Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Gregorio
Pest and Vermin Control Transcribed by: Tricia Bongcales
Proofread by: Alex Villa
Introduction
In 1284, while the town of Hamelin was suffering from a rat Vertebrate pests
infestation, a piper dressed in colorful red clothing appeared, - Commensal rodents (Rats and mice)
claiming to be a rat catcher. He promised the mayor a - Birds
solution to their problem with the rats. The mayor in turn
promised to pay him for the removal of the rats. The money Microorganisms
was a thousand guilders. The piper accepted and played his - Bacteria
pipe to lure the rats into the West River, where all but one - Viruses
drowned. - Protozoa
(The Code on Sanitation of the Philippines P.D. 856) Failure to do so will be acted upon by local health
authority at their own expense.
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Insect Pests
Potential as vectors of human pathogens Sealing off or completely covering exits of harborages-
limits their movement
Common bedbugs have been found to naturally contain
Physical Removal
28 human pathogens, but they have never been proven
- Vacuum
to transmit biologically or mechanically even one human
- Tapes
pathogen.
- Brushing off with alcohol or soapy water
In the laboratory, they are capable of transmitting:
Mattresses covers of at least 0.8mm thick and zippered
Anthrax
Plague
Physical elimination techniques using:
Tularemia
- Heat
Yellow fever
- Cold
Relapsing fever
- Steam
Typhus.
Pesticide Application
Bites and health effects
- Surface treatments
Although their bite is often nearly undetectable, their - Impregnated fabric and bednets
saliva contains biologically and enzymatically active - Ultra-low-volume aerosols or foggers
proteins that may cause a progressive immunogenic and - Crack-and-crevice treatments
allergenic reaction to repeated biting.
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Cockroaches Flea allergy dermatitis (FAD)
- Serious atopic hypersensitivity reaction to flea salivary
Not known to transmit any serious disease
secretions that commonly afflicts cats and more
Contaminate food prevalently, dogs.
Produce unpleasant odor
Can become a serious nuisance
Exposure to cockroach antigen – important risk factor for Flea management
developing asthma
Visual inspection of hosts
- Inspecting pets
Integrated Pest Management - Catching rats
- Combing them
Sanitation Practices
- Removal of potential clutter, debris, harborage sites and Conducive environmental conditions
food sources - High population density
- Crumbling foundations
Pesticide Applications - Debris accumulation
- Baits
- Surface treatments Pest proofing of homes
- Crack and crevice treatment Physical removal from hosts
On-animal flea control
Fleas Foggers
General surface treatments
Small ectoparasites Insect growth regulators
Eggs are laid on host and fall off into carpets, upholstery Outdoor residential application
and pet bedding material
Host provides food (blood), warmth and shelter, giving
the flea little incentive to leave the host. Lice
Larvae avoid sunlight and actively move deep into carpet
Those that attack humans are flightless
and under organic debris.
Ectoparasites
Importance: Disease carrier: Plague and Murine Typhus Using glue-like secretions from glands attached to the
oviduct, all human lice fix their eggs
Cat and Dog flea: intermediate hosts for dog tapeworm – All lice produce dry fecal matter that may accumulate in
can be accidentally ingested clothing or hair; this dry matter is the vehicle for
Human flea: carry plague under lab conditions transmitting the infective disease organisms for which
Rat flea: chief carrier of bubonic plague lice may be vectors.
In communities where reasonably effective methods of
treatment are available, adults are normally only
Health risk and exposure assessment
affected by head lice through contact with infested
Plague children in their care.
- caused by the Gram negative bacterium Yersenia pestis Pediculus humanus, P. capitis and Pthirus – infect
- Most significant zoonosis that involves fleas human
- The fleas transfer the bacterial infection among their Body lice: spread typhus and relapsing fever.
rodent hosts and to people. Head lice and pubic lice: do not transmit disease, rapidly
transferred
Murine typhus Crab and public lice: mostly affect sexually active adults,
- caused by an obligate intracellular bacterium, Rickettsia although they may be passed to children and others by
typhi close nonsexual physical contact.
