) 51%
(c) 13.33% (d) 17.84%.

3. A real gas at a very high pressure occupies

(a) more volume that that of an ideal gas under identical conditions
(b) less volume than that of an ideal gas under identical conditions
(c) same volume that that of an ideal gas under identical conditions
(d) can’t predict.

4. A flask filled with CCl4 vapour was weighed at a temperature and pressure. The flask was
then filled with oxygen at the same temperature and pressure. The mass of CCl4 vapour
would be about
(a) the same as that of the oxygen (b) one-fifth as heavy as oxygen
(c) five times as heavy as oxygen (d) twice as heavy as oxygen.

5. Hydrogen gas diffuses four times as rapidly as a mixture of C2H4 and CO2. The molar
ratio of C2H4 to CO2 in the mixture is
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 2 : 1
(c) 3 : 1 (d) 3 : 2.

6. At 100oC and 1 atm, if the density of liquid water is 1.0 g/cc and that of water vapour is
0.0006 g/cc, then the volume occupied by water molecule in one litre of steam at that
temperature is
(a) 6 cc (b) 60 cc
(c) 0.6 cc (d) 0.06 cc

7. The K.E. of N molecule of O2 is x Joules at –123°C. Another sample of O2 at 27°C has a

KE of 2x Joules. The latter sample contains
(a) N molecules of O2 (b) 2N molecules of O2
(c) N/2 molecules of O2 (d) N/4 molecule of O2

8. Helium atom is two times heavier than a hydrogen molecule. At 298 K, the average
kinetic energy of a Helium atom is
(a) two times that of hydrogen molecule (b) same as that of a hydrogen molecule
(c) four times that of a hydrogen molecule (d) half that of a hydrogen molecule
SM-GS-CH-10
9. The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 140 K to 560 K. If at 140 K the root
mean square velocity of the gas molecule is V, at 560 K it becomes
(a) 5V (b) 2V
(c) V/2 (d) V/4
10. The value of Van der Waal’s constant `a’ for the gases O2, N2, NH3 and CH4 are 1.360,
1.390, 4.170 and 2.253 litres2 atm. mole–2. The gas which can most easily be liquiefied is
(a) O2 (b) N2
(c) NH3 (d) CH4.
11. 1.0 litre of N2 and 7/8 litre of O2 at the same temperature and pressure were mixed
together. What is the relation between the masses of the two gases in the mixture?
(a) M N2  3M O2 (b) M N2  8M O2
(c) M N2  M O2 (d) M N2  16M O2

12. The density of a gas A is twice that of a gas B at the same temperature. The molecular
weight of gas B is thrice that of A. The ratio of the pressures acting on A and B will be
(a) 1:6 (b) 7:8
(c) 2:5 (d) 1:4
13. Two vessels A and B have volumes V and 4V respectively. Both vessels contain some
water. The pressure in the space above water is p1 for vessel A and p2 for vessel B. What
will be the relation between p1 and p2?
(a) p1 = 4p2 (b) 4p1= p2
(c) p1 = p2 (d) p1 = 16p2

14. Let the most probable velocity of hydrogen molecules at a temperature t°C is V0. Suppose
all the molecules dissociate into atoms when temperature is raised to (2t + 273)°C then
the new r.m.s. velocity is
(a) 2 / 3V0 (b) 3(2  273 / t)V0

(c) 2 3V0 (d) 6 V0 .

15. The rms velocity of hydrogen is 7 times the rms velocity of nitrogen. If T is the
temperature of the gas then
(a) T (H2) = T(N2) (b) T(H2) > T(N2)
(c) T(H2) > T(N2) (d) T(H2) = 7T(N 2 )

16. Equal weights of CH4 and H2 are mixed together in an empty container at 25°C. The
fraction of the total pressure exerted by H2 is
(a) ½ (b) 8/9
(c) 1/9 (d) 16/17

17. The volumes of two vessels are in the ratio of 2 : 3 one vessel contains H2 and other N2 at
600 mm and 900 mm respectively. The final pressure when they are conncected together
is;
(a) 650 mm (b) 760 mm
(c) 780 mm (d) 800 mm
 SM-GS-CH-11
18. Under same conditions of temperature and pressure a hydrocarbon of molecular formula
CnH2n–2 was found to diffuse 3 3 times slower than hydrogen. Find the value of n?
(a) n = 2 (b) n = 4
(c) n = 3 (d) n = 1

