NANOTECHNOLOGY IN AUTOMOBILES

Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY IN 2
AUTOMOBILES

2. NANOTECHNOLOGY SUMMARY 3

3. WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY 4

4. DESCRIPTION OF NANOMETRE SCALE 6

5. FUNCTIONALITIES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 7

6. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN AUTOMOBILES 8

7. LITERATURE REVIEW 9

8. APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN 11
AUTOMOBILES

9. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES 16

10. FUTURE SCOPE & CONCLUSION 17

11. REFERENCES 18

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1. INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY IN AUTOMOBILES:

Fig: 1

Individual mobility is a basic need of people and an important prerequisite for the development of
modern societies. In this regard, the automobile will play a crucial role in the near future. The United
Nations estimates that the world-wide vehicle fleet will double from 750 million today to
approximately 1.5 billion utility and passenger vehicles by 2030. This development is driven by a
rising demand in rapidly growing markets such as China, India, Korea, Brazil and Russia. The
increasing prosperity of these regions will lead to a greater desire for more individual mobility of
people, who will be buying more – and more frequently using – vehicles. With the traffic volume
increasing, the world-wide energy demand will rise as well. Questions concerning passenger safety,
intelligent traffic guidance systems, pollutant reduction and effective recycling at the end of the
value-added chain to save scarce resources are becoming more urgent. Against this background,
unique opportunities are developing for domestic automobile producers and suppliers. At the same
time, finding themselves in a toughening international competition, they will face enormous
challenges. Therefore, companies and research institutes worldwide are focusing their research and
development efforts more and more on adapting the safety, comfort and eco-friendliness of the
automobile to future needs, so that the advantages of individual mobility can be ensured in a
sustainable way. In this context, nanotechnologies are playing an important if not decisive role. It
contributes crucially to necessary developments and to the production of innovative materials and

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processes in the automotive sector. Modern tyres for instance achieve their high mileage, durability
and road grip through nanoscaled soot particles and silica. Materials with nanoparticles or layers at
the nanoscale have beneficial effects on inner and outer surfaces, on the body or on the engine and
drive. However, it will be much more important to translate the pioneering results of
nanotechnologies into products that are conducive to environmental sustainability and safety, so that
vehicles can provide individual mobility to wide sections of the population without compromising
the basis of people’s livelihood. Apparently, only with the help of nanotechnologies will it be
possible to incorporate all factors of the sustainability principle equally: ecology through
conservation of the environment and of scarce resources, economy through the creation and
safeguarding of competitive jobs as well as availability of individual mobility worldwide.

2. NANOTECHNOLOGY SUMMARY:

Nanotechnologies are becoming increasingly economically important worldwide. Today, numerous

products already include nanotechnological components or they are made using nanotechnologies.
Signs for a broad industrial process of transformation through nanotechnologies have been apparent
from a scientific perspective since the 1980’s. Today, a consensus prevails that nanotechnologies
will have an impact on virtually all areas of life, and thus on the economy, in the mid and long term.
Unlike many other high technologies, nanotechnologies have a cross sectorial character and
therefore possess a very broad potential of applications in many areas of the economy. Nanoscaled
fillers such as sooty particles are applied in car tyres, in printer ink or paints. The nanometre-sized
dimensions of electronic components and functional layers in read heads allow a drastic
improvement in performance of hard drives. Catalysts and air filter systems cause clean air inside
and outside of the car. Optical layers for reflection reduction on dashboards or hydrophobic and dirt
repellent “easy-to-clean” surfaces on car mirrors are further examples of applications of
nanotechnologies in automobiles. Nowadays, profits amounting to billions are being generated using
such high-end products. Nanotechnologies are thereby incorporated as components into the product
or into production technologies. In the production technology of future automotive engineering,
nanotechnological adhesives have an enormous economic potential since they allow energy savings
in assembly processes. An interesting application relates to adhesives that are modified with
magnetic nanoparticles. The coupling of thermal energy in the form of microwave radiation induces
the chemical reaction necessary for the gluing process. Through nanoadditives in plastics, clearly
improved processing properties in injection-moulding machines can be achieved. Here, energy
savings of up to 20 per cent are possible. Alternatively, the cycle time can be reduced by up to 30 per
cent. Moulding tools can be designed more easily and new components can be built with thinner
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walls allowing for substantial material savings. Furthermore, the number of rejects is reduced,
particularly in highly stressed parts, such as housings and functional elements of electric drives, in
windscreen wiper arms, door knobs, reflectors, mirror systems, joining elements, sunroof elements,
in boxes of locking systems and many more applications. Practically all physical and chemical
properties of polymers can be modified using fillers. The motivation behind this is to considerably
improve properties such as scratch resistance or achieve higher mechanical stability. The latest
developments make it possible to replace conventional car windows with plastics coated on the
nanometre scale. In so doing, the focus is placed on the development of transparent, light, scratch-
resistant and at the same time stiff materials. Another possibility to reduce fuel consumption and
emissions and to increase energy efficiency is to coat cylinder tracks nano technologically. Thus, the
remarkable loss resulting from friction in today’s engines can be reduced significantly in the future.
The fuel cell as the alternative drive and supply unit for the electronics of the car is being researched
by almost all automotive manufacturers. Here, nanotechnologies can also give decisive advantages.
Examples include the cell electrode, the diffusion membrane or systems for hydrogen storage.

3. WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY ?

Nanotechnologies are interface technologies that include many different science and application
areas. Among them are classical fields of knowledge such as chemistry, physics and mechanical
engineering as well as new disciplines such as nano biotechnology and sub-areas of micro elec-
tronics. In that context, nanotechnologies have become increasingly important over the last few
years. Today, nano particles with new characteristics are already being produced on a large scale
and integrated into products. In most cases, the nano technological products currently available
on the market are rather unspectacular and have become an almost unperceived part of daily
life.
The purpose of nanotechnologies is the production and examination of functional structures
smaller than 100 nanometres. A nanometre is a millionth of a millimetre. On this scale, material-
dependent interface effects and large specific surfaces observable in larger structures become
more important. On this order of magnitude, quantum effects appear that exhibit unique
potential for novel functionalities. The critical size below which material properties change
depends on the material itself. By changing the size of such components, the control of the
chemical composition and the targeted manipulation of the atomic structure it is possible to
produce macroscopic materials with radically new properties and functionalities.

Since nanotechnologies are solely defined by the geometric length scale and the related

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physical, chemical and biological effects, almost all branches of industry are affected by it.

The specific surface of a gram of nanocrystalline powder can have the size of a soccer field
depending on the grain size of the material. It is estimated that the number of products based on
synthetic nanoparticles currently available on the market alone is approximately 500. Among them
are sunscreens with a high UV protection factor, nanoscaled ink particles for copying machines and
printers, scratch-resistant car paints, hydrophobic and dirt-repellent textiles, golf clubs and tennis
rackets with different types of carbon additives for increased stability, nanoparticle materials in baby
diapers for improved moisture absorption as well as plastic wraps for higher tensile strength and gas
permeability (BMU 2005).

Tyres are an example of the application of nanotechnologies in automobiles. Current tyre models
achieve their high performance, durability and grip from fine sooty particles called “carbon black”.
Beyond that, a new class of this material, called nanostructured soot, achieves an even better
performance and improves properties such as grip. Nanostructured soot is produced by thermal
decomposition of soot oil. Here, advances in the field of analysis and measurement and a deeper
understanding of the underlying processes have enabled the systematic modification of sooty
particles. As a result, diverse structures and surfaces are adjustable and, consequently, properties
controllable.

Another example is the integration of nanotechnologies in the fields of vehicle navigation and
audio systems. At this stage, hard drives for use in vehicles are being produced that are able to
store movies which can be viewed on navigation systems. This new hard drive technology is
increasingly living up to the high requirements that have to be fulfilled for use in automobiles.
Challenges that have to be faced to develop suitable hard drives include enormous temperature
fluctuations in the vehicle’s interior and high-frequency vibrations from the car engine.
But also the fuel consumption and the pollutant emission of diesel engines can be improved
using fuel additives and exhaust catalysts that boost combustion efficiency through nanoscaled
catalysts. These are exceptionally reactive given the large specific surface of the nanoscaled
catalysts.