- endemic zoonosis
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Implications for public health Aedes vexans – major vectors of Eastern equine
encephalitis
Disturbed sleep, diminished concentration and itching –
Coquilletidia perturbans – major vectors of Eastern
results in excoriation
equine encephalitis
Body lice have a greater impact on infested individuals
Culex sp. – Filariasis (filarial worm), West Nile virus
whose skin are not only excoriated, but are also
Culex pipiens – St. Louis encephalitis
thickened and discolored over time through constant
exposure to louse bites.
Other pathological effects seen in some people with Mosquito control and management
longer-term infestations
Lymphadenopathy Entails the cooperation of all government agencies to
Impetigo protect public health. (EPA (Environmental Protection
- Due to S. aureus and Group A S. pyogenes Agency) and CDC (Center for Disease Control and
Prevention) working closely together)
Body lice as primary vectors for:
- Classical typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii) Sanitation and water management
- Trench fever (B.quintana) - Source reduction is the key to any mosquito control
- Louse-borne relapsing fever (LBRF) (Borrelia recurrentis) - Avoiding flooding with good drainage
- Covering water sources
Body lice as secondary vectors
- Murine typhus (Rickettsia mooseri) Larviciding
Adulticiding
- Reinforcement in the control
Louse management - Done by fogging
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Flies and Sandflies Pesticide is not widely used except for large scale
disaster
Sandflies: bloodsucking adults that are vectors for:
Granular baits containing poison
Pappataci fever
Leishmaniasis
Oroya fever Termites
Flies – prevalent and important pest (determined by the
LARES pan-European housing survey made in 8 European Importance to humans:
cities (WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2006) - Destructive to wooden portions of the building and other
- Their presence alone can be an indicator of unsanitary structures
conditions - Produce large amounts of atmospheric methane
The hair-like structures on the bodies of filth flies, their - Help convert dead trees and other plant substances into
deeply channeled mouthparts and the hairs and sticky decayed matter that can be used by other organisms.
pads on their feet become easily contaminated as they
walk and feed on contaminated substrates. In addition,
some flies, such as houseflies, frequently regurgitate Ticks
digestive juices while feeding and also defecate on
Responsible for the following human diseases:
surfaces where they feed or rest.
Lyme disease
Rocky mountain spotted fever
2 kinds of flies:
Relapsing fever
Non biting Babesiosis
Ehrlichiosis
Housefly – is important because it is ubiquitous and utilizes Mediterranean spotted fever
many proteinaceous materials, including garbage, human and Boutonneuse fever or Tick typhus
animal feces.
Tick and tick-borne disease surveillance
Biting
Tick and TBD management
Flesh flies – attracted to animal carcasses and decaying meat. - Self-protection
Many deposit living larvae instead of eggs. Avoidance
Repellants
Spotted flesh fly (Wohlfahrtia magnifica) – cause myiasis Clothing- light colored clothing
(disease that results from infestation of living tissue by fly Tick removal – avoid skin contact
larvae) Clothing impregnation
Stable flies – cause painful bites. Vaccination – only TBE can be prevented by
vaccine
Filth flies – can become contaminated with more than a - Habitat manipulation and urban design
hundred different pathogens that cause human disease. - Host-centered methods
Vaccination of dogs against lyme borreliosis
(lyme disease), avoidance of deer
Fly management
- Biological control
Trapping flies outdoors (the use of UV light outdoors is At present, one of the best candidates for tick
not recommended since this may attract other insects biocontrol is the entomopathogenic fungus,
within the vicinity and will not enter the trap) Metarhizium anisopliae
Properly managing their organic wastes, particularly - Pesticide applications
garbage
Fly exclusion fans or air curtains can be used at outside
Ants
doors to prevent fly entry. These can be effective if
airflow is properly maintained (8 m/s). Pharaoh ants – cosmopolitan pests that inhabit
Meat cutting and processing rooms kept at 15°C will be residential and commercial buildings. While they do not
free of flies sting, they have the potential to mechanically transmit
Odor management diseases and thus are of special concern in health care
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facilities. Their propensity to breach sterile packaging, feed with 13 different endoparasitic organisms and zoonotic
on wounds and extensively infest large buildings makes them agents, with some having infections of up to 9 of these
a public health risk. simultaneously.