19. A container contains certain gas of mass “m” at a high pressure. A little amount of the gas
has been allowed to escape from the container and after sometime the pressure of the gas
becomes half and its absolute temperature 2/3rd. The amount of the gas escaped is;
m
(a) 2m/3 (b)
2
m m
(c) (d)
4 6
20. A vessel contains 1 lole of O2 at 27°C and 1 atm pressure. A certain amount of the gas
was withdrawn and the vessel was heated to 327°C to maintain the pressure of 1 atm. The
amount of gas removed was;
(a) 0.2 mole (b) 0.5 mole
(c) 0.25 mole (d) 0.1 mole
21. The ratio of velocities of diffusion of two gas A and B is 1 : 4. If the ratio of their masses
in the mixture is 2 : 3, the ratio of their mole fraction is;
1 1
(a) (b)
10 12
1 1
(c) (d)
24 15
22. Two mole each of hydrogen and oxygen are filled in a balloon and a small hole is made
after one hour 0.4 mole of oxygen effused out. The mole fraction of hydrogen in the
balloon is
(a) 0.1 (b) 0.2
(c) 0.4 (d) 0.5
23. A mixture of hydrogen and oxygen is 3 : 1 volume ratio is allowed to diffuse through a
process partition. What should be the composition of the initial gas diffusing out of the
vessel?
(a) 1 : 12 (b) 12 : 1
(c) 6 : 1 (d) 4 : 1
24. An unspecified quantity of an ideal gas has a volume of 30 litres at 20°C until the
pressure has doubled and then, the temperature is raised to 100°C, while the pressure is
kept constant what is the final volume of the gas?
(a) 25 lit (b) 30 lit
(c) 19 lit (d) 40 lit

25. There are 201 equidistant rows of spectators sitting in a hall. A magician releases
laughing gas N2O from the front and the tear gas (mol. Wt. = 176) from the rear of the
hall simultaneously which row spectators will have a tendency to smile and weep
simultaneously?
(a) 130 (b) 134
(c) 120 (d) 100
SM-GS-CH-12

SECTION – II May be more than one choice

1. Liquified natural gas (LNG) is mainly methane. A 10 m3 tank is constructed to store

LNG at –164°C and 1 atm pressure, under this condition density of LNG is 415 kg/ m3 .
The volume of storage tank capable of holding … mass of LNG as a gas at 20°C and 1
atm pressure will be
(a) 1250 m3 (b) 5280 m3
(c) 6230 m3 (d) 9870 m3 .

2. The rate of effusion of two gases `a’ and `b’ under identical conditions of temperature and
pressure are in the ratio of 2 : 1. What is the ratio of rms velocity of their molecules if Ta
and Tb are in the ratio of 2 : 1?
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 2 :1
(c) 2 2 :1 (d) 1: 2 .

3. One litre of an ideal gas diffuses in 10 minutes at STP. How much time it would take for
the same diffusion at 1 atm and 273°C?
(a) 7.1 min (b) 10 min
(c) 14.1 min (d) can’t say.

4. When 100 ml sample of methane and ethane along with excess of O 2 is subjected to
electric spark, the contraction in volume was observed to be 212 ml. When the resulting
gases were passed through KOH solution, further contraction in volume was
(a) 60 ml (b) 96 ml
(c) 108 ml (d) 124 ml.

5. A 50 ml sample of a hydrogen-oxygen mixture was placed in a gas burette at 18°C and

confined at 1 atm. A spark was passed through the sample so that the formation of water
could go to completion. The resulting pure gas had a volume of 10 ml at atmospheric
pressure. The initial mole fraction of hydrogen in the mixture would be
(a) 0.734 (b) 0.534.
(c) 0.734 or 0.534 (d) can’t be predicted.

6. For two gases A and B with molecular weights MA and MB, it is observed that at a certain
temperature T1 the mean velocity of A is equal to the root mean square velocity of B, thus
the mean velocity of A can be made equal to the mean velocity of B if
(a) A is at temperature T and B at T, T > T
(b) A is lowered to a temperature T2 , T2 < T while B is at T
(c) Both A and B are raised to a higher temperature
(d) Both A and B are placed at lower temperature

7. The circulation of blood in human body supplies O2 and releases CO2. The concentration
of O2 and CO2 is variable but on an average, 100 ml blood contains 0.02 g of O2 and 0.08
g of CO2. The volume of O2 and CO2 at 1 atm and at body temperature 37oC, assuming
10 litre blood in human body, is
(a) 2 lt, 4 lt (b) 1.5 lt, 4.5 lt
(c) 1.59 lt, 4.62 lt (d) 3.82 lt, 4.62 lt
 SM-GS-CH-13
8. Which of the following statements is not true?
(a) The ratio of the mean speed to the rms speed is independent
of the temperature.
(b) The square of the mean speed of the molecules is equal to the square of rms speed at
a certain temperature.
(c) Mean kinetic energy of the gas molecules at any given temperature is independent of
the mean speed.
(d) The difference between rms speed and mean speed at any temperature for different
gases diminishes as larger and yet larger molar masses are considered.

PV
9. Consider the equation Z  . Which of the following statements is correct?
RT
(a) When Z  1, real gases are easier to compress than the ideal gas.
(b) When Z = 1, real gases get compressed easily.
(c) When Z  1, real gases are difficult to compress.
(d) When Z = 1, real gases are difficult to compress.