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4. DESCRIPTION OF NANOMETER SCALE:

Fig: 4

VW-Beetle Ladybird Nanoweb Iron atoms

Metre Millimetre Micrometer Nanometre

Fig: 4.1

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5. Functionalities of nanotechnology:
Nanotechnologies can be applied in almost all industries and technologies because of their
effects and functionalities. Given their cross-sectional capacity, nanotechnologies are especially
important in automotive engineering. The functionalities of nanotechnological materials,
products and processes discovered so far offer an application-oriented access to
nanotechnologies for enterprises (Heubach 2005). These phenomena are closely related to the
benefit and function of the product and thus to customer oriented demand and provide the
connection between nanotechnologies and automotive engineering. Functionalities relevant for
automotive engineering are presented below.

Mechanical functionalities:
The considerably improved mechanical properties of nanostructured solids are higher hardness,
increased breaking strength and improved fracture toughness at low temperatures or super
elasticity at high temperatures. Underlying these effects is a decrease in grain size so that
dimensions are reached below which deformation mechanisms cannot occur in the grain itself.
This results in benefits for users, such as a prolonged durability of production tools or more
effective lubricating systems and optimized lightweight materials.

Electronic/magnetic functionalities:
In the nanometer range quantum effects take place that cannot be observed in larger objects.
Charge carriers that can move almost freely in the volume of solid materials are strongly
influenced in their mobility by nano objects given their narrow dimensions. This behaviour can
also be observed in a material with macroscopic dimensions consisting of nanocrystalline
crystallites separated by grain boundaries. Scattering of charge carriers on boundary surfaces
affects several electrical properties. Therefore, an increase in the specific electrical resistance
and a change in the temperature dependency of the resistance in comparison to a material with
crystals in the micrometer range can often be observed. The manipulation of the grain size of
such a material allows tuning of the electronic properties. Para-magnetism and ferromagnetism
are among the magnetic properties of solids. By reducing magnetic domains, macroscopic
magnetic properties (e.g. saturation magnetisation, remanence) can be influenced. In practice,
the GMR (giant magneto resistive) effect is used in magnetic field sensors and in magnetic
storage devices (magnetic RAM, MRAM) or in glues which are modified with nanoparticles
such that the adhesive property becomes switchable.

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Chemical functionalities:
The chemical functionality of nano objects is substantially based upon their surface structure.
Nanostructured materials possess a significantly high share of surface atoms. Such atoms are
highly reactive because of their unsaturated bonding. Lattice strain respectively leads to a
markedly increased surface energy. This can be used for surfaces with tailor-made wetting
behavior, the layout of functional groups, for enhancing chemical reactivity and selectivity and
also for chemical stability in diverse chemical processes. The following table gives a short
overview of possible application fields of nanotechnological functionalities in automotive
engineering. In future, we will be able to count on a number of further applications that will
concern all branches of the auto- motive industry and its subcontractors.

6. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN AUTOMOBILES:

Fig: 6
The basic trends that nanotechnology enables for the automobile are lighter but stronger
materials(for better fuel consumption and increased safety), improved engine efficiency and fuel
consumption for gasoline-powered automobiles (catalysts:-fuel additives, lubricants)reduces
environmental impact from hydrogen and fuel cell- powered automobiles improves and miniaturizes
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electronic systems for better economies (longer service life; lower component failure rate, smart
materials for self-repair). To gain an outline of this diverse technology, a brief literature has come to
limelight in the automotive context. Public debates and economic and social reviews have already
set a roadmap in the realms of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is being heralded as a new
technological revolution, thus modern industries are trying to be receptive towards nanotechnology
within strict automotive standards. Nanotechnology originates from small dimensions, enabling high
speed and high functional density, small and lightweight devices and sensors, high sensitivity and
special surface effects offering superior efficiency in almost every facet of automotives. Also, it has
significant impact on a wide range of automotive components and is capable to meet firm
legislations regarding emissions and security. Nanotechnology is rapidly changing the way cars are
made, making it possible to build cars with extensive service life; lower component failure rate and
smart materials for self repairing. Materials at nanoscales exhibit unique properties different from
their bulk state. Vehicles contrived with these materials can be manipulated to make their properties
more advantageous. Global automotive markets expect exponential positive returns, but they are
hurdled by high initial investments and limited research and development. Although nanotechnology
applications in automotive industry are manifold, many of the aspects of nanotechnology still
remains untapped and unacknowledged.