In addition to zoonoses, commensal rodent infestations
Fire ants – stinging, 30-60% of the population is stung
in homes present other human health-related issues.
annually, of which anaphylactic shock was conservatively
Carrer, Maroni and Cavallo (2001) reported that the
estimated to occur in 1% of the victims
presence of rodents in the home may contribute to
increased levels of indoor allergens, causing allergic
Vertebrate Pests
asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis.
Rats and mice It should also be recognized that the awareness of rats
and mice in and around a dwelling can be a source of
Contaminate grain, destroy food in processing and
anxiety for its occupants.
storage plants and can bite sleeping humans
Rat bites in urban settings are also an important health
Know carriers of insects (lice, fleas and mites) that transit
concern.
plague and murine typhus (helped the outbreaks of
plague in 14th century)
Can transmit Weil’s disease/leptospirosis, trichinosis and Birds
acute food poisoning through contamination of food by One of the best recognized diseases transmitted by:
rat species. ornithosis (in pigeons) and psittacosis (in parrot-like
Also harbor organisms that cause typhoid, dysentery and birds).
rabies. Birds are known to reservoirs for encephalitides
Thought of as commensal rodents because of their close (transmitted by bird biting mosquitoes)
association with human activity. - West Nile virus, Equine encephalitis and St. Louis
encephalitis
Avian flu in Asia
Behavior relevant to control: Histoplasmosis and Cryptococcosis – a systemic fungal
disease, have been traced to pigeon and European
Young rats can squeeze through openings of less than 25 starling manure.
mm and house mice can get through openings of half
that size (WHO Regional Office for Europe, 1998). Pesticides
Rodents gnaw continually to keep their ever-growing
incisors sharp. This continual gnawing causes physical Materials used to kill, repel or change the behavior of an
damage to timber and other building materials. unwanted organism and are mainstay for pest control.
Brown rats are skilled burrowers.
Different methods of application
Unlike house mice, both species of commensal rats,
Sprayed (on crops and alongside residential streets)
exhibit a behavior called neophobia. Neophobia can
Poured in gardens
confound control efforts and must be compensated for Squirted along baseboards and in basements
by pre-baiting. Impregnated into clothing and bed nets
In contrast to neophobic behavior, rats may exhibit
neophilic tendencies (curiosity) in selecting unfamiliar 5 Categories of Pesticides
objects to gnaw. Organophosphates
- Toxins to nervous system
- Inactivates acetylcholinesterase (Ach)
Commensal rodents and human health concerns - Nerve gases and Sarin (Tokyo Subway attack, 1995)
- Chlorpyrifos, Malathion, Diazinon – not persistent in the
Zoonoses of rats
environment
Gratz (1984) included schistosomiasis as one of about 40
diseases rats carry and Nowak (1999) It was reported Carbamates
that as many as 200 million people worldwide are - Function the same with organophosphate but has lower
infected with this disease. affinity
Rats can also spread murine typhus, plague, - Carbaryl, Methomyl – not persistent in the environment
salmonellosis, leptospirosis, trichinellosis and rat-bite
fever (Nowak, 1999). Webster and MacDonald (1995)
found that brown rats in the UK were infected
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Organochlorines Acute toxicity from organophosphates
- Are poisons, persistent organic pollutant (POP) SLUDGE
- DDT, Aldrin, Dieldrin, Chlordane, Heptachlor Salivation
Lacrimation
Pyrethroids Urination
- Synthetic version of naturally occurring pesticide: Diarrhea
Pyrethrin (found in Chrysanthemum) GI upset
- Toxic to nervous system pulmonary Edema
- Allthrin, Permethrin, Fenvalerate, Resmethrin
DUMBELS
Biopesticides Diarrhea
- Biological in origin: Animals, Plants, Bacteria, Certain Urination
minerals) Miosis
Microbial pesticides Bronchospasm
Active ingredient: Microorganism; very specific with Emesis
its target pest Lacrimation
Bacillus thuringiensis – against related species of Salivation
insect larvae