10. An open vessel at 27C is heated until 3/8th of the air in it has been expelled. Assuming
that the volume remains constant, calculate the temperature at which the vessel was
heated.
(a) 307°C (b) 107°C
(c) 480°C (d) 207°C

11. The vapour pressure of water at 80°C is 355 mm of Hg. A 100 mL vessel contains water
saturated with O2 at 80°C, the total pressure being 760 mm of Hg. The contents of the
vessel were pumped into a 50 mL vessel at the same temperature. What is the partial
pressure of O2?
(a) 1115 mm (b) 810mm
(c) 405mm (d) 355mm

12. 40.0 mL of a gaseous mixture of CO and C2H2 is mixed with 100.0 mL of O2 and burnt.
The volume of the gas after the combustion is 10.5 mL. Calculate the composition of the
original mixture
(a) 25 mL of CO and 15 mL of C2H2 (b) 15 mL of CO and 25 mL of C2H2
(c) 10 mL of CO and 30 mL of C2H2 (d) 20 mL of CO and20 mL of C2H2

13. 80 mL of oxygen is added to 50 mL of a mixture of H2, C2H2 and CO, after which the
total mixture is burnt. The volume of the cooled mixture after combustion measures 65
mL. This is reduced to 15 mL by treatment with a KOH solution. Calculate the volume of
each gas in the original mixture.
(a) 20 mL of H2, 20 mL of C2H2, 10 mL of CO
(b) 10 mL of H2, 20 mL of C2H2, 20 mL of CO
(c) 15 mL of H2, 15 mL of C2H2, 20 mL of CO
(d) 20 mL of H2, 25 mL of C2H2, 5 mL of CO
SM-GS-CH-14
14. I, II, III are three isotherms respectively at T1, T2 and T3.
Temperature will be in order:
(a) T1 = T2 = T3
P
(b) T1 < T2 < T3 I
(c) T1 > T2 > T3 II
(d) T1 > T2 = T3 III
O V

15. An under water bubble with a radius of 0.5 cm at the bottom of a tank, whose the
temperature is 5°C and the pressure is 3 atm, rises to the surface where the temperature is
25°C and pressure is 1 atm. What will be the radius of the bubble when it reaches the
surface?
(a) 0.53 cm (b) 0.73 cm
(c) 0.40 cm (d) 5.3 cm

16. A vessel of volume 100 ml contains 10% of oxygen and 90% of an unknown gas. The
gases diffuse in 86 seconds through a small hole of the vessel. If pure oxygen under the
same conditions diffuses in 75 seconds. What is the molecular mass of the unknown gas?
(a) 42 (b) 44
(c) 40 (d) 48

17. There are 13 equidistant rows of benches of students in a class-room. A teacher releases
N2O from the front of the class-room, while a student releases tear gas C6H11OBr (mol.
Wt. = 176) from the back of the class-room simultaneously. Students of which row will
laugh and weep simultaneously.
(a) 9th (b) 6th
(c) 5th (d) 4th

18. An unspecified quantity of an ideal gas has an initial pressure of 5 atm and temperature is
30°C. The gas is expanded at 30°C until the volume has increased by 60% of the initial
value. Next, the quantity of the gas in the vessel is increased by 20% of the initial value
while the volume is maintained constant. Finally, the temperature is adjusted at constant
volume until the gas pressure is again 5 atm, what is the final temperature?
(a) 400 K (b) 405 K
(c) 100 K (d) 50 K

19. The pressure exerted by 12 gm of an ideal gas at t°C in a vessel of volume v litre is one
atom. When the temperature is increased by 10°C at the same volume the pressure
increased by 10%. Calculate the temperature t and volume v? (Mol. Wt. = 120°)
(a) 100°C, 0.82 lit (b) 200°C, 80 lit
(c) 40°C, 80 lit (d) 400°C, 100 lit
20. Two containers A and B contain the same gas. If the pressure volume and temperature of
the gas in A are two times as compared to that of B and if the mass of the gas B is x gm,
the mass of the gas in A will be;
(a) 4 x gm (b) x/2 gm
(c) 2x gm (d) x gm
 SM-GS-CH-15
21. The average speed of an ideal gas molecule at 27°C is 0.3 ms–1. Calculate average speed
at 927°?
(a) 0.6 ms–1 (b) 6 ms–1
–1
(c) 60 ms (d) 8 ms–1

22. An evacuated glass vessel weighs 50 gm when empty 148.0 gm filled with a liquid of
density 0.98 gm ml–1 and 50.5 gm when filled with an ideal gas at 760 mm of Hg at 300
K. What is the mol. Wt. of the gas?
(a) 100 (b) 110
(c) 122 (d) 90

23. The factor which measure the deviation from ideal behavior of a gas are
(a) collision frequency (b) collision diameter
(c) compressibility factor (d) vander Waal constant ‘a’

24. Which of the following expression is correct for an adiabatic process ?

1 1/ r
T   V  P T 
(a)  2    1  (b) 2   1 
 T1   V2  P1  T2 
(c) P2 V2  P1V1 (d) P1V11  P2 V21