7. LITERATURE REVIEW:

Today, Nanotechnology has opened new doors for automotive sectors. The entire product lifecycle
management can be mounted on the automation of this technology. Besides being promisingly
sustainable, safe, comfortable, and ecofriendly, it is also commercially economical technology. CO2-
free engines, safe driving, quiet cars, self-cleaning body, and windscreens etc. can be the key drivers
for the idea of “nano in cars” to come alive. Nanotechnology explicitly presents new opportunities
for worldwide accomplishments of automobiles. This technology is not only finding its way into
every corner of car-world, but is also bringing great benefits. Fundamentally, two main approaches
are used in nanotechnology. Firstly, the "bottom-up" approach, where nano-objects are created by
assembling individual atoms together, thus is reducing the randomness in structural formation.
Secondly, the "top-down" approach, where nano objects are built from larger units without atomic
level control. Reports show that nanotechnology is advancing as a core technology for automotive
development. Many authors have emphasized on the use of nanocomposites in several domains like
frames and body parts, engines, paints and coatings, suspension and breaking systems, lubrication,
tires, exhaust systems, etc. Many anticipate that, certain materials like carbon nanotubes and carbon
black that has enhanced mechanical, physical, and processing properties will render new
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functionalities. In addition, they may improve manufacturing speed and enhance environmental,
thermal, and mechanical stability. This means that car bodies will undergo less wear, better gliding,
thinner coating, fewer lubrication, longer service intervals, and weight reduction. Lighter car bodies
will use less material, without compromising the stiffness and crash resistance and will indirectly
save fuel profoundly. This will also ensure greater safety and improved highway systems. Nowadays
nanotechnology is blended with many pronounced disciplines to obtain exemplary products. One
such technological breakthrough is the MEMS technology. In fact, automotive components need to
be produced in very large volumes not only to meet the demand, but also to meet the necessity of
recovering the initial investments. MEMS ought to be a crucial solution for this setback. Due to the
progress made in batch manufacturing of MEMS, large volumes of highly uniform devices can be
created at relatively low cost. Apart from this, nanotechnology contributes prominently in production
of innovative materials, growth of income and employment. As yet, nanotechnology has influence
the auto industry on a very small scale, but it is betting big on the applications that are unthinkable,
provided; the company should generate sustainable revenue stream and healthy profit margin.
Results from studies of various authors show that demand for increased power performance has
turned the automakers to new technologies. For e.g. Cars powered by its own body panels is seen as
next milestone especially in development of electric cars, and the concept of super capacitor
technology based on carbon nanotubes, seems the most lucrative idea. This is definitely going to be
not only energy intensive but highly resource intensive too. It would trace behind significant impacts
not only on environmental factors but also on financial factors. Therefore, nanoscience and
nanotechnology ventures are counting big on commercial ramp-up. Market continually demands
better and more durable automotive coatings. Nanofillers for coatings may be inorganic or organic,
like silicates, oxides, organic-clays, acrylics, urethanes, etc. The effect of coating properties varies
inversely with the size of filler particles. Need of nanocoating is of paramount importance as they
bring out the aesthetics of the product. Apart from the functionality, today’s customers demand
sublime surface smoothness, reflectivity, and high gloss appearance.

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8. APPLICATIONS:

Application Functionalities Car body shell Car body Interior Chassis Electrics and Engine and
exterior and tyres electronics drive train

Effect

Mechanical Hardness, friction, Carbon black Low-friction aggregate

Nano varnish components
functionalities tribological in tyres

properties,
breaking resistance Polymer glazing Nanosteel Nanosteel

Geometric Large surface-

Nano filter Super caps
effects to-volume ratio,
Poresize
Gecko effect Gecko effect Fuel cell
Electronic/ Size dependent Gluing on
GMR sensors Piezo injectors
magnetic electric and command

functionalities magnetic
Switchable materials
properties
(rheology) Solar cells

Optical Colour, Ultra-thin layers Anti-glare coatings

functionalities fluorescence,
transparency
Electro chromatic
layers

Chemical Reactivity, Care and sealing Forming of

Dirt protection Catalysts
functionalities selectivity, systems high strength steel
surface properties
Fragrance
Corrosion protection Fuel additives
in the cabin

Fig: 8

Nanotechnology has flooded the automotive hub with clusters of new-found technologies, which has
together come up with classic applications in each and every part of automobiles. This has created
new opportunities for encroachment of car engineering.