Chronic toxicity
Plant-Incorporated Protectants (PIPs) Increase risk for cancers
A pesticide produced by the plant (through addiction - Breast cancer (estrogen activity of chlorinated
of a gene). compounds)
A gene for the Bt pesticidal protein destroying prey - Hodgkin’s disease
on the plant. - Leukemia
- Lung cancer (arsenical compounds)
Biochemical pesticides - Multiple myeloma
Insect sex pheromones: interfere with mating - Non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Scented plant extracts: attract insect pests to traps - Ovarian cancer (triazine use)
- Prostate cancer
Botanical pesticides - Pancreatic cancer
Derived from plants or plant parts - Soft tissue sarcoma
In general, these have low mammalian toxicity - Testicular cancer (anti-androgenic activity of
Do not affect “natural enemies”; well suited for chlorinated compounds)
integrated pest control programs
Developmental, Endocrine & Reproductive effects
Concerns on the use of pesticides:
Patterns of pesticide use and human exposure Pesticide regulation
Residential exposure - As governed by Food and Drug Administration together
- 80 % of US household use pesticide more than once per with different government agencies (DENR, DOH).
year.
- Identification of pesticides as to general use or restricted
- Semi-volatile (most commonly used), vaporize from use.
treated surface and are distributed even to non-targeted
organism and objects Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
- The concepts of IPM are part of the global strategic
- There is persistence and accumulation of these framework for integrated vector management. (WHO
substances at home posing a risk esp. to children. Strategy Development and Monitoring for Parasitic Diseases
and Vector Control Team, 2004)
Occupational exposure
- Farmworkers, direct handling into mixers and loaders Integrated Vector Management – rational decision making
process to optimize the use of resources for vector control.
Pesticide toxicity The approach aims to contribute to achievement of the global
(EPA) 10, 000- 20,000 medically treated pesticide target set for vector borne disease control, by making vector
poisoning occurred in the US during 1990s: Suicide and control more efficient, cost effective, ecologically sound and
unintended poisonings sustainable.
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Different techniques employed by IPM - Pesticide should be effective – to prevent repeated
Monitoring – the key to any good IPM program. Provides application and use of other chemicals.
information on pest populations and reveals the quality
of the program. Summary
Sanitation and Solid waste management – keep pests Modern pest control relied heavily on chemical agents
from gaining a foothold. that act as pesticides which has several categories.
Structural maintenance – keep pests from entering People may sustain different exposure to pesticides in a
structures wide variety of settings.
Control measures – when either sanitation or cultural Pls. refer to the ppt for the tables and illustrations. Do not
measure is not available or not completely effective, use depend on this transcription alone.
of control measure is warranted.
Physical and mechanical controls “I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me.”
- Use techniques or materials that will keep pests from
becoming a problem Philippians 14:3
Rat control
- Painting building foundations white help prevent
mice from entering the building “Every accomplishment starts with a decision to try.”
- Raising dumpsters/outdoor containers to reduce Good luck, doctors!
hiding places of rats
Flying insects
- Installing bag zappers at doors help prevent insects
from entering the buildings and window screens
Biological control
- Involve the use, manipulation and conservation of living
organism that feed on insects and weeds for the purpose
of controlling a pest
Chemical pesticides
- Its use should be the last resort.
- Used only when other tactics are not available, practical
or effective
- Chemicals that are comparatively less harmful to the
environment of the user should be used whenever
possible.
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