25. The correct statement(s regarding graphite allotrope of carbon is(are):

(a) It consists of planar hexagonal layers of carbon atoms held together by relative week
van der Waal’s forces.
(b) It is a good conductor of electricity in directions along the plane of carbon atoms.
(c) It is thermodynamically less stable isotrope than the diamond
(d) Graphite is anisotropic

SECTION – III Comprehension Type Questions

 Write-up I

T1
No. of molecules

T2
T3

Molecular speed

Graph shows typical Maxwell speed distribution curves for N2 gas at three different
temperatures T1, T2 and T3. The peak of each curve represents the most probable speed.
On increasing temperature, curve begins to flatten out and shifts toward right. But at
constant temperature T, same nature of graph is obtained for three gases A, B and C. In
an apparatus a beam of atoms (or molecules) exits from an oven at a known temperature
and passes through a pinhole. Two circular plates mounted on the same shaft is rotated
by a motor. The first plate is called chopper which allows small bursts of atoms and
second plate is detector. Eventually a layer of deposit will accumulate on detector. The
speed of the deposit on the detector gives the range of molecular speed.
SM-GS-CH-16
1. During an experiment in two different cases, the density of the deposit accumulated in
case II  Case I. If speed of the motor remains constant, then which of the following is
correct?
(a) Molecular velocity of beam of atoms in case I  case II
(b) Molecular velocity of beam of atoms in case I  case II
(c) Molecular velocity of beam of atoms in case I = case II
(d) None of the above

2. A student measures the fraction of molecules by the apparatus in which chopper bursts
the molecules. Chopper has square and circular faces in two cases respectively. Ratio of
fraction of molecules obtained will be:
1
(a) (b) 

1
(c) 2 (d)
2

3. Root-mean square speed will be minimum for the gas

(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) All of the above are equal

 Write-up II
Compressibility factor (Z): Real gases deviate from ideal behavior due to the following
two faulty assumptions of kinetic theory of gases.
i) Actual volume occupied by the gas molecule is negligible as compared to the total
volume of the gases.
ii) Forces of attraction and repulsion among the gas molecules are negligible.
the, extent of deviation of the real gas from ideal behaviour, is explained in terms of
compressibility factor (Z), which is function of pressure and temperature for real gas.
For ideal gas, Z = 1
For real gases, Z  1 or Z  1
When Z  1, then it is less compressible because force of repulsion dominates over force
of attraction when Z  1, force of attraction dominates over the force repulsion.
Graph in between Z & P is shown as under
at 0 C H2
He N2
CH 4 CO 2

Z 1 ideal gas

P
On increasing temperature, Z increases and approaches to unity. Graph between
Z and P at different temperature for the same gas is shown as under:
T4

T3
T2
T1

Z 1 Ideal gas

P
 SM-GS-CH-17

The van der Waal’s equation of state for 1 mole of gas is as under:
 a 
 P  2  (V  b)  RT …(1)
 V 
Where a and b are van der Waal’s constants.
van der Waal’s constant “a” measures the amount of the force of attraction among the
gas molecules. Higher the value of “a”, higher will be the ease of liquefaction.
Case (1) For H2 and He then equation into –I will reduce P(V – b) = RT Case (2) When
pressure is too low i.e. for N2 or CH4 or, CO2 then equation (–I) reduces into
 a 
 P  2  V  RT
 V 

4. What is the correct increasing order of “a” of the gases shown as in the above graph?
(a) H2  He  N2  CO2 (b) CO2  N2  He  H2
(c) N2  CO2  H2  He (d) N2  H2  He  CO2

5. Which of the following is the correct increasing order of temperature? For given gas as
shown in the above graph in between Z vs P?
(a) T1  T2  T3  T4 (b) T2  T1  T3  T4
(c) T3  T4  T1  T2 (d) T4  T3  T2  T1

6. Which of the following statement is correct as shown in the above graph?

b
(a) The slope of Z vs P at constant temperature for all real gases, is
RT
b
(b) The slope of Z vs P at constant temperature for both He and H2 is .
RT
b
(c) The slope of Z vs P at low pressure for all real gases, at constant temperature is .
RT
(d) The slope of Z vs P at high pressure and at constant temperature for real gases is
b
 .
RT

7. Which of the following statements is correct for a gas X having molar mass 5g and
density 0.3g/litre at 0.5 atmospheric pressure at 300K.
(a) The gas “X” will behave ideally
(b) The force of attraction will dominate over the force of repulsion among the gas
molecules.
(c) The force of repulsion will dominate over the force of attraction among the gas
molecules
(d) None

 Write-up III
The van der Waal’s of equation of state for 1 mole real gas is as under:
 a
 P  V  (V  b)  RT
 
Where a and b are van der Waal’s constants. van der Waal’s constant “a” signifies, the
force of attraction among the gas molecules. van der Waal’s constant “b” signifies
SM-GS-CH-18
incompressible volume i.e. volume having no effect of compression and expansion. It is
also known as co-volume. Thereby the volume having effect of compression and
expansion i.e. compressible volume = V – b for 1 mole real gas.
One of the form of van der Waal’s equation of state is virial equation. The virial equation
for 1 mole real gas is as under:
 A B C 
PV  RT 1   2  3   to higher power of n 
 V V V 
where A, B, C are known as 2nd, 3rd and 4th virial coefficient respectively. The
temperature at which real gases obey ideal gas equation is PV = RT, is known as Boyles
temperature
i.e. TB.