1. Tyres:

Rubber fillers, like carbon black and silica as nano‐ structured materials have been cited as essence
of automotive tyre sector for many years. But recently, research programs have been conducted to
improvise these materials in order to provide lower rolling resistance, abrasion resistance, extended
tyre life, and wet traction, safety, lower weight, superior performance, reduced friction and improved
air retention.

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Fig: 8.1

2. Chassis:

Vehicle weight reduction is a key part of car manufacturer’s' strategies to improve fuel economy. A
detailed analysis of the structure/property/process relationship of the aluminum alloy engine blocks
has led to reduced engine weight and, in turn, increased fuel efficiency. Another area is the
substitution of mineral glass windows by polymers. However, until recently some key performance
specifications had not been reached; scratch resistance and long term ultraviolet resistance remained
challenges. Recent advances involving nanotechnology are helping polycarbonate window
developers to overcome these challenges. One of the automotive industry’s most ambitious goals is
the introduction of bodywork made of light alloys. Addition of new electronic components, safety
technologies and increasing comfort features would have made the modern cars heavier. To relieve
this, incorporation of nanoparticles has made it possible to reach the same mechanical resistance and
lighter weights with less and lighter material. This can considerably improve the properties, like
resistance, elasticity, or dimensional stability, as well as specific properties like fire resistance for
interior parts and weather resistance for outer parts. Plastic bodywork is yet another option,
provided; they undergo electrostatic painting together with metallic parts.

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Fig: 8.2

3. Coatings:

The term nanocoating refers to nanoscale (i.e. with a thickness of a few tens to a few hundreds of
nanometers) thin-films that are applied to surfaces in order create or improve a material's
functionalities such as corrosion protection, water and ice protection, friction reduction, antifouling
and antibacterial properties, self-cleaning, heat and radiation resistance, and thermal management.
For instance, the day is not far away when washing your car may become obsolete. Japanese car
maker, Nissan is currently testing a hydrophobic nano paint technology to create a ‘self-cleaning’
car. Applied on the exterior of an automobile, this specially engineered high-tech nano paint repels
water and oil, creating a protective layer between the car body and the environment. So dust, grime,
or a muddy spray of water won’t be able to dirty a vehicle coated with this—it will simply roll of the
surface, also ensuring that the paint lasts longer. The environmental impact this technology offers is
noteworthy. It could also potentially save millions of gallons of water that are used to wash our cars
today, Nanotechnology could also be the answer for car aficionados, keen to experiment with
different colors on their favorite vehicle. Using nano paints, they could switch the color of their car
in about a second at the mere press of a button! Since they are able to reflect light, nano paints can
produce the complete spectrum of colors—really adding to the fun!

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Nanotechnology can be best used in automotives in the coatings. Parts of standard vehicles are
treated with protective and decorative finishes. Coating has already made glass heat reflective. In
addition, water and dust repellent coatings has already been applied to cars. However, there still
remains a vast area where nanocoatings have to pave its way. Many coatings have been around for a
long time and still continue to have use and function in the automotive marketplace. Hard coatings
of ceramics, improves wear and friction characteristics of components, along with the specialty of
detecting even fractional concentrations of gas in vehicle interiors. Self -repairing is yet another
concept where materials can refine their original shape under the influence of external temperature.
In addition, the electro-chromic coatings are prophetic of the enormous boon for future cars.

Fig: 8.3

4. Nano-Fluids:

The use of nanofluids has a clear advantage from the thermal performance viewpoint. The heat
transfer coefficient of coolants can be increased by improving its specific properties. Nano-fluids can
form vital component of fuel additives, coolants, brake fluids, lubricants and shock absorber
systems, transmission fluids, engine oils and greases, etc. Nano-fluids have great potentials to
improve automotive and heavy-duty engine cooling rates by increasing the efficiency, lowering the
weight, and reducing the complexity of thermal management systems. The heat rejection
requirements of automobiles can also be met in the same way.