8. If the fourth virial coefficient of 3 moles of He at NTP be 6.4  10–2 (lit/mol)3, then what
will be the real volume of He gas?
(a) 66.0 litre (b) 23.6 litre
(c) 25 litre (d) 68.4 litre

9. If a graph is drawn for 1 mole real gas in such a way, PV is drawn in Y-axis and P in X-
axis then which of the following be the value for the intercept of the graph in Y-axis.
ab
(a) RT   aV (b) RT + Pb + a
V2
(c) RT + Pb + ab (d) RT

10. Which of the following is the correct statement about the Boyle’s temperature (TB)?
(a) The temperature at which second virial coefficient becomes zero
(b) The temperature at which first virial coefficient is zero
2a
(c) The value of TB is
Rb
(d) None
11. For the constant value of “b”, if the Boyle’s temperature of the gases are increased, then
what will be the effect on the ease of liquification?
(a) It will increase, on increasing the Boyle’s temperature
(b) It will decrease, on increasing the Boyle’s temperature
(c) First of all, the ease of liquification will increase, then it will decrease
(d) No effect

 Write-up IV
The Bertholet’s equation of state for 1 mole real gas is given as under:
 a 
 P  TV  (V  b)  RT
 
Where a and b are van der Waal’s constants. van der Waal’s constant “a” signifies, the
force of attraction among the gas molecules. van der Waal’s constant “b” signifies
 SM-GS-CH-19
incompressible volume i.e. volume having no effect of compression and expansion. It is
also known as co-volume. Thereby the volume having effect of compression and
expansion i.e. compressible volume = V – b (for 1 mole real gas).
One of the form of van der Waal’s equation of state is virial equation. The virial equation
for 1 mole real gas is as under:
 A B C 
PV  RT 1   2  3   to higher power of n 
 V V V 
where A, B, C are known as 2nd, 3rd and 4th virial coefficients respectively. The
temperature at which real gases obey ideal gas equation (PV = RT), is known as Boyles
temperature i.e. TB.

2a
12. If Ti = , where Ti is the inversion temperature, then which of the following is the
Rb
correct relation of the Boyle’s temperature TB obtained by the Bertholet’s equation
(a) Ti = 2TB2 (b) Ti = 2TB
(c) 2Ti = TB (d) Ti2 = TB

13. If the value of a and b increases by 8 times and 2 times respecively, then new Boyle’s
temperature will increases by how many times and what will be effect on the ease of
liquification ?
(a) 2 times, ease of liquification will increase
(b) 4 times, the ease of liquification will increase
1
(c) times, the ease of liquification will decrease
4
1
(d) times, the ease of liquification will decrease
2

14. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct about the Boyle’s temperature
(a) The temperature at which first virial co-efficient becomes zero
(b) The temperature at whcih second virial coefficient becomes zero
a
(c) In this case, Boyle’s temperature is and its value changes on changing the
Rb
equation of the real gases.
(d) Both (b) and (c)

15. If the third virial coefficient of 4 moles of mono-atomic as is 0.04 (lit/mol)2 at NTP, then
what will be the real gas at NTP?
(a) 88.8 liters (b) 80 liters
(c) 89 liters (d) 90.4 liters

 Write-up V
Two moles of an ideal gas at 1 atm and 27°C undergoes the following process:
i) heat is absorbed at constant volume till the pressure is doubled.
ii) isothermal and reversible expansion till the pressure is 0.8 atm.
iii) Adiabatic compression till the initial stage is reached
(Cv = 40J mole–1K–1)
SM-GS-CH-20

16. The correct plot of P vs V for the for the cycle is:

(a) P (b) P

V V

(c) P (d) P

V V

17. The internal energy change (KJ) in the 1st step of the cycle and that in the whole cycle
are, respectively.
(a) 80.0 and zero (b) 600 and 25
(c) 24.0 and zero (d) None of these

18. The change in internal energy (KJ) in the 2nd step and that in the 3rd i.e. final step are
respectively,
(a) 9.2 and zero (b) zero and –24.0
(c) zero and –9.2 (d) 5.0 and –25.0