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5. Nano‐Enabled Automotive Textiles:

To enhance both the intrinsic and the perceived quality and comfort in a vehicle, nanotextiles play an
important role. Nanofibers can produce materials with reduced weight, proper insulation, and noise
absorbents for accessories like cabin roof, boot carpets, safety belts, airbags, air filtrations, tyre
cords, and trimmings. Moreover, these textiles can be recycled easily and can replace conventional
hard-surface structures.

6. Sensors:

Sensors are the detectors that are capable of monitoring the state of a number of aggregate moving
systems. Types of sensors used in order to improve the reliability of the systems are rotational
motion sensors that detect shaft rotational motion, pressure sensors that measure the pressure, linear
position sensors that measure linear displacement, angular position sensors that measures
revolutions, temperature sensors, etc.

Fig: 8.6

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7. NANOTECH IN WIPERS & WINDOWS:

With ‘Vision Protect’, true nanoscale mono layer formulations are now available for use on
automotive glass. Unlike traditional glass coatings that cover the surface structure of the glass,
creating a thin layer of non-stick chemicals, Nanovations nanotechnology glass treatment, Vision
Protect’ follows the contours of the glass surface right down to the nanometer level. The results are
small nanometer thin layers that are enormously durable, and as you would expect, UV resistant. In
2014, successful testing by an independent, accredited USA laboratory with an astounding 500,000
windscreen wiper cycles confirmed the high performance. This testing procedure was used to
simulate durability of wiper blades on a windshield.

Fig: 8.7

9. ADVANTAGES:
 In automobiles nano material coating can prevent the corrosive materials from corrosion.
 They decrease the frictional, tear and wear losses thus they decrease the rate of fuel
consumption.
 They are extremely small and light weighted but are harder than materials like steel, iron
etc.
 Plenty of raw materials are available for the manufacture.
 They are durable for number of years etc.

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10. DISADVANTAGES:
 Presently nanotechnology is very expensive as its production cost is high.
 Impact of nanotechnology on the environment is still unknown.
 Since these particles are very small, problems can actually arise from the inhalation of
these minute particles, much like the problems a person gets from inhaling minute
asbestos particles.
 Disadvantage of this science and its development is the possible loss of jobs in the
automobile sector.

11. FUTURE SCOPE:

What if you could walk into a car showroom, buy a little, colorful packet of seeds, and place
them outside your home to sprout? However, instead of ‘seeds’, imagine if you were growing
nano particles to build your dream car—one atom, one particle at a time. Sounds like something
in a sci-fi film? But with nanotechnology, this could soon be within the realm of reality. The
automobile sector is exploring nanotech as well to build cars that are shinier, safer, and more
energy efficient.

12. CONCLUSION:

Nanotechnology is about to explode as a major shaper of automotive industries. It has brought

tremendous innovation in transforming industrial outlook. Automobile industry is set to be
influenced by the development-taking place in the field of nanotechnology. This review paper sheds
light on the evolution of nano-engineered automobiles and provides an up-to-date overview of
current and emerging state of the art of automotive technologies. Spin off effects of invasion of
nanotechnology in automobiles has been a trendsetter for modernization of cars. Significant usage of
nanotechnology in the automotive industry has increased the production scale. Lastly, by the end of
this decade, nanotechnology is expected to be a generic technology accepted worldwide.

 Though the nanotech products are expensive they increase the performance of the
automobile tremendously.
 Life of parts of the automobile will be increased.
 Maintenance of the automotive can be minimized.

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13. REFERENCES:
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283259275 Nanotechnology in Automobile
Industry.
 Nanotechnologies in Automobiles – Innovation Potentials in Hessian for the Automotive
Industry and its Subcontractors, Vol 3, December 2008.
 http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/38165/InTech The role of nanotechnology in
automobiles.pdf.
 https://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=18972.php.
 https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8a74/c1257871a3638ba7279f4e6f080cd21ad174.pdf.
 (IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND
RESEARCH (Research Project On Green Nanotechnology Usage In Automobiles). By
P.MADHAVI Assistant professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering Avanthi
Institute Of Technology And Science Gunthapally(vil.), Abdullapurmettu (Mandal)
Ranga Reddy(Dist.), Telangana,India.

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