SECTION – IV Subjective Questions

LEVEL – I

1. A bulb is filled with 20.0g CO2 gas at 296K and 1 atm. The bulb is heated to 336 K, and
the stop-cock is opened. How much CO2 escapes, if the external pressure is 1 atm when
the stop-cock is opened and the bulb is kept at 336K? When the pressure inside the bulb
reaches 1 atm, the stop-cock is closed again.
2. A balloon is filled with 2.4 × 10–2 mole of He at 23.0°C and 750mm Hg pressure. An
additional 1.2 × 10–2 mol of He is added at the same temperature and the balloon’s
volume increases by a factor of 1.5. Calculate the final pressure in the balloon.
3. One litre of gaseous mixture is effused in 5 minutes, 11 seconds, while one litre of
oxygen takes 10 min. The gaseous mixture contains methane and hydrogen. Calculate
a) density of 1 litre of mixture at STP
b) % age composition of each gas in the mixture.
4. A certain gas diffuses from two different vessels A and B. The vessel A has a circular
orifice while vessel B has a square orifice of length equal to the radius of the orifice of
vessel A. Calculate the ratio of the rates of diffusion of the gas from vessel A to vessel B,
assuming same temperature and pressure is;
5. A 4:1 molar mixture of He and CH4 is contained in a vessel at 20 bar pressure. Due to a
hole in the vessel, the gas mixture leak out. What is the composition of the mixture
effusing out initially?
 SM-GS-CH-21
6. Find the temperatures at which methane and ethane will have the same rms speed as
carbon dioxide at 400°C. Also calculate the mean velocity and most probable velocity of
methane molecules at 400°C.
7. The density of hydrogen at 0°C and 760 mm Hg pressure is 0.00009 g/cc. What is root-
mean square velocity of hydrogen molecule?
8. Which of the following gases will you consider to be ideal or real?
a) 0.25 ml CO2 at 1200K exerting a pressure of 24.63 atm in 1 L flask.
b) 6g of gaseous propanol in100 mL flask exerts a pressure of 2.4956 × 106 pascal at
300K.
c) 1 mol CO2 at 300K occupies volume 22.42 L at 1 atm.
9. A spherical balloon of 21` cm diameter is to be filled up with hydrogen at NTP from a
cylinder containing the gas at 20 atm. At 27°C. If the cylinder can hold 2.82 litrs of
water, calculate the no. of balloons that can be filled up?
10. The average velocity at T1 K and the most probable velocity at T2K of CO2 gas is 9  104
cm sec–1. Calcualte T1 and T2 ?

11. Using Van der Waal’s equation calculate “a” when two moles of a gas confined in a four
litre flask exerts a pressure of 11.0 atm at a temperature of 300 K. The value of b is 0.05
lit mol–1?

LEVEL – II

1. An iron cylinder contains helium at a pressure of 250 k Pa at 300 K. The cylinder can
withstand a pressure of 1106 Pa. The room in which cylinder is placed catches fire.
Predict whether the cylinder will blow up before it melts or not, melting point of cylinder
= 1800 K.

2. 20% N 2 O 4 molecules are dissociated in a sample of gas at 27°C and 760 torr. Calculate
the density of the equilibrium mixture.
3. Calculate the total pressure in a 10 litre cylinder which contains 0.4 g of helium, 1.6 g of
oxygen and 1.4 g of nitrogen at 27°C. Also calculate the partial pressure of helium gas in
the cylinder. Assume ideal behaviour of gases. Given R = 0.082 litre atm K –1 mol –1 .
4. A mixture containing 1.12 litre D 2 and 2.24 litre of H 2 at NTP is taken inside a bulb
connected to another bulb through a stop cock with a small opening. The second bulb is
fully evacuated. The stop cock is opened for a certain time and then closed. The first bulb
is now found to contain 0.10 g of D2 . Determine the % by weight of the gases in second
bulb.

5. Pressure in a bulb dropped from 2000 to 1500 mm in 47 minute when the contained
oxygen leaked through a small hole. The bulb was then completely evacuated. A mixture
of oxygen and another gas of molecular weight 79 in molar ratio 1:1 at a total pressure of
4000 mm was introduced. Find the molar ratio of two gases remaining in the bulb after a
period of 74 minute.
SM-GS-CH-22

6. 50 ml of mixture of NH3 and H 2 was completely decomposed by sparking into nitrogen

and hydrogen, 40 ml of oxygen was added and the mixture was sparked again. After
cooling to the room temperature, the mixture was shaken with alkaline pyrogallol solution
and a contraction of 6 ml was observed. Calculate the % by volume of NH3 in the
original mixture.

7. The total pressure of a mixture of H 2 and O 2 is 1.00 bar. The mixture is allowed to react
to form water which is completely removed to leave only pure H 2 at a pressure of 0.35
bar. Assuming ideal gas behaviour and that all pressure measurements we made under the
same conditions of temperature and volume, calculate the composition of the original
mixture.

8. A jar contains a gas and a few drops of water at TK. The pressure in the jar is 830 mm of
Hg. The temperature of jar is reduced by 1%. The vapour pressure of water at two
temperatures are 30 and 25 mm of Hg. Calculate the new pressure in the jar?

9. A 40 ml of a mixture of H2 and O2 was placed in a gas burette at 18°C and 1 atm pressure.
A spark was applied so that the formation of water was complete. The remaining pure gas
has a volume of 10 ml at 18°C and 1 atm pressure. If the remaining gas was H2, what was
the initial mole % of H2 in the mixture?

10. 100 dm3 flask contains 10 mol. Each of N2 and H2 at 777 K. After equilibrium was
reached, partial pressure of H2 was 1 atm. At this point 5 lit H2O lt) was injected and gas
mixture was cooled to 298 K. Find out the gas pressure?

LEVEL – III (Judge yourself at JEE level)

1. An LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) cylinder weighs 14.8 kg when empty, when full, it
weighs 29.0 kg and shows a pressure of 2.5 atm. In the course of use at 27°C, the weight
of full cylinder is reduced to 23.2 kg. Find out the volume of the gas in cubic metres used
up at the normal usage conditions and the final pressure inside the cylinder. Assume LPG
to be n-butane with normal boiling point of 0°C.

2. At room temperature following reaction goes to completion.

2NO  O 2   2NO 2   N 2O4
Dimer N 2 O 4 at 262 K is solid. A 250 mL flask and a 100 mL flask are separated by a
stop cock. At 300 K, the nitric oxide in the larger flask exerts a pressure of 1.053 atm and
the smaller one contains O 2 at 0.789 atm. The gases are mixed by opening the stop cock
and after the end of the reaction, the flasks are cooled at 220 K. Neglecting the vapour
pressure of dimer, find out the pressure and composition of gas remaining at 220 K.
(Assume gases behave ideally)

3. One mole of nitrogen gas at 0.8 atm takes 38 seconds to diffuse through a pinhole,
whereas one mole of an unknown compound of xenon with fluorine at 1.6 atm takes 57
seconds to diffuse through the same hole. Calculate the molecular formula of the
compound.
 SM-GS-CH-23

4. The composition of the equilibrium mixture (Cl2 2Cl) , which is attained at 1200°C,
is determined by measuring the rate of effusion through a pinhole. It is observed that at
1.80 mm Hg pressure, the mixture effuses 1.16 times as fast a krypton effuses under the
same conditions. Calculate the fraction of chlorine molecules dissociated into atoms.
(Atomic wt. of Kr = 84).

5. At 27°C, H 2 is leaked through a tiny hole into a vessel for 20 minute. Another unknown
gas at the same T and P as of the H 2 is leaked through the same hole for 20 minute. After
the effusion of the gases, the mixture exerts a pressure of 6 atm. The H 2 content of the
mixture is 0.7 mole. If volume of container is 3 litre, what is mol. wt. of unknown gas ?

6. The average speed at T1 K and the most probable speed at T2 K of CO 2 gas is 9 104 cm
sec –1 . Calculate the value of T1 and T2 .

7. a) Calculate the pressure exerted by 5 mole of CO 2 in one litre vessel at 47°C using van
der Waals’ equation. Also report the pressure of gas if it behaves ideally in nature.
Given that a = 3.592 atm litre 2 mol –2 , b = 0.0427 litre mol –1 .
b) If volume occupied by CO 2 molecules is negligible, then calculate the pressure
exerted by one mole of CO 2 gas at 273 K.
a = 3.592 dm6 atm mol –2
8. Using van der Waals’ equation, calculate the constant, `a’ when two mole of a gas
confined in a four litre flask exerts a pressure of 11.0 atmospheres at a temperature of
300 K. The value of `b’ is 0.05 lit. mol –1 .
 B 
9. One way of writing the equation of state for real gases is PV  RT 1   ... , where B
 V 
is constant. Derive an approximate expression for B in terms of van der Waals’ constants
a and b.

10. The compression factor (compressibility factor) for one mole of a van der Waals gas at
0C and 100 atmosphere pressure is found to be 0.5 Assuming that the volume of a gas
molecule is negligible, calculate the van der Waals constant (a).

11. The density of the vapour of a substance at 1 atm pressure and 500 K is 0.36 kg m–3. The
vapour effuses through a small hole at a rate of 1.33 times faster than oxygen under the
same condition.
a) Determine (i) molecular weight, (ii) molar volume, (iii) compression factor (Z) of the
vapour and (iv) which forces among the gas molecules are dominating, the attractive
or the repulsive?
b) If the vapour behaves ideally at 1000K, determine the average translational kinetic
energy of a molecule.

12. A mixture of ethane and ethane occupies 40 litrs at 1.00 atm and at 400 K. The mixture
reacts completely with 130 gm of O2 to produce CO2 and H2O. Assuming ideal
behaviour, calculate the mole fraction of C2H4 and C2H6 in the mixture?
SM-GS-CH-24
13. A 20.0 cm3 mixture of CO, CH4 and the gases is exploded by an electric discharge at
room temperature, with excess of oxygen. The volume contraction is found to be
13.0 cm3. A further contraction of 14.0 cm3 occurs when the residual gas is treated with
KOH solution. Find out the composition of the gaseous mixture in terms of volume
percentage?

14. The degree of dissociation is 0.4 at 400 K and 1.0 atm for the gaseous reaction
PCl5(g) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g). Assuming ideal behaviour of all gases, calculate the
density of equilibrium mixture of equilibrium mixture at 400 K and 1.0 atm. (P = 31, Cl =
35.5)

15. For the reaction N2O5(g) 2NO2(g) + 0.5O2 calcualte the mole fraction of N2O5(g)
decomposed at a constant volume and temperature, if the initial pressure is 600 mm Hg
and pressure at any time is 960 mm Hg Assume ideal behaviour?

SECTION – V Miscellaneous Questions

1. Match List – I with List – II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the
lists.
List – I (Substances) List – II (Value of ‘a’)
(A) C6H6(g) 1. 0.217
(B) C6H5(g) 2. 5.464
(C) Ne(g) 3. 18.00
(D) H2O(g) 4. 24.06
Codes
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(a) 1 2 3 4
(b) 4 1 2 3
(c) 3 4 1 2
(d) 2 3 1 4

True and False

2. I. The value of Z per mole of an ideal gas is 3/8

II. A gas having higher value of ‘a’ have greater tendency to liquefy
III. The ratio of  for O3 and N2 will be 1.33
(a) I – T, II – T, III – T (b) I – T, II – T, III – F
(c) I – F, II – T, III – F (d) I – F, II – F, III – T

3. I. SO2 gas have a density of 1.80 g/L at 760 mm Hg pressure and 27°C.
II. A 0.5L flask contains gas A (density = 3g/L) and 1L flask contains gas B (d = 1.5g/L)
at same temperature. If molar mass of A = 1/2 of B, then the ratio of pressure exerted
by gases PA/PB = 4
III. The fraction of molecules possessing most probable velocity decreases with increase
of temperature.
(a) I – T, II – T, III – T (b) I – T, II – T, III – F
(c) I – F, II – T, III – T (d) I – F, II – F, III – T
 SM-GS-CH-25
The following questions (to) consists of two statements, one labelled as ASSERTION (A) and
REASON (R). Use the following key to chose the correct appropriate answer.
(a) If both (A) and (R) are correct, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) If both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) If (A) is correct, but (R) is incorrect.
(d) If (A) is incorrect, but (R) is correct.
ASSERTION (A) REASON (R)

4. The pressure of a fixed amount of an Frequency of collisions and their impact both
ideal gas is proportional to its increase in proportion to the square root of the
temperature. temperature.
5. SO2 gas is easily liquefied while H2 is SO2 has lower critical temperature than H2
not.

Answers to Assignments
SECTION - I

1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (c)

5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (d)
9. (b) 10. (c) 11. (c) 12. (a)
13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (c) 16. (b)
17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (b)
21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (c)
25. (b)

SECTION - II

1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (d)

5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (b)
9. (c) 10. (d) 11. (b) 12. (a)
13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (a)
17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (c), (d) 24. (a), (c)
25. (a), (c)

SECTION - III

1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (a)

5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (d)
9. (d) 10. (a) 11. (a) 12. (a)
13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (c)
17. (c) 18. (b)
SM-GS-CH-26
SECTION - IV

LEVEL – I

1. weight of CO2 escapes = 2.375 gm 2. 750 mm

3. (i) 0.383 , (ii) 38.74% of H2 4. 
5. 8:1 6. 244.73 K
3hdg
7. 8.
D
9. 10 10. 1682.5 K, 21.434 K
11. 6.46 atm. lit2 mol–2

LEVEL – II

1. Pressure = 1.5 × 106 Pa

2. 3.116 g litre –1
3. 0.492 atm, PHe  = 0.246 atm, PO 2 = 0.123 atm, PN 2 = 0.123 atm
4. 41.2%, 58.8%
5. 1 : 1.236
6. 72%
7. X H2  0.78
X O2  0.22
8. 817 mm of Hg
9. 75%
10. 2.66 atm
LEVEL – III

1. 1.50 atm, 2.4 m3 2. 4.29 × 10–3, 0.221 atm

3. 252 4. 14%
5. 1032.72 6. 2143.37 K, 1684 K
7. (a) 77.218 atm, 131.36 atm, (b) 34.88 atm, 8. 6.46 atm litre 2 mol –2
9. 10. 1.253 atm L2mol-2
11. a) (i) 18.1, (ii) 50.25  10 m; (iii) 1.225; (iv) Z  ; (b) 2.07  10–20 J/molecule
–3

12. 33.7%, 66.25%

13. 20%, 50%, 30%
14. 4.53 gm/lit
15. 0.4

SECTION - V

1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c)

5. (c)